scholarly journals Laser Fluorescence and Extinction Methods for Measuring the Flow and Composition of Milk in a Milking Machine

Photonics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 390
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Kirsanov ◽  
Alexey V. Shkirin ◽  
Dmitriy Yu. Pavkin ◽  
Dmitry N. Ignatenko ◽  
Georgy L. Danielyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Laser Fluorescence ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Laser Sensors ◽  
Flow Parameters ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Ccd Array ◽  
Laser Sensing ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
Milk Mixture

Automation of milking systems is linked to accurate measurement of fluctuations in milk flow during milking. To assess the fluctuations of the milk flow, the formation and movement of milk portions in the milking machine-milk pipeline system was studied. By considering the movement of a milk plug along the milk pipeline, a hydraulic model of the formation of a critical volume of milk in the milking machine manifold was compiled. In practice, the most expedient way of determining milk flow parameters may be to measure the laser fluorescent and extinction responses of moving air-milk mixture. We have implemented a new laser sensing method for measuring the flow rate and composition of milk on the basis of counting the optical response pulses received from moving dispersed components by a CCD array or a randomized fiber optic bundle. Using the developed laser sensors, the theoretical model of milk flow was tested.

scholarly journals Interruption of machine milking in dairy cows: effects on intramammary pressure and milking characteristics

1995 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Ulrich Pfeilsticker ◽  
Rupert M. Bruckmaier ◽  
Jürg W. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Ejection Rate ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Milking Machine

SUMMARYExperiments were designed to test the hypothesis that milk ejection rate decreases during milking, thereby causing insufficient refill of the cistern and decreasing milk flow rate towards the end of milking. In a first series of experiments machine milking of the left front quarters of 11 cows was interrupted for 2 min after removal of 25, 50 or 75% of expected total milk yield, while milking was continued in the other three quarters. Milk flow was recorded during machine-on times. Intramammary pressure (IMP) was recorded during premilking teat stimulation and during interruption of milking. IMP during interruption of milking decreased with decreasing amounts of milk remaining in the udder. The IMP did not change during these interruptions when they occurred after 25 and 50% of expected total milk yield was removed. Thus, the ejection rate could keep up with the milk flow or removal rate. However, IMP increased during interruption of milking following removal of 75% of total yield, although significantly so only in cows with a high milk flow rate. Obviously, more milk was removed than was transported to the cisternal cavity. It is likely that a reduced ejection rate caused the decreased milk flow rate. In a second series of experiments the pulsation ratio of the milking machine was changed from the usual 70:30 to 50:50 with the aim of reducing the milk flow rate and thus adapting to the ejection rate at the end of milking. The changed pulsation ratio caused a reduced peak flow rate and a prolonged high milk flow period, whereas the main flow rate did not change significantly.

Further short-term studies of the influence of the milking machine on the rate of new mastitis infections

1973 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol L. Cousins ◽  
C. C. Thiel ◽  
D. R. Westgarth ◽  
T. M. Higgs
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Milking Machine

SummaryFrom a series of short-term experiments under accentuated milking machine conditions predisposing to new mastitis infections, it appears that the cow is at increased risk near the end of a milking. The observations recorded are consistent with the view that bacteria implanted in the teat during milking as a result of the action of the machine are the less likely to be washed out the nearer implantation occurs to the end of milk flow.

The effect of pulsation ratio on teat condition, milk somatic cell count and productivity in dairy cows in automatic milking

2015 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Ferneborg ◽  
Kerstin Svennersten-Sjaunja
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Automatic Milking ◽  
Automatic Milking Systems ◽  
Milking Machine

The pulsation ratio of a milking machine affects milk flow and milking time, and has also been reported to influence teat condition and milk somatic cell count (SCC). However, most studies comparing pulsation ratios have been performed on conventional cluster milking (whole-udder level), where effects such as deteriorated teat end condition and increased milk SCC are likely to be caused by over-milking on teats that are emptied faster than the other teats. When the teat cups are detached from each udder quarter separately which can be done in automatic milking systems (AMS), the risk of over-milking, especially in front teats, may be significantly reduced. This study investigated the effects of pulsation ratio on teat end condition, milk SCC, milk yield, milking time and milk flow in an automatic milking system where each udder quarter is milked separately. In total, 356 cows on five commercial farms were included in a split-udder design experiment comparing three pulsation ratios (60:40, 70:30 and 75:25) with the standard pulsation ratio (65:35) during 6 weeks. Pulsation rate was 60 cycles/min and vacuum level 46 kPa. The 70:30 and 75:25 ratios increased peak and average milk flow and the machine-on time was shorter with 75:25, while both peak and average milk flows were lower and machine-on time was longer with the 60:40 ratio. No negative effects on teat condition or milk SCC were observed with any of the pulsation ratios applied during the study. Thus it is possible that increased pulsation ratio can be used to increase milking efficiency in AMS where quarter milking is applied.

Impact force as a possible cause of mechanical transfer of bacteria to the interior of the cow's teat

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Thiel ◽  
Carol L. Thomas ◽  
D. R. Westgarth ◽  
B. Reiter
Keyword(s):  
Impact Force ◽  
Bacterial Endotoxin ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Impact Area ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Possible Cause ◽  
Positive Results

SummaryUsing bacterial endotoxin as a tracer material, it has been shown that a jet of liquid impinging on the end of the teat for 1 min after milk flow had ceased during machine milking could force material past the barrier of the streak canal. Positive results were obtained when the maximum pressure at the centre of the impact area was about 0·25 bar, with a considerably higher frequency of positives at 0·3–0·5 bar. It seems possible that such impact pressures might occur during milking and cause transfer of infective material to the teat sinus. Impact force could arise when milk returned to the teatcup liner as the result of local or general conditions of instability in the milking machine vacuum.

The influence of the milk ejection reflex on the flow rate during the milking of ewes

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Labussière ◽  
J. Martinet ◽  
R. Denamur
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
General Anaesthesia ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Recording System ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Milk Ejection Reflex ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
The Individual

SummaryIn order to obtain more information on the importance of the milk ejection reflex in the lactation of normal ewes, experiments were conducted to determine whether the neuroendocrine reflex is able to modify the parameters which characterize the flow rate of the milk under normal milking conditions.Ewes were allowed to suckle their lambs freely during the 3 days following parturition. They were then milked with a machine and the individual milk production was measured volumetrically at each milking. Different fractions obtained during milking (‘machine milk’, ‘machine strippings’ and ‘hand strippings’), and the milk flow, were measured using a sensitive recording system. In further experiments, machine milking was performed after intravenous administration of oxytocin, during general anaesthesia, and after unilateral or bilateral denervation of the mammary gland.The ewes fell into 2 categories: those giving most of their milk in 1 rapid emission, and those giving it in 2 quite separate emissions. The results indicated that the second emission found in some of the ewes was the milk emptied from the acini by the neuroendocrine ejection reflex. Disappearance of the second emission resulted from the administration of oxytocin before milking—which induces passage of the milk from the acini into the mammary cistern—and also from general anaesthesia or denervation of the mammary gland.

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