Application of Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometric Techniques and Multivariate Statistical Analysis in the Hydrogeochemical Profiling of Caves—Case Study Cloșani, Romania

The aim of the study was to develop the hydrogeochemical profiling of caves based on the elemental composition of water and silty soil samples and a multivariate statistical analysis. Major and trace elements, including rare earths, were determined in the water and soil samples. The general characteristics of water, anions content, inorganic and organic carbon fractions and nitrogen species (NO3− and NH4+) were also considered. The ANOVA—principal component analysis (PCA) and two-way joining analysis were applied on samples collected from Cloșani Cave, Romania. The ANOVA-PCA revealed that the hydrogeochemical characteristics of Ca2+-HCO3− water facies were described by five factors, the strongest being associated with water-carbonate rock interactions and the occurrence of Ca, Mg and HCO3− (43.4%). Although organic carbon fractions have a lower influence (20.1%) than inorganic ones on water characteristics, they are involved in the chemical processes of nitrogen and of the elements involved in redox processes (Fe, Mn, Cr and Sn). The seasonal variability of water characteristics, especially during the spring, was observed. The variability of silty soil samples was described by four principal components, the strongest influence being attributed to rare earth elements (52.2%). The ANOVA-PCA provided deeper information compared to Gibbs and Piper diagrams and the correlation analysis.

Download Full-text

Risk estimation and multivariate statistical analysis of the heavy metal content of drinking water samples

Toxicology and Industrial Health ◽

10.1177/0748233718773024 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (10) ◽

pp. 714-725

Author(s):

Rajan Jakhu ◽

Rohit Mehra

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Water Samples ◽

Multivariate Statistical Analysis ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Principal Component ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Drinking Water Samples

Drinking water samples of Jaipur and Ajmer districts of Rajasthan, India, were collected and analyzed for the measurement of concentration of heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to determine the sources of the heavy metals in the drinking water. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used for the determination of the heavy metal concentrations, and for the statistical analysis of the data, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were performed. It was observed from the results that with respect to WHO guidelines, the water samples of some locations exceeded the contamination levels for lead (Pb), selenium (Se), and mercury (Hg), and with reference to the EPA guidelines, the samples were determined unsuitable for drinking because of high concentrations of Pb and Hg. Using multivariate statistical analysis, we determined that copper, manganese, arsenic, Se, and Hg were of anthropogenic origin, while Pb, copper, and cadmium were of geogenic origin. The present study reports the dominance of the anthropogenic contributions over geogenics in the studied area. The sources of the anthropogenic contaminants need to be investigated in a future study.

Download Full-text

Seasonal distribution and population dynamics of limnic microalgae and their association with physico-chemical parameters of river Noyyal through multivariate statistical analysis

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-51542-w ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pandian Suresh Kumar ◽

Jibu Thomas

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Multivariate Statistical Analysis ◽

Sampling Site ◽

Principal Component ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Diversity Indices ◽

Population Diversity ◽

Chemical Parameters ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Physico Chemical

Abstract The present investigation embarks on understanding the relationship between microalgal species assemblages and their associated physico-chemical parameter dynamics of the catchment region of river Noyyal. Totally, 142 microalgae cultures belonging to 10 different families were isolated from five different sites during four seasons and relative percentage distribution showed that Scenedesmaceae (36.6%) and site S1 (26.4%) with predominant microalgae population. Diversity indices revealed that microalgae communities were characterized by high Hʹ index, lower Simpson dominance, and Margalef index value with indefinite patterns of annual variations. Results showed that variation in the physico-chemical parameters in each sampling site has its impact on the microalgae population during each season. Multivariate statistical analysis viz., Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient, principal component analysis, and canonical correspondence analysis were applied on microalgae species data, to evaluate the seasonal relationship between microalgae and physico-chemical parameters. The findings of our study concluded that the physico- chemical parameters influenced the dominant taxa of microalgae Chlorellaceae, Scenedesmaceae and Chlorococcaceae in river Noyyal and gives a base data for the seasonal and dynamic relationship between environmental parameters and microalgae population.

