scholarly journals Nanomaterial-Enabled Sensors and Therapeutic Platforms for Reactive Organophosphates

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Seok Ki Choi
Keyword(s):  
Unmet Need ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Primary Interest ◽  
Biochemical Basis ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Agricultural Pesticides ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
The Status

Unintended exposure to harmful reactive organophosphates (OP), which comprise a group of nerve agents and agricultural pesticides, continues to pose a serious threat to human health and ecosystems due to their toxicity and prolonged stability. This underscores an unmet need for developing technologies that will allow sensitive OP detection, rapid decontamination and effective treatment of OP intoxication. Here, this article aims to review the status and prospect of emerging nanotechnologies and multifunctional nanomaterials that have shown considerable potential in advancing detection methods and treatment modalities. It begins with a brief introduction to OP types and their biochemical basis of toxicity followed by nanomaterial applications in two topical areas of primary interest. One topic relates to nanomaterial-based sensors which are applicable for OP detection and quantitative analysis by electrochemical, fluorescent, luminescent and spectrophotometric methods. The other topic is directed on nanotherapeutic platforms developed as OP remedies, which comprise nanocarriers for antidote drug delivery and nanoscavengers for OP inactivation and decontamination. In summary, this article addresses OP-responsive nanomaterials, their design concepts and growing impact on advancing our capability in the development of OP sensors, decontaminants and therapies.

The status of ITER divertor design concepts

1992 ◽  
Vol 196-198 ◽  
pp. 50-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Cohen ◽  
K.A. Werley ◽  
M.F.A. Harrison ◽  
V. Pistunovitch ◽  
A. Kukushkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Design Concepts ◽  
The Status

scholarly journals Patient Experiences of Postinfectious Olfactory Dysfunction

ORL ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Carl M Philpott ◽  
James Boardman ◽  
Duncan Boak
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Clinical Trials Unit ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Patients Experience ◽  
Age Range

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> To highlight the importance of the need for new treatment modalities, this study aimed to characterise the experience of patients with postinfectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) in terms of the treatment they received. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> An online survey was hosted by the Norwich Clinical Trials Unit on the secure REDCap server. Members of the charity Fifth Sense (the UK charity that represents and supports people affected by smell and taste disorders) were invited to participate. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There were 149 respondents, of whom 127 had identified themselves as having (or had) PIOD. The age range of respondents to the survey was 28–85 years, with a mean of 58 ± 12 years, with the duration of their disorder &#x3c;5 years in 63% of cases. Respondents reported experiencing variable treatment with oral and/or intranasal steroids given typically (28%), often with no benefit, but with 50% receiving no treatment whatsoever; only 3% reported undertaking olfactory training. Over two-thirds of patients experience parosmia and, up to 5 years from the onset of the problem, were still actively seeking a solution. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> There appears to be a need to encourage greater use of guidelines for olfactory disorders amongst medical practitioners and also to develop more effective treatments for patients with PIOD, where there is clearly an unmet need.

scholarly journals Hazardous Substance Detection in Water Environments using Neutron Beams: the SABAT Project

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Michał SILARSKI
Keyword(s):  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Hazardous Substance ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Neutron Beams ◽  
The Status ◽  
Increasing Risk ◽  
Danger Detection

The ever-increasing risk of terrorist attacks is a stimulus for seeking new, more effective danger detection methods. The article describes new methods of detecting hazardous materials based on the interaction between neutrons and matter. The status of the design of the device for detecting hazardous materials in water environments based on these methods, currently in development at the Jagiellonian University (Kraków, Poland), will be presented as well.

scholarly journals 疫區、口罩與無症狀感染者——新型冠狀病毒疫情如何破壞了我們的公共生活

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-25
Author(s):  
Guobin CHENG
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Moral Obligations ◽  
Accidental Injury ◽  
The Public ◽  
Fundamental Goal ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Self Protection

