scholarly journals Infant Formula Based on Milk Fat Affects Immune Development in Both Normal Birthweight and Fetal Growth Restricted Neonatal Piglets

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3310
Author(s):  
Ole Bæk ◽  
Karina Skadborg ◽  
Tik Muk ◽  
Charlotte Amdi ◽  
Peter M. H. Heegaard ◽  
...  

Infant formulas offer an alternative to breast milk for both normal birth weight (NBW) and immunocompromised intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) infants. Although the lipid fraction in formulas is often derived from vegetable oils, it is unclear if this alters immunological outcomes relative to milk fats or whether these effects differ between IUGR and NBW infants. We hypothesized that replacing vegetable oil with bovine milk fat in infant formula would improve immune development in IUGR and NBW neonates. Two-day old piglets were selected (NBW, n = 18, IUGR, n = 18) and each group of animals were fed formula based on either vegetable oil (VEG) or bovine milk fat (MILK). Animals were reared until day 23/24 and systemic immune parameters were evaluated. Milk-fat feeding decreased blood neutrophil counts and improved neutrophil function while transiently reducing leucocytes’ expression of genes related to adaptive and innate immunity as well as energy metabolism, following in vitro stimulation by live Staphylococcus epidermidis (whole blood, 2 h). However, there were only a few interactions between milk-fat type and birthweight status. Thus, piglets fed milk-fat-based formula had improved neutrophil maturation and suppressed pro-inflammatory responses, compared to those fed vegetable-oil-based formula.

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Bach Korsholm Knudsen ◽  
Christine Heerup ◽  
Tine Røngaard Stange Jensen ◽  
Xiaolu Geng ◽  
Nikolaj Drachmann ◽  
...  

Efficient lipid digestion in formula-fed infants is required to ensure the availability of fatty acids for normal organ development. Previous studies suggest that the efficiency of lipid digestion may depend on whether lipids are emulsified with soy lecithin or fractions derived from bovine milk. This study, therefore, aimed to determine whether emulsification with bovine milk-derived emulsifiers or soy lecithin (SL) influenced lipid digestion in vitro and in vivo. Lipid digestibility was determined in vitro in oil-in-water emulsions using four different milk-derived emulsifiers or SL, and the ultrastructural appearance of the emulsions was assessed using electron microscopy. Subsequently, selected emulsions were added to a base diet and fed to preterm neonatal piglets. Initially, preterm pigs equipped with an ileostomy were fed experimental formulas for seven days and stoma output was collected quantitatively. Next, lipid absorption kinetics was studied in preterm pigs given pure emulsions. Finally, complete formulas with different emulsions were fed for four days, and the post-bolus plasma triglyceride level was determined. Milk-derived emulsifiers (containing protein and phospholipids from milk fat globule membranes and extracellular vesicles) showed increased effects on fat digestion compared to SL in an in vitro digestion model. Further, milk-derived emulsifiers significantly increased the digestion of triglyceride in the preterm piglet model compared with SL. Ultra-structural images indicated a more regular and smooth surface of fat droplets emulsified with milk-derived emulsifiers relative to SL. We conclude that, relative to SL, milk-derived emulsifiers lead to a different surface ultrastructure on the lipid droplets, and increase lipid digestion.


2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (1) ◽  
pp. G67-G77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuqiang Ren ◽  
Yan Hui ◽  
Sandra Goericke-Pesch ◽  
Stanislava Pankratova ◽  
Witold Kot ◽  
...  

Prenatal inflammation may predispose to preterm birth and postnatal inflammatory disorders such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Bioactive milk ingredients may help to support gut maturation in such neonates, but mother’s milk is often insufficient after preterm birth. We hypothesized that supplementation with bioactive ingredients from bovine milk [osteopontin (OPN), caseinoglycomacropeptide (CGMP), colostrum (COL)] supports gut, immunity, and NEC resistance in neonates born preterm after gram-negative infection before birth. Using preterm pigs as a model for preterm infants, fetal pigs were given intraamniotic injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 mg/fetus) and delivered 3 days later (90% gestation). For 5 days, groups of LPS-exposed pigs were fed formula (FOR), bovine colostrum (COL), or formula enriched with OPN or CGMP. LPS induced intraamniotic inflammation and postnatal systemic inflammation but limited effects on postnatal gut parameters and NEC. Relative to FOR, COL feeding to LPS-exposed pigs showed less diarrhea, NEC severity, reduced gut IL-1β and IL-8 levels, greater gut goblet cell density and digestive enzyme activities, and blood helper T-cell fraction. CGMP improved neonatal arousal and gut lactase activities and reduced LPS-induced IL-8 secretion in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in vitro. Finally, OPN tended to reduce diarrhea and stimulated IEC proliferation in vitro. No effects on villus morphology, circulating cytokines, or colonic microbiota were observed among groups. In conclusion, bioactive milk ingredients exerted only modest effects on gut and systemic immune parameters in preterm pigs exposed to prenatal inflammation. Short-term, prenatal exposure to inflammation may render the gut less sensitive to immune-modulatory milk effects. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prenatal inflammation is a risk factor for preterm birth and postnatal complications including infections. However, from clinical studies, it is difficult to separate the effects of only prenatal inflammation from preterm birth. Using cesarean-delivered preterm pigs with prenatal inflammation, we documented some beneficial gut effects of bioactive milk diets relative to formula, but prenatal inflammation appeared to decrease the sensitivity of enteral feeding. Special treatments and diets may be required for this neonatal population.


