scholarly journals The Vaginal Microbiota, Bacterial Biofilms and Polymeric Drug-Releasing Vaginal Rings

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 751
Author(s):  
Louise Carson ◽  
Ruth Merkatz ◽  
Elena Martinelli ◽  
Peter Boyd ◽  
Bruce Variano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Hormonal Contraception ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Vaginal Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Adherence ◽  
Vaginal Ring ◽  
Vaginal Rings ◽  
Human Vagina ◽  
Materials Used

The diversity and dynamics of the microbial species populating the human vagina are increasingly understood to play a pivotal role in vaginal health. However, our knowledge about the potential interactions between the vaginal microbiota and vaginally administered drug delivery systems is still rather limited. Several drug-releasing vaginal ring products are currently marketed for hormonal contraception and estrogen replacement therapy, and many others are in preclinical and clinical development for these and other clinical indications. As with all implantable polymeric devices, drug-releasing vaginal rings are subject to surface bacterial adherence and biofilm formation, mostly associated with endogenous microorganisms present in the vagina. Despite more than 50 years since the vaginal ring concept was first described, there has been only limited study and reporting around bacterial adherence and biofilm formation on rings. With increasing interest in the vaginal microbiome and vaginal ring technology, this timely review article provides an overview of: (i) the vaginal microbiota, (ii) biofilm formation in the human vagina and its potential role in vaginal dysbiosis, (iii) mechanistic aspects of biofilm formation on polymeric surfaces, (iv) polymeric materials used in the manufacture of vaginal rings, (v) surface morphology characteristics of rings, (vi) biomass accumulation and biofilm formation on vaginal rings, and (vii) regulatory considerations.

scholarly journals Biofilm Formation Reduction by Eugenol and Thymol on Biodegradable Food Packaging Material

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Pavel Pleva ◽  
Lucie Bartošová ◽  
Daniela Máčalová ◽  
Ludmila Zálešáková ◽  
Jana Sedlaříková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Quality ◽  
Polymer Films ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Butylene Succinate ◽  
Active Food Packaging ◽  
Materials Used

Biofilm is a structured community of microorganisms adhering to surfaces of various polymeric materials used in food packaging. Microbes in the biofilm may affect food quality. However, the presence of biofilm can ensure biodegradation of discarded packaging. This work aims to evaluate a biofilm formation on the selected biodegradable polymer films: poly (lactic acid) (PLA), poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), and poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) by selected bacterial strains; collection strains of Escherichiacoli, Staphylococcusaureus; and Bacillus pumilus, Bacillussubtilis, Bacillustequilensis, and Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia isolated from dairy products. Three different methods for biofilm evaluation were performed: the Christensen method, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and fluorescence microscopy. High biofilm formation was confirmed on the control PBS film, whereas low biofilm formation ability was observed on the PLA polymer sample. Furthermore, the films with incorporated antimicrobial compounds (thymol or eugenol) were also prepared. Antimicrobial activity and also reduction in biofilm formation on enriched polymer films were determined. Therefore, they were all proved to be antimicrobial and effective in reducing biofilm formation. These films can be used to prepare novel active food packaging for the dairy industry to prevent biofilm formation and enhance food quality and safety in the future.

Evaluation of Abrasive Wear of Polymeric Materials Using Single-Pass Pendulum Scratching

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Torres Piza Paes ◽  
Antonio Marcos Rego Motta ◽  
Lauro Lemos Lontra Filho ◽  
Juliano Ose´ias de Morais ◽  
Sine´sio Domingues Franco
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Wear Mechanisms ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Scratch Resistance ◽  
Wear Behaviour ◽  
Sediment Layer ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Energy Dissipated

Scratching abrasion due to rubbing against the sediment layer is an important degradation mechanism of flexible cable in deep water oil and natural gas exploitation. The present study was initiated to gain relevant data on the wear behaviour of some commercial materials used to externally protect these cables. So, Comparison tests were carried out using the single-point scratching technique, which consists of a sharp point mounted at the extremity of a pendulum. The energy dissipated during the scratching is used to evaluate the relative scratch resistance. The results showed, that the contact geometry strongly affects the specific scratching energy. Using SEM imaging, it was found, that these changes were related to the operating wear mechanisms. The observed wear mechanisms are also compared with those observed on some cables in deep water operations.

scholarly journals Biofilm forming ability of Sphingomonas paucimobilis isolated from community drinking water systems on plumbing materials used in water distribution

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 942-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parul Gulati ◽  
Moushumi Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Sphingomonas Paucimobilis ◽  
Simulated Distribution ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Biofilm Development

Sphingomonas paucimobilis, an oligotroph, is well recognized for its potential for biofilm formation. The present study explored the biofilm forming ability of a strain isolated from municipal drinking water on plumbing materials. The intensity of biofilm formation of this strain on different plumbing materials was examined by using 1 × 1 cm2 pieces of six different pipe materials, i.e. polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), aluminium (Al), copper (Cu) and rubber (R) and observing by staining with the chemical chromophore, Calcofluor. To understand whether biofilm formation occurs under flow through conditions, a laboratory-scale simulated distribution system, comprised of the above materials was fabricated. Biofilm samples were collected from the designed system at different biofilm ages (10, 40 and 90 hours old) and enumerated. The results indicated that the biofilm formation occurred on all plumbing materials with Cu and R as exceptions. The intensity of biofilm formation was found to be maximum on PVC followed by PP and PE. We also demonstrated the chemical chromophore (Calcofluor) successfully for rapid and easy visual detection of biofilms, validated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the plumbing materials. Chlorination has little effect in preventing biofilm development.

