scholarly journals Rotavirus Strain Distribution before and after Introducing Rotavirus Vaccine in India

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Tintu Varghese ◽  
Shainey Alokit Khakha ◽  
Sidhartha Giri ◽  
Nayana P. Nair ◽  
Manohar Badur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group A ◽  
Vaccine Impact ◽  
Commercial Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Epidemiological Effects ◽  
Vaccination Period

In April 2016, an indigenous monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotavac) was introduced to the National Immunization Program in India. Hospital-based surveillance for acute gastroenteritis was conducted in five sentinel sites from 2012 to 2020 to monitor the vaccine impact on various genotypes and the reduction in rotavirus positivity at each site. Stool samples collected from children under 5 years of age hospitalized with diarrhea were tested for group A rotavirus using a commercial enzyme immunoassay, and rotavirus strains were characterized by RT-PCR. The proportion of diarrhea hospitalizations attributable to rotavirus at the five sites declined from a range of 56–29.4% in pre-vaccine years to 34–12% in post-vaccine years. G1P[8] was the predominant strain in the pre-vaccination period, and G3P[8] was the most common in the post-vaccination period. Circulating patterns varied throughout the study period, and increased proportions of mixed genotypes were detected in the post-vaccination phase. Continuous long-term surveillance is essential to understand the diversity and immuno-epidemiological effects of rotavirus vaccination.

Impact of Monovalent Rotavirus Vaccine on Rotavirus Hospitalizations among Children Younger Than 5 Years of Age in the Ouest and Artibonite Departments, Haiti, 2013 to 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Desormeaux ◽  
Eleanor Burnett ◽  
Gérard Joseph ◽  
Mentor Ali Ber Lucien ◽  
Negar Aliabadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rotavirus Diarrhea ◽  
The Impact

Rotavirus is responsible for 26% of diarrheal deaths in Latin America and the Caribbean. Haiti introduced the monovalent rotavirus vaccine in April 2014. The objective of this analysis is to describe the impact of the rotavirus vaccine on hospitalizations among Haitian children younger than 5 years old during the first 5 years after introduction. This analysis includes all children with diarrhea who were enrolled as part of a sentinel surveillance system at two hospitals from May 2013 to April 2019. We compare the proportion of rotavirus-positive specimens in each post-vaccine introduction year to the pre-vaccine period. To account for the potential dilution of the proportion of rotavirus-positive specimens from a waning cholera outbreak, we also analyzed annual trends in the absolute number of positive stools, fit a two-component finite-mixture model to the negative specimens, and fit a negative binomial time series model to the pre-vaccine rotavirus-positive specimens to predict the number of rotavirus diarrhea hospital admissions in the absence of rotavirus vaccination. The overall percentage of rotavirus-positive specimens declined by 22% the first year after introduction, increased by 17% the second year, and declined by 33% to 50% the subsequent 3 years. All sensitivity analyses confirmed an overall decline. We observed a clear annual rotavirus seasonality before and after vaccine introduction, with the greatest activity in December through April, and a biennial pattern, with high sharp peaks and flatter longer periods of increased rotavirus activity in alternating years, consistent with suboptimal vaccination coverage. Overall, our study shows evidence that the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine reduced the burden of severe rotavirus diarrhea.

scholarly journals Global Impact of Rotavirus Vaccination on Diarrhea Hospitalizations and Deaths Among Children <5 Years Old: 2006–2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (10) ◽  
pp. 1731-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Burnett ◽  
Umesh D Parashar ◽  
Jacqueline E Tate
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
Median Percentage ◽  
Global Impact ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background Since 2006, more than 100 countries have introduced rotavirus vaccine into their immunization programs. We reviewed published data on relative reductions of rotavirus hospitalizations, acute gastroenteritis (AGE) hospitalizations, and AGE deaths among children &lt;5 years old. Methods Articles published from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2019 with at least 12 months of data before and after rotavirus vaccine introduction were included. Relative reductions were abstracted into a standardized form. Descriptive statistics are presented as medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs). Results We reviewed 1827 total records and included 105 articles from 49 countries. Among children &lt;5 years old, there was a median reduction of 59% (IQR, 46–74) in rotavirus hospitalizations, 36% (IQR, 23–47) in AGE hospitalizations, and 36% (IQR, 28–46) AGE mortality. Reductions were larger in countries with low child mortality, among younger age groups, and in countries with higher coverage. The median percentage of specimens that tested positive for rotavirus among children &lt;5 years old hospitalized for diarrhea was 40% (IQR, 28–45) before rotavirus vaccine introduction and 20% (IQR, 20–20) 4 years after introduction. Conclusions Overall, we found sustained impact on rotavirus and AGE hospitalizations and deaths. These results should encourage countries still considering rotavirus vaccine implementation.