Download Full-text

Rapid Differentiation and Identification of Shigella sonnei and Escherichia coli O157: H7 by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.1116 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 926-930 ◽

pp. 1116-1119 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Li Jun Yang ◽

Jing Wang ◽

Zhao Jie Li ◽

Xiao Hua Song ◽

Yu Min Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fourier Transform ◽

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Multivariate Statistical Analysis ◽

Principal Component ◽

Fourier Transform Infrared ◽

Shigella Sonnei ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Simple Method

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with multivariate statistical analysis was applied to differentiate and identify Shigella sonnei and Escherichiacoli O157: H7. FTIR absorption spectra from 4000-600 cm-1 were collected from sampling 10 μL of bacterial suspention. The spectra between 1800 and 900 cm-1 highlighted the most distinctive variations and were the most useful for characterizing the selected microorganisms. Spectra of the two bacteria were noticeably segregated with distinct clustering by principal component analysis (PCA). Further more, another cluster model of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was established and could also gave a good separation between the two bacteria. These results demonstrate that FTIR technology has considerable potential as a rapid, accurate and simple method for differentiating and identifying bacteria.

Download Full-text

Application of multivariate statistical analysis to evaluate local sources of chlorobenzene congeners in soil samples

Chemosphere ◽

10.1016/0045-6535(92)90430-y ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 675-690 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Wang-Hsien Ding ◽

Kenneth M. Aldous ◽

Robert G. Briggs ◽

Herman Valente ◽

David R. Hilker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Multivariate Statistical Analysis ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Local Sources

Download Full-text

Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Hydrochemical Data and Stable Isotopes of Groundwater Contaminated with Nitrate at Huay Sai Royal Development Study Center and Adjacent Areas in Phetchaburi Province, Thailand

Water ◽

10.3390/w12041127 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1127 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Srilert Chotpantarat ◽

Tewanopparit Parkchai ◽

Wanlapa Wisitthammasri

Keyword(s):

Stable Isotopes ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Groundwater Quality ◽

Multivariate Statistical Analysis ◽

Principal Component ◽

Potassium Nitrate ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Hydrochemical Data ◽

Hydrogeological Characteristics ◽

Groundwater Wells

Due to the continuous expansion in agriculture production and industry for many years, groundwater usage has been increasing, with a decrease in groundwater levels in many cases. In addition, in some areas, groundwater quality has degraded due to agrochemical contamination from agricultural areas. The aims of this research pertains to aquifers as follows: (1) to evaluate hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater using multivariate statistical analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and (2) to integrate the stable isotopes 18O and 2H with hydrochemical data to evaluate the origin of the groundwater and indirectly identify the pollution sources of groundwater contaminated with nitrate (NO3). Water samples were collected from 60 groundwater wells with different hydrogeological characteristics and land use types in both the rainy season (in October) and the summer seasons (in February) in the Cha Am district of Phetchaburi Province. The groundwater was separated into 3 types: Ca-Na-Cl, Ca-Na-HCO3-Cl, and Na-Cl. Two groundwater wells (no. 19 and 41), which were located southeast and southwest of the study area, had relatively high NO3− concentrations (47 mg/L NO3 and 50 mg/L NO3, respectively) that were higher than the groundwater quality standards. These two wells corresponded to the second group that was exposed by HCA. The PCA results revealed the influence of seawater intrusion. Furthermore, multivariate statistical analysis (PC 2) revealed that the NO3− that is mainly released from potassium nitrate (KNO3), for example, during pineapple cultivation, directly contaminated the groundwater system.

