scholarly journals An Investigation of the Influence of Age and Saliva Flow on the Oral Retention of Whey Protein and Its Potential Effect on the Perception and Acceptance of Whey Protein Beverages

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Norton ◽  
Stella Lignou ◽  
Stephanie P. Bull ◽  
Margot A. Gosney ◽  
Lisa Methven
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Main Study ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Unstimulated Saliva ◽  
Saliva Flow

Protein fortified products are regularly recommended to older adults to improve nutritional status and limit sarcopenia. However protein fortification can elicit negative sensory attributes such as mouthdrying. Sensitivity to mouthdrying can increase with age, yet the influence of saliva flow and mucoadhesion remain uncertain. Here, two studies tested different whey protein beverages (WPB); 22 healthy younger volunteers completed a pilot and 84 healthy volunteers from two age groups (18–30; 65+) completed the main study. In both studies salivary flow rates (mL/min) were measured and saliva samples were collected at time intervals post beverage consumption to measure mucoadhesion to the oral cavity, where protein concentration was analysed by Bradford Assay. Volunteers rated perception and acceptability of WPBs in the main study. WPB consumption resulted in significantly increased protein concentration (p < 0.0001) in saliva samples compared with a control whey permeate beverage. Older adults had significantly lower unstimulated saliva flow (p = 0.003) and significantly increased protein concentration (p = 0.02) in saliva samples, compared with younger adults. Heating of WPB significantly (p < 0.05) increased mouthdrying and thickness perception and reduced sweetness compared with unheated WPB. Mucoadhesion is concluded to be a true phenomenon in WPBs and increases with age.

scholarly journals Whey Protein Derived Mouthdrying Found to Relate Directly to Retention Post Consumption but Not to Induced Differences in Salivary Flow Rate

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 587
Author(s):  
Victoria Norton ◽  
Stella Lignou ◽  
Lisa Methven
Keyword(s):  
Whey Protein ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Salivary Flow Rate ◽  
Sensory Profile ◽  
Sensory Panel ◽  
Saliva Flow ◽  
Whey Beverages ◽  
Future Work

Whey protein is fortified into beverages to provide functional benefits, however, these beverages are considered mouthdrying. To date whey protein derived mouthdrying has not been quantified using a ‘physical measure’ in parallel with rated perception. Saliva flow could also relate to whey protein derived mouthdrying, however this has not been previously tested as an intervention. Accordingly, volunteers (n = 40) tested mouthdrying in different whey beverages and the sensory profile was evaluated by a trained sensory panel (n = 10). Volunteers also rated mouthdrying combined with collection of saliva samples post beverage consumption to measure retention to the oral cavity. To modulate saliva flow rate, volunteers both chewed on parafilm (to increase saliva flow) and used cotton wool (to remove saliva) before tasting beverages and rating mouthdrying. Both the volunteers and sensory panel rated whey protein beverages (WPB) as significantly more mouthdrying than the control beverage (whey permeate). The significantly higher rating of mouthdrying from the volunteers coincided with significantly higher protein concentration in saliva samples post WPB consumption, supporting mucoadhesion as the mechanism. Modulating saliva flow did not lead to any difference in rated mouthdrying and future work would be beneficial to evaluate further the influence of natural variation in salivary flow rate.

Association Between Salivary Flow Rate and the Use of Systemic Medication Among 76-, 81-, and 86-year-old Inhabitants in Helsinki, Finland

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 1875-1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.O. Narhi ◽  
J.H. Meurman ◽  
A. Ainamo ◽  
J.M. Nevalainen ◽  
K.G. Schmidt-Kaunisaho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Salivary Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Systemic Medication ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Saliva Flow

The aim of this study was to examine salivary flow rate and its association with the use of medication in a representative sample of 76-, 81-, and 86-year-old subjects, totaling 368. In this study, 23% (n = 80) of the subjects were unmedicated. From one to three daily medications were used by 47% (n = 168) and more than four medications by 30% (n = 104). The most commonly used medications were nitrates, digitalis or anti-arrhythmic drugs (47.7%), analgesics and antipyretics (32.6%), and diuretics (29.5%). The mean number used daily was significantly higher in 86-year-olds than in the two younger age groups (p < 0.01). No significant differences in this respect were found between genders. Among the unmedicated subjects, 76-year-olds had significantly higher stimulated salivary flow rates than did the 81-year-olds (p < 0.05). Unmedicated women showed significantly lower unstimulated (p < 0.01) and stimulated flow rates than did men (p < 0.05). Stimulated salivary flow rate was also significantly higher in the 76-year-old medicated subjects than in the medicated 86-year-old subjects (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in unstimulated salivary flow rates among the three age groups. Medicated women showed significantly lower unstimulated salivary flow rates than men (p < 0.001), although the difference in stimulated saliva flow was not significant. A statistically significant difference in unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates was found between unmedicated persons and those who took from four to six, or more than seven, prescribed medications daily.