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.新型冠狀病毒疫情所帶來的巨大的、彌散的、不確定的威脅，使社會公共生活中人們熟悉和信賴的闢係與界限變得糢糊。在這種情沉下，人們最需要的就是發現“敵人”，重新為人際闢係和公共生活找到確定性。在精準、高效的科學檢測手段獲得普及之前，人們不得不選擇簡易的標籤化方法進行區 分。疫區標籤是通過清潔與污染的劃分來保護現有的正常生活秩序，但在找到敵人的過程中有可能造成對無辜者的誤傷；口罩標數的使用則首先指向了人群的區分與界限，是想要在混亂之中先找到群體邊界和歸屬感，但有可能會轉變為主動去創造敵人。這些手段的根本目的都是為了實現自我保護，但在這樣的利害關係考量之外，還存在著某種個人對他人和公共生活的普遍義務，只有我們能夠在生存危機的巨大壓力下選擇堅持這一道德義務，才能為戰勝疫情奠定真正的希望。當代的公共生活是一個緊密地彼此闢聯、密切交通、相互滲入和共生性的整體，但這個共同體本身是十分脆弱的，在巨大的安全壓力之下很容易滑向分裂與隔離。新型冠狀病毒疫情既是一次嚴峻的挑戰，又是一次重要的演習，我們需要在其中學到足夠多的經驗，為未來可能出現的更大危機做好準備。The huge, diffuse, and uncertain threat brought about by the Covid-19 epidemic has blurred familiar and trusted relationships and the boundaries of public life. Under such circumstances, what people need most is to uncover the “enemy” and regain certainty in interpersonal relations and the public sphere. Before the popularization of accurate and efficient scientific detection methods, people used simple labeling methods to tell concepts apart. Labeling epidemic areas protects the status quo by demarcating cleanliness from pollution, but in finding the enemy, doing so may cause accidental injury to the innocent. Labeling masks allows distinctions in the crowd so that group boundaries and senses of belonging can be found in chaos. However, such labeling may lead to the creation of enemies. The fundamental goal of these methods is self-protection. Nevertheless, in addition to such considerations, individuals have a wider moral obligation to others and to public life. Only by choosing to adhere to our moral obligations under the enormous pressure of a survival crisis can we find true hope to defeat the epidemic. Contemporary public life is a symbiotic community that is closely related, in close communication, and mutually enmeshed. Such a community is very fragile, and it can easily slip into divisiveness and become isolated under huge security pressures. The Covid-19 epidemic is not only a serious challenge, but also an important exercise. We need to learn enough to prepare for greater crisis that may arise in the future.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 31 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

scholarly journals Ketogenic Diet: A Dietary Modification as an Anxiolytic Approach?

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3822
Author(s):  
Adam Włodarczyk ◽  
Wiesław Jerzy Cubała ◽  
Aleksandra Wielewicka
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Full Remission ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Promising Treatment ◽  
Socioeconomic Burden ◽  
Fat Diets

Anxiety disorders comprise persistent, disabling conditions that are distributed across the globe, and are associated with the high medical and socioeconomic burden of the disease. Within the array of biopsychosocial treatment modalities—including monoaminergic antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and CBT—there is an unmet need for the effective treatment of anxiety disorders resulting in full remission and recovery. Nutritional intervention may be hypothesized as a promising treatment strategy; in particular, it facilitates relapse prevention. Low-carbohydrate high-fat diets (LCHF) may provide a rewarding outcome for some anxiety disorders; more research is needed before this regimen can be recommended to patients on a daily basis, but the evidence mentioned in this paper should encourage researchers and clinicians to consider LCHF as a piece of advice somewhere between psychotherapy and pharmacology, or as an add-on to those two.

scholarly journals X-ray Structure Elucidation of a Pt-Metalloporphyrin and Its Application for Obtaining Sensitive AuNPs-Plasmonic Hybrids Capable of Detecting Triiodide Anions

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia Fagadar-Cosma ◽  
Anca Lascu ◽  
Sergiu Shova ◽  
Mirela-Fernanda Zaltariov ◽  
Mihaela Birdeanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Sensitive Material ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Sensing Material ◽  
Physiological Tests ◽  
Molecule Conformation

The development of UV–vis spectrophotometric methods based on metalloporphyrins for fast, highly sensitive and selective anion detection, which avoids several of the practical challenges associated with other detection methods, is of tremendous importance in analytical chemistry. In this study, we focused on achieving a selective optical sensor for triiodide ion detection in traces based on a novel hybrid material comprised of Pt(II) 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-methoxy-phenyl)-porphyrin (PtTMeOPP) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). This sensor has high relevance in medical physiological tests. The structure of PtTMeOPP was investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction in order to understand the metal surroundings and the molecule conformation and to assess if it qualifies as a potential sensitive material. It was proven that the Pt-porphyrin generated 1D H-bond supramolecular chains due to the weak C-H···O intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The presence of ordered voids in the crystal encouraged us to use PtTMeOPP as the sensing material for triiodide ion and to enhance its potential in a novel AuNPs/PtTMeOPP hybrid by the synergistic effects provided by the plasmonic gold nanoparticles. The spectrophotometric sensor is characterized by a detection limit of 1.5 × 10−9 M triiodide ion concentration and a remarkable confidence coefficient of 99.98%.

scholarly journals Disease burden and cost of hidradenitis suppurativa: a retrospective examination of US administrative claims data

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e030579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Marvel ◽  
Anna Vlahiotis ◽  
Amy Sainski-Nguyen ◽  
Tina Willson ◽  
Alexandra Kimball
Keyword(s):  
Hidradenitis Suppurativa ◽  
Claims Data ◽  
Healthcare Resource ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Resource Utilisation ◽  
Administrative Claims ◽  
Healthcare Resource Utilisation ◽  
Comorbidity Burden ◽  
Medicare Patients