Download Full-text

Application of Synthetic Data to Establish the Working Framework for Multivariate Statistical Analysis of River Pollution Traceability - The Heavy Metals in Nankan River, Taiwan

10.21203/rs.3.rs-937098/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chun-Chun Lin ◽

Shang-Lien Lo ◽

Sofia Ya-Hsuan Liou

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Surface Water ◽

Multivariate Statistical Analysis ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Synthetic Data ◽

Principal Component ◽

River Pollution ◽

Pollution Sources ◽

Quality Model ◽

Multivariate Statistical

Abstract This study applied multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) to the synthetic data simulated by the river water quality model to investigate how two pollution sources with different characteristics and contributions affect the results of MSA. The results showed that when assessing the number and possible locations of pollution sources based on the results of cluster analysis (CA), hydrological information about surface water should be obtained to improve the accuracy of the results; when applying principal component analysis (PCA), the results of the second principal component (PC2) and the Pearson correlation coefficients among the pollutants should both be included, which can add more information about the characteristics of pollutant sources. In addition, this study found that the solid and liquid partition coefficients (Kd) of pollutants can affect the interpretation of the PCA results, so the Kd values should be determined before tracing the pollution sources to facilitate the evaluation of the source characteristics and potential targets. This study established a working framework for surface water pollution traceability to enhance the effectiveness of pollution traceability.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Groundwater Quality at an Industrial Park Site Zone Using Statistical Analyses: A Case Study in Taiwan

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.1581 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 457-458 ◽

pp. 1581-1584

Author(s):

Bo Ming Yang ◽

Zong Han Yang ◽

Jong Kang Liu ◽

Hui Yu Lee ◽

Chih Ming Kao

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Groundwater Quality ◽

Quality Indicators ◽

Principal Components ◽

Multivariate Statistical Analysis ◽

Organic Pollutant ◽

Principal Component ◽

Original Data ◽

Industrial Park ◽

Multivariate Statistical

Multivariate statistical analysis explains the huge and complicated current situation of the original data efficiently, concisely, and explicitly. It simplifies the original data into representative factors, or bases on the similarity between data to cluster and identify clustering outcome. In this study, the statistical software SPSS 12.0 was used to perform the multivariate statistical analysis to evaluate characteristics of groundwater quality at an industrial park site located in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Results from the principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analyses (FA) show that seven principal components could be compiled from 20 groundwater quality indicators obtained from groundwater analyses, which included background factor, salt residua factor, hardness factor, ethylene chloride factor, alkalinity factor, organic pollutant factor, and chloroform factor. Among the seven principal components, the major influencing components were salinization factor and acid-base factor. Results show that the seven principal component factors were able to represent 89.6% of the total variability for 20 different groundwater quality indicators. Groundwater monitoring wells were classified into seven groups according to the partition of homogeneity and similarity using the two-phase cluster analysis (CA). The clustering results indicate that chlorides such as 1,1-dichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethane, and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene had the highest concentrations among the clusters. This indicates that groundwater at nearby areas may be polluted by chlorinated organic compounds. Results from the correlation analysis by Fisher coefficient formula show that the cluster results of seven groups of groundwater wells had 100 and 80% accuracies using discriminant and cross-validation analyses, respectively. This implies that high accuracy can be obtained when discriminant and cluster analyses are applied for data evaluation.

Download Full-text

An Exploratory Multivariate Statistical Analysis to Assess Urban Diversity

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11143812 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (14) ◽

pp. 3812 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lorena Salazar-Llano ◽

Marti Rosas-Casals ◽

Maria Isabel Ortego

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Multivariate Statistical Analysis ◽

Principal Component ◽

Urban Systems ◽

Multivariate System ◽

Multiple Factor Analysis ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Sustainability Challenges ◽

The City

Understanding diversity in complex urban systems is fundamental in facing current and future sustainability challenges. In this article, we apply an exploratory multivariate statistical analysis (i.e., Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA)) to an urban system’s abstraction of the city’s functioning. Specifically, we relate the environmental, economical, and social characters of the city in a multivariate system of indicators by collecting measurements of those variables at the district scale. Statistical methods are applied to reduce the dimensionality of the multivariate dataset, such that, hidden relationships between the districts of the city are exposed. The methodology has been mainly designed to display diversity, being understood as differentiated attributes of the districts in their dimensionally-reduced description, and to measure it with Euclidean distances. Differentiated characters and distinctive functions of districts are identifiable in the exploratory analysis of a case study of Barcelona (Spain). The distances allow for the identification of clustered districts, as well as those that are separated, exemplifying dissimilarity. Moreover, the temporal dependency of the dataset reveals information about the district’s differentiation or homogenization trends between 2003 and 2015.