Salivary flow rate, total protein and pH in caries-free children and adolescents aged between 5 and 18 years

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Przywitowska ◽  
Urszula Kaczmarek ◽  
Grzegorz Bartnicki ◽  
Alina Wrzyszcz-Kowalczyk
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Saliva Flow Rate ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Mixed Saliva ◽  
Saliva Flow

Introduction. Data regarding salivary flow and the levels of salivary components in developmental age are scarce and not fully consistent. Aim. The aim of the study was to compare unstimulated mixed saliva flow rate, pH and total protein in children aged between 5 and 18 years to obtain information on the functional maturation of salivary glands during the developmental period. Material and methods. A total of 90 children and adolescents (both sexes) aged between 5 and 18 years were examined. All subjects were caries-free (ICDA II score zero). Unstimulated mixed saliva was sampled from all patients to assess pH, total protein and flow rate. The subjects were divided into age groups 5-6, 13-14 and 18 years. The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the University (No. Nr KB-335/2013). Results. Significantly lower salivary flow rates were observed in 5-6 year olds vs. 13-14 and 18-year-olds. In contrast, pH values were significantly higher in the youngest group compared to older age groups. Total protein was the lowest in 5-6 year olds, higher in 13-14 year olds and the highest at the age of 18 years (significant difference between age groups of 5-6 and 18 years). A decreasing trend in pH values and an increasing one in protein levels were observed between the age groups. Considering the entire group of subjects, a positive correlation between age and salivary flow rate and protein levels, and a negative correlation with pH were found. Moreover, pH and protein levels decreased with increasing salivary flow. Conclusions. Unstimulated mixed saliva flow rate and total protein increase, while pH levels decrease between the ages of 5 to 18 years.

scholarly journals Correlation between microbial host factors and caries among older adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakhi Mittal ◽  
Kai Soo Tan ◽  
Mun Loke Wong ◽  
Patrick Finbarr Allen
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Observation Study ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Decayed Tooth ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background There is little knowledge about factors which may affect oral health among older adults. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between Streptococcus mutans (MS) and Lactobacilli (LB) counts and caries among older adults. Methods In this community-based observation study, 141 participants aged 60 years and above were recruited from the west district of Singapore. Alongside the clinical examination, saliva samples were collected to determine Streptococcus mutans (MS) and Lactobacilli (LB) counts, as well as to record salivary flow rate and buffering capacity of saliva. Results Of the 141 participants, 63.8% were female and 94.3% were of Chinese ethnicity. The mean DMFT was 11.08 (s.d. 8.27). 9.9% of participants had at least one decayed tooth, 52.5% had minimum one missing tooth and 86.5% had at least one filled tooth. 67.4% had MS counts of ≥ 105 while LB counts were ≥ 105 for 48.2%. 83.7% had normal salivary flow or hypersalivation (> = 1 mL/min), the buffering capacity of the saliva was alkaline in 61% of the participants. Multivariate analysis showed that participants who had high MS counts were less likely to have a DMFT < 12 [OR (95% CI), 0.29 (0.11–0.77)] whereas participants who had high LB counts were less likely to have a DMFT ≤ 14 [OR (95% CI), 0.45 (0.20–1.002)]. Conclusion Our study showed a positive correlation between MS and LB counts and caries experience in older adults. The mean DMFT was on the low side in our sample despite having a relatively high MS count. This suggests that there are many other factors which vary according to host environment, physiological and biological conditions that may affect MS and LB counts in the oral cavity. Clinical relevance Our study supports the knowledge that the aetiology of dental caries among older adults is a complex process and it would be wrong to consider caries as a same problem with the same solution for all age groups.

scholarly journals Muscle synergy differences between voluntary and reactive backward stepping

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuaijie Wang ◽  
Gonzalo Varas-Diaz ◽  
Tanvi Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Muscle Synergy ◽  
Muscle Synergies ◽  
Limited Effect ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Reactive Stepping

AbstractReactive stepping responses are essential to prevent falls after a loss of balance. It has previously been well described that both voluntary and reactive step training could improve the efficacy of reactive stepping in different populations. However, the effect of aging on neuromuscular control during voluntary and reactive stepping remains unclear. Electromyography (EMG) signals during both backward voluntary stepping in response to an auditory cue and backward reactive stepping elicited by a forward slip-like treadmill perturbation during stance were recorded in ten healthy young adults and ten healthy older adults. Using muscle synergy analysis, we extracted the muscle synergies for both voluntary and reactive stepping. Our results showed that fewer muscle synergies were used during reactive stepping than during voluntary stepping in both young and older adults. Minor differences in the synergy structure were observed for both voluntary and reactive stepping between age groups. Our results indicate that there is a low similarity of muscle synergies between voluntary stepping and reactive stepping and that aging had a limited effect on the structure of muscle synergies. This study enhances our understanding of the neuromuscular basis of both voluntary and reactive stepping as well as the potential effect of aging on neuromuscular control during balance tasks.

scholarly journals Consistent Effects of Whey Protein Fortification on Consumer Perception and Liking of Solid Food Matrices (Cakes and Biscuits) Regardless of Age and Saliva Flow