2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (50) ◽  
pp. 11109-11117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Liang ◽  
Ce Qi ◽  
Xingguo Wang ◽  
Qingzhe Jin ◽  
David Julian McClements

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 762-762
Author(s):  
Angela Jaramillo-Ospina ◽  
Rosario Toro-Campos ◽  
Teresa Murguia-Peniche ◽  
Jennifer Wampler ◽  
Steven Wu ◽  
...  

Abstract Objectives Bovine milk fat globule membrane (bMFGM) added in routine infant formula supports normal growth and safety through 24 mo of age in term infants. The impact on micronutrients and glucose-related biomarkers is assessed here. Methods In this double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, formula-fed infants were enrolled (<120 days of age) and randomized to receive a standard cow´s milk-based infant formula (SF, n = 174) or a similar formula with added whey protein-lipid concentrate (5 g/L; bMFGM; EF n = 173); exclusively breastfed infants were enrolled as a reference (HM, n = 235). In 50% of infants (chosen at random), parents agreed to blood collection (2–4 h fasting) at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 mo of age. Serum micronutrients (zinc, iron, ferritin, transferrin receptor) and glucose-related biomarkers (glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR [Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance], IGF-1) were analyzed. Results At baseline, significant differences in markers of iron status (serum iron, ferritin) and glucose-related biomarkers (glucose, HOMA-IR, and IGF-1) were detected between HM and study formula groups. At 6 and 12 mo, no differences in any measure were detected between study formula groups. Serum iron and ferritin at 12 mo as well as glucose-related biomarkers at 6 mo (insulin, HOMA-IR, IGF-1) and 12 mo (IGF-1 only) were lower in the HM vs study formula groups. By 24 mo, micronutrients and glucose-related biomarkers were similar between study formula groups (with the exception of significantly lower serum iron in the SF group); for HM vs study formula groups, differences included significantly lower zinc and IGF-1. Conclusions Patterns of micronutrients and glucose-related biomarkers were similar through two years of age in infants who received formula through one year. This study add to the body of data available for glucose-related biomarkers in children at two years of age and younger. Funding Sources The study was funded by Mead Johnson Nutrition (MJN). TMP, SSW, and JLW are currently, and CLB was previously employed by MJN.


2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 2026-2033 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Corinne Sprong ◽  
Marco F. E. Hulstein ◽  
Tim T. Lambers ◽  
Roelof van der Meer

The bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) contains several antimicrobial components with proven efficacyin vitro, butin vivoevidence is scarce. The present study was performed to determine the efficacy of the bovine MFGMin vivo.Rats were fed diets based on bovine skimmed milk powder (low in MFGM) or bovine sweet buttermilk powder (high in MFGM). After dietary adaptation, rats were orally infected withSalmonella enteritidisorListeria monocytogenes.Whereas sweet buttermilk powder did not protect rats against infection withS. enteritidis, it protected againstL. monocytogenes, as shown by a lower colonisation and translocation of this pathogen. Protection coincided with higher listericidal capacity of gastric and caecal contents. The digestion products of phosphoglycerides and sphingomyelin are bactericidalin vitro.To study their role, rats were fed diets containing either 0·1 % phosphatidylcholine or sphingomyelin, or a control diet. After dietary adaptation, rats were infected withL. monocytogenes.SinceListeriacolonisation was not affected by these diets, phosphoglycerides and sphingomyelin are not involved in the protective effect of sweet buttermilk. Additionalin vitroexperiments were performed to further explore the mechanism of the beneficial effects of sweet buttermilk. Inhibition of the adherence ofL. monocytogenesto the intestinal mucosa is the most likely explanation, since sweet buttermilk powder inhibited the binding ofL. monocytogenesin both a haemagglutination assay and a Caco-2 cell adherence assay. In conclusion, sweet buttermilk powder, which is rich in MFGM, protects againstL. monocytogenesinfection in rats, probably by preventing adherence of this pathogen to the intestinal mucosa.