Download Full-text

Source identification of groundwater pollution with the aid of multivariate statistical analysis

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2005.0074 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 281-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

T.N. Wu ◽

Y.C. Huang ◽

M.S. Lee ◽

C.M. Kao

Keyword(s):

Cluster Analysis ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Groundwater Quality ◽

Multivariate Statistical Analysis ◽

Principal Component ◽

Ammonia Concentration ◽

Mineral Dissolution ◽

Agricultural Activity ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

The Impact

With the aid of multivariate statistical analysis, this study attempted to predict possible underlying processes, attribute their influence, and isolate the distribution of sources that might threaten groundwater quality. Tainan County, Taiwan was employed as a case study, and 34 monitoring wells were sampled for routine lab analysis. Lab data of groundwater quality including pH, EC, hardness, chloride, sulfate, ammonia, nitrate, Fe, Mn, As, Zn, TOC and TDS were subjected to factor and cluster analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to reflect those chemical data with the greatest correlation, whereas cluster analysis (CA) was used to evaluate the similarities of water quality in groundwater samples. By utilizing PCA, the identified four major principal components (PCs) representing 78.8% of cumulative variance were able to interpret the most information contained in the data. PC 1 reflects the dominance of salinization, which was characterized by the elevated concentrations of EC, hardness, chloride and sulfate in groundwater. PC 2 with the positive loadings of TOC and pH but negative loading of nitrate is thought to be representative of organic pollution within the aquifer. PC 3 is regarded as mineralization factor on the basis of the loadings of manganese and zinc. PC 4 shows a strong monotonic relationship with ammonia concentration in the groundwater revealing the linkage with agricultural activity. CA results illustrated that coastal area was partially salinized as a result of seawater intrusion and part of salinization zone was also subjected to the impact of mineral dissolution.

Download Full-text

An Assessment of Organic Carbon Fractions in Paddy and Associated Non-paddy Soils of Upper Brahmaputra Valley of Assam

Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences ◽

10.24203/ajafs.v7i2.5782 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Zenesia A. Phillips ◽

R. M. Karmakar

Keyword(s):

Humic Acid ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Fulvic Acid ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Paddy Soils ◽

Direct Result ◽

Organic Carbon Content ◽

Carbon Fractions ◽

Brahmaputra Valley ◽

Organic Carbon Fractions

An investigation was carried out to study the soil organic carbon fractions in paddy and associated non-paddy soils of Assam, India. Three districts viz. Sivasagar, Jorhat and Golaghat in the Brahmaputra valley of Assam were selected for this study. Soil samples were collected from six profiles, three each from mono-cropped paddy and associated non-paddy areas were collected. Horizon -wise, soil samples were analyzed for organic carbon fractions. Organic carbon, Humus C, Humin C, Humic acid C and Fulvic acid C were all analyzed from the samples. Organic carbon content in soil varied from 0.90 -7.90g kgâ»Â¹. Surface horizons of paddy soils contained lower amounts of humus C (0.255-0.330 per cent) and fulvic acid C (CFA) (0.135 â€“ 0.180 per cent) and higher amounts of humin carbon (0.210 -0.475 per cent) and humic acid C (CHA) (0.120-0.150 per cent) as compared to that of non-paddy soils (0.300-0.435 and 0.195-0.300, 0.180-0.490 and 0.105-0.135 per cent respectively). It was concluded that the ratio of (CHA+CFA)/CTOC indicated less humification on the surface horizons of paddy soils. This is a direct result of prolonged submergence which led to humic acid carbon becoming less oxidized or humified.

Download Full-text