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1328
Author(s):  
Victoria Norton ◽  
Stella Lignou ◽  
Stephanie P. Bull ◽  
Margot A. Gosney ◽  
Lisa Methven
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Sensory Attributes ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Sensory Profile ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Saliva Flow

Although there are numerous high protein products on the market, they are typically not designed with, or for, older consumers. This is surprising considering that dietary guidelines recognise the need for higher protein intake in later life. Protein fortified products are, however, associated with negative sensory attributes and poor consumer acceptance. This paper investigates the extent of mouthdrying sensations within a high protein solid food matrix, along with the effect of age and saliva flow. Solid models using cakes and biscuits, with or without protein fortification, were investigated. The sensory profile and physical properties were analysed and two volunteer studies (n = 84; n = 70) were carried out using two age groups (18–30; 65+). Volunteers rated individual perception and liking of products, and salivary flow rates (mL/min) were measured. Unstimulated salivary flow rates were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in older adults, although this was not found to influence product perception. Protein fortification of cakes and biscuits significantly increased (p < 0.05) perceived mouthdrying, hardness and “off” flavours, and significantly reduced (p < 0.05) melting rate, moistness and liking compared with the control versions. There is a clear need to address negative sensory attributes associated with protein fortification of cakes and biscuits to ensure product suitability for older adults.

Cognitive Load Affects Speech Motor Performance Differently in Older and Younger Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1258-1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan K. MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incongruent Condition ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Movement Duration ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Speech Motor

PurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the impact of cognitive load imposed by a speech production task on the speech motor performance of healthy older and younger adults. Response inhibition, selective attention, and working memory were the primary cognitive processes of interest.MethodTwelve healthy older and 12 healthy younger adults produced multiple repetitions of 4 sentences containing an embedded Stroop task in 2 cognitive load conditions: congruent and incongruent. The incongruent condition, which required participants to suppress orthographic information to say the font colors in which color words were written, represented an increase in cognitive load relative to the congruent condition in which word text and font color matched. Kinematic measures of articulatory coordination variability and movement duration as well as a behavioral measure of sentence production accuracy were compared between groups and conditions and across 3 sentence segments (pre-, during-, and post-Stroop).ResultsIncreased cognitive load in the incongruent condition was associated with increased articulatory coordination variability and movement duration, compared to the congruent Stroop condition, for both age groups. Overall, the effect of increased cognitive load was greater for older adults than younger adults and was greatest in the portion of the sentence in which cognitive load was manipulated (during-Stroop), followed by the pre-Stroop segment. Sentence production accuracy was reduced for older adults in the incongruent condition.ConclusionsIncreased cognitive load involving response inhibition, selective attention, and working memory processes within a speech production task disrupted both the stability and timing with which speech was produced by both age groups. Older adults' speech motor performance may have been more affected due to age-related changes in cognitive and motoric functions that result in altered motor cognition.

Video Games and Emotion Regulation

GeroPsych ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Ossenfort ◽  
Derek M. Isaacowitz
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Video Games ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Interactive Media ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Media Usage ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Media Preferences

Abstract. Research on age differences in media usage has shown that older adults are more likely than younger adults to select positive emotional content. Research on emotional aging has examined whether older adults also seek out positivity in the everyday situations they choose, resulting so far in mixed results. We investigated the emotional choices of different age groups using video games as a more interactive type of affect-laden stimuli. Participants made multiple selections from a group of positive and negative games. Results showed that older adults selected the more positive games, but also reported feeling worse after playing them. Results supplement the literature on positivity in situation selection as well as on older adults’ interactive media preferences.

Conflict Monitoring Across the Life Span

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Czernochowski
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Conflict Detection ◽  
Response Conflict ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Additional Control ◽  
Performance Response ◽  
Conflict Detection And Resolution

Errors can play a major role for optimizing subsequent performance: Response conflict associated with (near) errors signals the need to recruit additional control resources to minimize future conflict. However, so far it remains open whether children and older adults also adjust their performance as a function of preceding response conflict. To examine the life span development of conflict detection and resolution, response conflict was elicited during a task-switching paradigm. Electrophysiological correlates of conflict detection for correct and incorrect responses and behavioral indices of post-error adjustments were assessed while participants in four age groups were asked to focus on either speed or accuracy. Despite difficulties in resolving response conflict, the ability to detect response conflict as indexed by the Ne/ERN component was expected to mature early and be preserved in older adults. As predicted, reliable Ne/ERN peaks were detected across age groups. However, only for adults Ne/ERN amplitudes associated with errors were larger compared to Nc/CRN amplitudes for correct trials under accuracy instructions, suggesting an ongoing maturation in the ability to differentiate levels of response conflict. Behavioral interference costs were considerable in both children and older adults. Performance for children and older adults deteriorated rather than improved following errors, in line with intact conflict detection, but impaired conflict resolution. Thus, participants in all age groups were able to detect response conflict, but only young adults successfully avoided subsequent conflict by up-regulating control.

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