2020 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 104866
Author(s):  
Jeske H.J. Hageman ◽  
Marianne Danielsen ◽  
Arie G. Nieuwenhuizen ◽  
Anouk L. Feitsma ◽  
Trine K. Dalsgaard

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannis Manios ◽  
Eva Karaglani ◽  
Inge Thijs-Verhoeven ◽  
Elpis Vlachopapadopoulou ◽  
Anastasia Papazoglou ◽  
...  

AbstractIntroduction:Infant formula (IF) with vegetable fat blends typically have more than 80% of palmitic acid (PA) esterified at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions of triglycerides. Additional use of bovine milk fat (MF), a natural source of sn-2 palmitate, may enable increasing the sn-2 palmitate levels, potentially leading to improved absorption of fatty acids and calcium, and reduced formation of PA soaps associated with constipation in infants. The current study investigated the effect of IF with and without MF on the concentration of PA, PA soaps, calcium excretion and gastrointestinal tolerance using Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale (AISS) in healthy term infants.Materials and Methods:Two double-blind randomized placebo-controlled cross-over trials were conducted in parallel to compare a MF-based test formula with high sn-2 palmitate levels (39%) with a reference formula with only vegetable fat (10.1% sn-2 palmitate, cross-over study 1; CS1) and a MF-based test formula with medium sn-2 palmitate levels (19.7%) with the reference formula with only vegetable fat (cross-over study 2; CS2). CS1 included 17 and CS2 18 full-term, healthy, exclusively formula-fed infants screened between the 9th-14th week of age. After two weeks of wash-out period, in both CS1 and CS2, infants were randomized to receive either the MF-based test formula or reference. At the end of two weeks, the groups were crossed-over to receive the other formula for subsequent two weeks. Stool samples were collected after each two-week intervention period and bi-weekly diaries and questionnaires were completed by the parents/caretakers.Results:The PA concentrations in stools (mg/g dry weight) did not differ between the MF-based test and reference formula in either CS1 (p = 0.1324) or CS2 (p = 0.1198). A reduction was observed in the concentration of PA soaps in both medium and high sn-2 palmitate formula, with a more pronounced effect for the high sn-2 palmitate formula (medium; p = 0.0023 and high; p < 0.0001). In addition, calcium excretion in stools was significantly lower in the MF-based formula groups as compared to the reference in both studies (medium; p = 0.0067 and high; p = 0.0041). In CS2, stool consistency did not differ between groups whilst in CS1, a favorable effect of high sn-2 palmitate formula compared to the reference formula (p = 0.0008) was noted.Conclusion:Bovine milk fat in infant formula reduced the excretion of PA soaps and calcium in stool samples of healthy term infants. High sn-2 palmitate formula showed a more pronounced effect and improved stool consistency according to the AISS.


2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vabitha Shetty ◽  
Amitha Hegde ◽  
Nandan S ◽  
Suchetha Shetty

Objectives: To estimate Calcium and Phosphorus withdrawal from hydroxyapatite in the presence of bovine milk and human milk from which the following protective fractions namely Casein, Whey protein, Lactose and Milk fat have been individually removed and to compare the above protective fractions in human and bovine milk. Method: Human milk obtained from lactating mothers in the labor ward of Kshema hospital was subjected to immediate analysis. Bovine milk was obtained from a local dairy. Equal quantities of human milk and bovine milk (1ml) were separately subjected to the systematic removal of the four milk fractions. As each fraction was removed, the remaining milk samples were subjected to testing. Powdered hydroxyapatite from human dental enamel was subjected to demineralization with the addition of the milk sample under test for 20 minutes. This mixture was then centrifuged. Aliquots of the supernatant were taken for calcium and Phosphorus analysis using photospectrometry. Ten demineralization tests were similarly carried out for every milk fraction for both human and bovine milk separately. Equal samples of whole bovine milk and whole human milk were also subjected to similar testing. Results: The calcium and phosphorus dissolution values were higher when the individual fractions were eliminated from both human milk/enamel samples and bovine milk/enamel samples as compared to the values obtained from whole human milk/whole bovine milk /enamel samples. Further, higher calcium and phosphorus dissolution values were observed when the fractions were individually and separately removed from the whole human milk/enamel samples as compared to the corresponding values obtained when these fractions were removed from bovine milk/enamel samples. Conclusion: The evaluated milk fraction in bovine milk namely casein,whey protein, lactose and milk fat were individually more caries protective when compared to the corresponding fractions in human milk.


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