scholarly journals Biology, Ecology, Distribution and Control of the Invasive Weed, Lactuca serriola L. (Wild Lettuce): A Global Review

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2157
Author(s):  
Aakansha Chadha ◽  
Singarayer Florentine
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
High Water ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Vertical Orientation ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Wild Lettuce ◽  
Lactuca Serriola

Lactuca serriola L. (wild lettuce) is a highly invasive C3 weed in many countries, including Australia, Canada, and the USA. This weed is a severe threat to agricultural systems, especially in crops grown with reduced or no-tillage approaches, which commonly include wheat, cereals and pulses. Owing to the vertical orientation of its leaves in the north-south plane and its root architecture, L. serriola can maintain high water use efficiency under drought conditions, giving it the ability to expand its range under a drying climate. Each plant can produce up to 100,000 seeds which have no primary dormancy and form a short-term seedbank lasting up to three years. Most seedlings emerge in autumn and overwinter as a rosette, with a small flush of emergence in spring depicting staggered germination. Research into control methods for this weed has been performed, and these methods include chemical herbicides applied alone and in combination, the establishment of plant competition, tillage, mowing and bioherbicide. Herbicides can provide effective control when applied in the seedling or rosette stage; however, spring germination is difficult to control, as it skips the rosette stage. Some biotypes are now resistant to ALS inhibitor and synthetic auxins, causing concern regarding using herbicides. A dedicated integrated management plan for 3–4 years is recommended for the control of this troublesome species. This review will explore the biology, ecology, distribution, current control techniques and previous research on this weed, allowing us to make recommendations for its future research and management.

scholarly journals  ​Management Options of Mikania micrantha: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atiqur Rahman Bora ◽  
Dasi Sunil Babu ◽  
Sita Chetry ◽  
Sontara Kalita
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Interference Management ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Mikania Micrantha ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Long Run

The world’s problematic perennial weed Mikania micrantha hampers in crop production and causes enormous losses due to its interference. Management of M. micrantha by mechanical and chemical methods has not met with any reasonable success. So, it has become a target for classical biological control. Numerous natural indigenous plant species, fungi and insects were tried as bio-control agents for effective control of M. micrantha. However, along with bio-control, appropriate mechanical, chemical and cultural methods are required to be integrated for controlling it. Thus, integrated management approaches for control of M. micrantha should be evolved against this invasive weed in long run.

scholarly journals Timing and Route of Contamination of Patient Rooms With Healthcare-Associated Pathogens

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s412-s412
Author(s):  
Sarah Redmond ◽  
Jennifer Cadnum ◽  
Basya Pearlmutter ◽  
Natalia Pinto Herrera ◽  
Curtis Donskey
Keyword(s):  
Acute Care Hospital ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Background: Transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens such as Clostridioides difficile and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a persistent problem in healthcare facilities despite current control measures. A better understanding of the routes of pathogen transmission is needed to develop effective control measures. Methods: We conducted an observational cohort study in an acute-care hospital to identify the timing and route of transfer of pathogens to rooms of newly admitted patients with negative MRSA nares results and no known carriage of other healthcare-associated pathogens. Rooms were thoroughly cleaned and disinfected prior to patient admission. Interactions of patients with personnel and portable equipment were observed, and serial cultures for pathogens were collected from the skin of patients and from surfaces, including those observed to come in contact with personnel and equipment. For MRSA, spa typing was used to determine relatedness of patient and environmental isolates. Results: For the 17 patients enrolled, 1 or more environmental cultures became positive for MRSA in rooms of 10 patients (59%), for C. difficile in rooms of 2 patients (12%) and for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in rooms of 2 patients (12%). The patients interacted with an average of 2.4 personnel and 0.6 portable devices per hour of observation. As shown in Figure 1, MRSA contamination of the floor occurred rapidly as personnel entered the room. In a subset of patients, MRSA was subsequently recovered from patients’ socks and bedding and ultimately from the high-touch surfaces in the room (tray table, call button, bedrail). For several patients, MRSA isolates recovered from the floor had the same spa type as isolates subsequently recovered from other sites (eg, socks, bedding, and/or high touch surfaces). The direct transfer of healthcare-associated pathogens from personnel or equipment to high-touch surfaces was not detected. Conclusions: Healthcare-associated pathogens rapidly accumulate on the floor of patient rooms and can be transferred to the socks and bedding of patients and to high-touch surfaces. Healthcare facility floors may be an underappreciated source of pathogen dissemination not addressed by current infection control measures.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

scholarly journals Characterization and Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae Species Obtained from Avocado Trees with Branch Canker and Dieback and from Avocado Fruit with Stem End Rot in Chile