scholarly journals Uncovering the First Atypical DS-1-like G1P[8] Rotavirus Strains That Circulated during Pre-Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction Era in South Africa

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter N. Mwangi ◽  
Milton T. Mogotsi ◽  
Sebotsana P. Rasebotsa ◽  
Mapaseka L. Seheri ◽  
M. Jeffrey Mphahlele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
African Strain ◽  
Group A ◽  
First Time ◽  
Vaccination Period

Emergence of DS-1-like G1P[8] group A rotavirus (RVA) strains during post-rotavirus vaccination period has recently been reported in several countries. This study demonstrates, for the first time, rare atypical DS-1-like G1P[8] RVA strains that circulated in 2008 during pre-vaccine era in South Africa. Rotavirus positive samples were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Two G1P[8] strains (RVA/Human-wt/ZAF/UFS-NGS-MRC-DPRU1971/2008/G1P[8] and RVA/Human-wt/ZAF/UFS-NGS-MRC-DPRU1973/2008/G1P[8]) possessed a DS-1-like genome constellation background (I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2). The outer VP4 and VP7 capsid genes of the two South African G1P[8] strains had the highest nucleotide (amino acid) nt (aa) identities of 99.6–99.9% (99.1–100%) with the VP4 and the VP7 genes of a locally circulating South African strain, RVA/Human-wt/ZAF/MRC-DPRU1039/2008/G1P[8]. All the internal backbone genes (VP1–VP3, VP6, and NSP1-NSP5) had the highest nt (aa) identities with cognate internal genes of another locally circulating South African strain, RVA/Human-wt/ZAF/MRC-DPRU2344/2008/G2P[6]. The two study strains emerged through reassortment mechanism involving locally circulating South African strains, as they were distinctly unrelated to other reported atypical G1P[8] strains. The identification of these G1P[8] double-gene reassortants during the pre-vaccination period strongly supports natural RVA evolutionary mechanisms of the RVA genome. There is a need to maintain long-term whole-genome surveillance to monitor such atypical strains.

scholarly journals Diarrheal Diseases Hospitalization in Yemen before and after Rotavirus Vaccination

Scientifica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Amood AL-Kamarany ◽  
Lina Al-Areqi ◽  
Abulatif Mujally ◽  
Fawzya Alkarshy ◽  
Arwa Nasser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Diarrheal Diseases ◽  
Predominant Genotype ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rotavirus Diarrhea ◽  
The Impact

The study aims to assess the impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on diarrheal diseases hospitalization and to identify the rotavirus genotypes most prevalent before and after vaccine introduction among children ≤ 5 years of age. Rotarix™® rotavirus vaccine is currently licensed for infants in Yemen and was introduced in 2012. The vaccination course consists of two doses. The first dose is administrated at 6 weeks of age and the second dose is completed by 10 weeks. Based on a longitudinal observational study, we assessed the impact of vaccination on rotavirus hospitalization before and after vaccination among children ≤ 5 years of age at the Yemeni-Swedish Hospital (YSH) in Taiz, Yemen. Prevaccination covered January 2009–July 2012 during which 2335 fecal samples were collected from children ≤ 5 years old. Postvaccination covered January 2013–December 2014 during which 1114 fecal samples were collected. Rotavirus was detected by Enzyme Linkage Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The incidence ofrotavirushospitalization decreased from 43.79% in 2009 to 10.54% in 2014. Hospitalization due to rotavirus diarrhea was reduced by 75.93%. Vaccine coverage increased from 23% in 2012 to 72% in 2014. Also, the results showed that the most predominant genotypes in prevaccination period were G2P[4] (55.0%), followed by G1P[8] (15.0%), while in postvaccination period G1P[8] (31%) was the predominant genotype, followed by G9P[8] (27.5%). In conclusion, rotavirus vaccination in Yemen resulted in sharp reduction in diarrheal hospitalization. A successful rotavirus vaccination program in Yemen will rely upon efficient vaccine delivery systems and sustained vaccine efficacy against diverse and evolving rotavirus strains.