ObjectivesHidradenitis suppurativa (HS) causes substantial morbidity and quality-of-life impairment. We examined demographic/clinical characteristics of patients with HS and treatment patterns, prevalence and healthcare resource utilisation/expenditures related to HS in the real-world.DesignRetrospective claims data of MarketScan Commercial, Medicare Supplemental and Medicaid databases (2009–2014).SettingUSA.ParticipantsPatients aged ≥12 years with ≥3 non-diagnostic outpatient or inpatient claims with an HS diagnosis code and ≥12 months continuous enrolment with medical and pharmacy benefits before (preindex) and after (postindex) the earliest diagnosis of HS (index) were included.ResultsThere were 11 325 Commercial/Medicare patients (mean age 37.4 years) and 5164 Medicaid patients (mean age 28.3 years). HS was more common in Medicaid than Commercial/Medicare patients (0.301% and 0.098%, respectively, in 2014). Cellulitis and psychiatric disorders were the most common comorbidities and oral antibiotics and narcotics were the most frequently prescribed drugs preindex, with ≥10% increase postindex in both populations. HS-related inpatient costs decreased while outpatient costs increased from preindex to postindex. Medicaid patients had several risk factors that may be associated with poor outcomes (eg, high rates of prescription pain medication use, comorbidities, drug discontinuation/interruption/holiday, emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalisation).ConclusionsCommercial/Medicare and Medicaid HS beneficiaries experience high comorbidity burden but use different treatment modalities to manage HS. Results suggest a substantial unmet need exists among this patient population, with Medicaid patients experiencing a particularly high burden of disease and expensive healthcare resource utilisation.

scholarly journals Current research and prevention of aflatoxins in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tumukunde ◽  
G. Ma ◽  
D. Li ◽  
J. Yuan ◽  
L. Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
The Status ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Pollution Detection ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
And Control

Since their discovery in the 1960s, aflatoxins were found to have a considerable impact on the health of humans and animals as well as the country’s economy and international trade. Aflatoxins are often found in nuts, cereals and animal feeds, which has a significant danger to the food industry. Over the years, several steps have been undertaken worldwide to minimise their contamination in crops and their exposure to humans and animals. China is one of the largest exporters and importers of food and animal feed. As a result, many studies have been carried out in China related to aflatoxins, including their distribution, pollution, detection methods, monitoring, testing and managing. Chinese scientists studied aflatoxins in microbiological, toxicological, ecological effects as well as policies relating to their controlling. China has thus put into practice a number of strategies aiming at the prevention and control of aflatoxins in order to protect consumers and ensure a safe trade of food and feed, and the status and enlargement of these strategies are very important and useful for many consumers and stakeholders in China. Therefore, this article aims at the detriment assessments, regulations, distribution, detection methods, prevention and control of aflatoxins in China. It equally provides useful information about the recent safety management systems in place to fight the contamination of aflatoxins in food and feed in China.

Threats: Findings from the British Crime Survey

1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Hough
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Introductory Section ◽  
The Status ◽  
British Crime Survey

This paper has two themes. The first concerns the status of phenomena counted by crime surveys: using threats as an example, it argues that surveys can count phenomena which are more inclusive than ‘crime’ either as operationally or nominally defined. Secondly, findings are presented from the British Crime Survey about threats and threatening behaviour. Though threats are often very upsetting experiences, there is not much evidence from the survey that victims perceive an unmet need for criminal justice services. The legal status of threats in England and Wales is discussed in an introductory section.

Circulating tumor cell count from a blood sample for colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention: A 627-patient prospective study.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 485-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Sy Tsai ◽  
Drew Watson ◽  
Ying Chang ◽  
Ben Hsieh ◽  
Hung-Jen Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Compliance Rate ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
P Value ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Adenoma Detection

485 Background: Up to 25% of patients with adenomas progress to having colorectal cancer. If detected early, adenomas can be removed with a diagnostic colonoscopy procedure, preventing cancer. Invasive colonoscopy is the only screening method with the sensitivity to accurately detect adenomas, but has a low compliance rate of 38% for screening. Available non-invasive tests (including stool-based multi-analyte tests) have very limited sensitivity for adenomas. Hence, there is an unmet need for a non-invasive test for adenoma detection. Methods: IRB-approved prospective study was conducted in 627 subjects 50 years or older- recommended for routine CRC screening- 405 subjects had adenoma or CRC, confirmed by colonoscopy with tumor biopsy. Two mL peripheral blood was processed using the CellMax biomimetic platform (CMx), which uses a microfluidic biochip to enumerate circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Nominal logistic regression was used to assess performance while proportional odds logistic regression and Cuzick’s trend test were used to determine association of CTC counts with cancer stage. Results: An increase in CTC count was significantly correlated with an increase in disease burden (Cuzick’s Test p-value < 0.0001). Furthermore, there was a significant association between CTC counts and stages of adenoma-carcinoma progression (Likelihood ratio p-value < 0.0001). The CTC enumeration was able to differentiate between healthy and diseased patients (adenoma + cancer). Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, these are the first reported results for a blood test that has high accuracy for adenoma detection, and truly enables colorectal cancer prevention. This test can be administered in the primary care setting and drive high compliance.[Table: see text]

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