Bacterial Adherence and Biofilm Formation on Latex and Silicone T-Tubes in Relation to Bacterial Contamination of Bile

1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Koivusalo ◽  
H. Mäkisalo ◽  
M. Talja ◽  
A. Siitonen ◽  
J. Vuopio-Varkila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Bacterial Adherence

Development of a resistivity standard for polymeric materials used in photovoltaic modules

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Kempe ◽  
David C. Miller ◽  
Dylan L. Nobles ◽  
Keiichiro Sakurai ◽  
John Tucker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Materials Used

The immune system and its response to polymeric materials used for craniofacial regeneration

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Ana Lilia García-Henández ◽  
Janeth Serrano-Bello ◽  
Marco Antonio Alvarez-Perez ◽  
Ernesto Cifuentes-Mendiola ◽  
Patricia González-Alva
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Materials Used

scholarly journals Biofilm formation by Vibrio parahaemolyticus on different surfaces and its resistance to sodium hypochlorite

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janaina Viana da Rosa ◽  
Natália Volpato da Conceição ◽  
Rita de Cássia dos Santos da Conceição ◽  
Cláudio Dias Timm
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
High Density ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Farfantepenaeus Paulensis ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Fish Industry

ABSTRACT: Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important pathogen for both fish industry and consumers. It forms biofilm which makes it difficult to eliminate this microorganism using sanitizers. This study aimed to assess biofilm formation on different surfaces and effect of biofilm on resistance to sanitizers. Eight isolates of biofilm-forming V. parahaemolyticus were tested for the ability to form biofilms on a number of surfaces including high density polyethylene, stainless steel, glass, exoskeleton of Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pink Shrimp), and operculum of Micropogonias furnieri (Whitemouth Croaker). Efficiency of sanitizer sodium hypochlorite against the bacteria was evaluated in the biofilms formed on the surface of the materials used; out the eight strains analyzed four formed biofilm on different surfaces. The present study shows that there are variations between surfaces in terms of biofilm formation, with more than one bacterial strain being able to form biofilm on the surface of the operculum of M. furnieri and on high density polyethylene as well. One isolate formed biofilm on glass, and one isolate formed biofilm on stainless steel. Sanitizers reduced biofilm formation on all surfaces. Based on our findings, we concluded that V. parahaemolyticus isolates have different ability to form biofilm on different surfaces. No isolates formed biofilm on shrimp shells. Results of this study also showed that sodium hypochlorite eat a concentration of 20 parts per million (20ppm) of Cl2, albeit not able to eliminate bacteria reported in biofilms, is still capable of reducing bacterial populations.

A scientific investigation of five polymeric materials used in the conservation of murals in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su Bomin ◽  
Zhang Huabing ◽  
Zhang Binjian ◽  
Jiang Deqiang ◽  
Zhang Rui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Scientific Investigation ◽  
Mogao Grottoes ◽  
Materials Used

Location Depending Textures of the Human Dental Enamel

2010 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
pp. 281-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Raue ◽  
Helmut Klein
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Incisor Tooth ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Dental Fillings ◽  
Anisotropic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Materials Used

Dental enamel is the most highly mineralised and hardest biological tissue in human body [1]. Dental enamel is made of hydroxylapatite (HAP) - Ca5(PO4)3(OH), which is hexagonal (6/m). The lattice parameters are a = b = 0.9418 nm und c = 0.6875 nm [1]. Although HAP is a very hard mineral, it can be dissolved easily in a process which is known as enamel demineralization by lactic acid produced by bacteria. Also the direct consumption of acid (e.g. citric, lactic or phosphoric acid in soft drinks) can harm the dental enamel in a similar way. These processes can damage the dental enamel. It will be dissolved completely and a cavity occurs. The cavity must then be cleaned and filled. It exists a lot of dental fillings, like gold, amalgam, ceramics or polymeric materials. After filling other dangers can occur: The mechanical properties of the materials used to fill cavities can differ strongly from the ones of the dental enamel itself. In the worst case, the filling of a tooth can damage the enamel of the opposite tooth by chewing if the interaction of enamel and filling is not equivalent, so that the harder fillings can abrade the softer enamel of the healthy tooth at the opposite side. This could be avoided if the anisotropic mechanical properties of dental enamel would be known in detail, hence then another filling could be searched or fabricated as an equivalent opponent for the dental enamel with equal properties. To find such a material, one has to characterise the properties of dental enamel first in detail for the different types of teeth (incisor, canine, premolar and molar). This is here exemplary done for a human incisor tooth by texture analysis with the program MAUD from 2D synchrotron transmission images [2,3,4].

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