scholarly journals Rotavirus symptomatic infection among unvaccinated and vaccinated children in Valencia, Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl Pérez-Ortín ◽  
Cristina Santiso-Bellón ◽  
Susana Vila-Vicent ◽  
Noelia Carmona-Vicente ◽  
Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Immunological Methods ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Symptomatic Infection ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Group A ◽  
Rotavirus Infections

Abstract Background Human group A rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. Immunization programs have reduced the disease burden in many countries. Vaccination coverage in the Autonomous Region of Valencia, Spain, is around 40%, as the rotavirus vaccine is not funded by the National Health System. Despite this low-medium vaccine coverage, rotavirus vaccination has substantially reduced hospitalizations due to rotavirus infection and hospital-related costs. However, there are very few studies evaluating symptomatic rotavirus infections not requiring hospitalization in vaccinated children. The objective of this study was to investigate symptomatic rotavirus infections among vaccinated children in the health area served by the Hospital Clínico Universitario of Valencia, Spain, from 2013 to 2015. Methods A total of 133 children younger than 5 years of age with rotavirus infection were studied. Demographic and epidemiological data were collected and informed consent from their caretakers obtained. Rotavirus infection was detected by immunological methods and G/P rotavirus genotypes were determined by RT-PCR, following standard procedures from the EuroRotaNet network. Results Forty infants (30.1%; 95% CI: 22.3–37.9) out of 133 were diagnosed with symptomatic rotavirus infection despite having been previously vaccinated, either with RotaTeq (85%) or with Rotarix (15%). Children fully vaccinated against rotavirus (24.8%), partially vaccinated (5.3%) and unvaccinated (69.9%) were found. The infecting genotypes showed high G-type diversity, although no significant differences were found between the G/P genotypes infecting vaccinated and unvaccinated children during the same time period. G9P[8], G12P[8] and G1P[8] were the most prevalent genotypes. Severity of gastroenteritis symptoms required 28 (66.6%) vaccinated and 67 (73.6%) unvaccinated children to be attended at the Emergency Room. Conclusion Rotavirus vaccine efficacy in reducing the incidence of severe rotavirus infection has been well documented, but symptomatic rotavirus infection can sometimes occur in vaccinees.

scholarly journals ­Rotavirus group A genotype circulation patterns across Kenya before and after nationwide vaccine introduction, 2010-2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Mwanga ◽  
Betty Owor ◽  
John Ocheing ◽  
Mwanajuma Ngama ◽  
Billy Ogwel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Circulation Patterns ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Epidemiological Changes ◽  
Group A ◽  
Vaccine Impact ◽  
Stool Samples

Abstract Background: Kenya introduced the monovalent G1P[8] Rotarix® vaccine into the infant immunization schedule in July 2014. We examined trends in rotavirus group A (RVA) genotype distribution pre- (January 2010 - June 2014) and post- (July 2014-December 2018) RVA vaccine introduction.Methods: Stool samples were collected from children aged <13 years from four surveillance sites across Kenya: Kilifi County Hospital, Tabitha Clinic, Lwak Mission Hospital, and Siaya County Referral Hospital (children aged <5 years only). Samples were screened for RVA using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and G and P genes sequenced to infer genotypes.Results: We genotyped 614 samples in pre-vaccine and 261 in post-vaccine introduction periods. During the pre-vaccine introduction period, the most frequent RVA genotypes were G1P[8] (45.8%), G8P[4] (15.8%), G9P[8] (13.2%), G2P[4] (7.0%) and G3P[6] (3.1%). In the post-vaccine introduction period, the most frequent genotypes were G1P[8] (52.1%), G2P[4] (20.7%) and G3P[8] (16.1%). Predominant genotypes varied by year and site in both pre and post-vaccine periods. Temporal genotype patterns showed an increase in prevalence of heterotypic commonly DS-1-like G2P[4] (7.0 to 20.7%, P <.001) and G3P[8] (1.3 to 16.1%, P< .001) genotypes in the post-vaccine introduction period. Additionally, we observed a decline in prevalence of genotypes G8P[4] (15.8 to 0.4%, P <.001) and G9P[8] (13.2 to 5.4%, P <.001) in the post-vaccine introduction period.Conclusion: Genotype prevalence varied from before to after vaccine introduction. Such observations emphasize the need for long-term surveillance to monitor vaccine impact. These changes may represent natural secular variation or possible immuno-epidemiological changes arising from the introduction of the vaccine. Full length sequencing could provide insights into post-vaccine evolutionary pressures and antigenic diversity.

scholarly journals 93. Trends in the Laboratory Detection of Rotavirus Before and After Implementation of Routine Rotavirus Vaccination: the United States, 2000–2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S8-S8
Author(s):  
Benjamin D Hallowell ◽  
Umesh D Parashar ◽  
Aaron Curns ◽  
Nicholas DeGroote ◽  
Jacqueline Tate
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Annual Peak ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Long Term Impact

Abstract Background Before the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in the United States in 2006, rotavirus infection was the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis among US children. Methods To evaluate the long-term impact of rotavirus vaccination on disease burden in the United States, CDC analyzed national laboratory testing data for rotavirus from laboratories participating in CDC’s National Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Surveillance System (NREVSS) during the pre- (2000–2006) and post-vaccine (2007–2018) periods. Results Nationally, the median annual percentage of positive rotavirus tests declined from 25.6% (range: 25.2–29.4%) in the pre-vaccine era to 6.1% (range: 2.6–11.1%) in the post-vaccine period. When comparing the pre- and post-vaccine era, the annual peak in rotavirus positivity declined from a median of 43.1% (range: 43.8–56.3%) to a median 14.0% (range: 4.8–27.3%) while the season duration was reduced from a median of 26 weeks (range: 23–27 weeks) to 9 weeks (range: 0–18 weeks). In the post-vaccine period, a biennial pattern emerged with alternating years of low and high rotavirus activity. Conclusion The implementation of rotavirus vaccine has dramatically reduced the disease burden and altered seasonal patterns of rotavirus in the United States; these changes have been sustained over 11 post-vaccine introduction seasons. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.

scholarly journals Sustained low rotavirus activity and hospitalisation rates in the post-vaccination era in Belgium, 2007 to 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (27) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine Sabbe ◽  
Nicolas Berger ◽  
Adriaan Blommaert ◽  
Benson Ogunjimi ◽  
Tine Grammens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vaccination Period

In 2006, Belgium was the first country in the European Union to recommend rotavirus vaccination in the routine infant vaccination schedule and rapidly achieved high vaccine uptake (86–89% in 2007). We used regional and national data sources up to 7 years post-vaccination to study the impact of vaccination on laboratory-confirmed rotavirus cases and rotavirus-related hospitalisations and deaths. We showed that (i) from 2007 until 2013, vaccination coverage remained at 79–88% for a complete course, (ii) in children 0–2 years, rotavirus cases decreased by 79% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 68–­89%) in 2008–2014 compared to the pre-vaccination period (1999–­2006) and by 50% (95% CI: 14–82%) in the age group ≥ 10 years, (iii) hospitalisations for rotavirus gastroenteritis decreased by 87% (95% CI: 84–90%) in 2008–­2012 compared to the pre-vaccination period (2002–­2006), (iv) median age of rotavirus cases increased from 12 months to 17 months and (v) the rotavirus seasonal peak was reduced and delayed in all post-vaccination years. The substantial decline in rotavirus gastroenteritis requiring hospitalisations and in rotavirus activity following introduction of rotavirus vaccination is sustained over time and more pronounced in the target age group, but with evidence of herd immunity.

Invasive Group A Streptococcus Infection in Children in Southern Israel Before and After the Introduction of Varicella Vaccine

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-239
Author(s):  
Ori Hasin ◽  
Guy Hazan ◽  
Assaf Rokney ◽  
Roy Dayan ◽  
Orli Sagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
National Immunization Program ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Invasive Group ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group A

Abstract The annual rates of group A Streptococcus bacteremia per 100 000 children in southern Israel declined after introduction of the varicella vaccine to the national immunization program, from 2.43 (95% confidence interval, 1.73–3.13) in 1995–2002 to 1.30 (95% confidence interval, 0.91–1.72) in 2010–2016 (P = .04). This reduction correlated with the disappearance of varicella rash as a predisposing factor.

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