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 996-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana L. Valencia ◽  
Pilar M. Gil ◽  
Bernardo A. Latorre ◽  
I. Marlene Rosales
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Avocado Fruit ◽  
Hass Avocado ◽  
Botryosphaeriaceae Species ◽  
Branch Canker

Several species of the Botryosphaeriaceae family have been associated with branch canker, dieback, and stem end rot in avocado (Persea americana Mill.). In Chile, the incidence of diseases affecting the avocado tree increased from 2011 to 2016, which coincided with a severe drought that affected avocado production. Moreover, distant countries importing avocados from Chile also reported an increase of stem end rot of ripe avocados. Therefore, the aims of this study were to identify the pathogen species associated with branch canker, dieback, and stem end rot of avocado in Chile and to study their pathogenicity. This study was conducted between 2015 and 2016 in ‘Hass’ avocado orchards located in the main avocado-producing regions in Chile. A diverse collection of fungal species was recovered from both necrotic woody tissue and necrotic tissue on harvested ripe fruit. On the basis of morphology and phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α) gene, eight species in the Botryosphaeriaceae family were identified: Diplodia mutila, D. pseudoseriata, D. seriata, Dothiorella iberica, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neofusicoccum australe, N. nonquaesitum, and N. parvum. For each of these species, pathogenicity studies were conducted on 1-year-old healthy Hass avocado plants. All isolates produced brown gum exudate and caused necrosis in the vascular system 3 weeks after inoculation. N. nonquaesitum, N. parvum, and D. pseudoseriata were the most virulent species. Necrotic lesions and cavities with white mycelia near the peduncle union were observed on Hass avocado fruit inoculated postharvest. L. theobromae, N. australe, and N. parvum were significantly more virulent than the other tested species in the Botryosphaeriaceae family. This study identified and characterized the pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae species in Chile, which will prove useful to future research on these pathogens directed at establishing effective control strategies in avocado.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS OF PLANTS OF THE GENUS Fragaria UNDER CONDITIONS OF WATER DEFICIT – A STUDY REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-39
Author(s):  
Marta Rokosa ◽  
Małgorzata Mikiciuk
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
High Water ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Species Response ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Specific Species ◽  
Response To Water

The genus Fragaria belongs to the Rosaceae family. The most popular representatives of this species are the strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) and wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.), whose taste and health benefits are appreciated by a huge number of consumers. The cultivation of Fragaria plants is widespread around the world, with particular emphasis on the temperate climate zone. Increasingly occurring weather anomalies, including drought phenomena, cause immense losses in crop cultivation. The Fragaria plant species are very sensitive to drought, due to the shallow root system, large leaf area and the high water content of the fruit. There have been many studies on the influence of water deficit on the morphological, biochemical and physiological features of strawberries and wild strawberries. There is a lack of research summarizing the current state of knowledge regarding of specific species response to water stress. The aim of this study was to combine and compare data from many research carried out and indicate the direction of future research aimed at improving the resistance of Fragaria plants species to stress related to drought. These plants show patterns of response to stress caused by drought, such as: osmotic adjustment, reduction of transpiration and photosynthesis, and increased efficiency of water use. Drought also causes significant changes in the composition and palatability of the fruit of the Fragaria plant species.

Efficacy of Potential Control Agents Against Rosellinia necatrix and Their Physiological Impact on Avocado

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phinda Magagula ◽  
Nicky Taylor ◽  
Velushka Swart ◽  
Noëlani van den Berg
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Rosellinia Necatrix ◽  
Potential Control ◽  
Greenhouse Trial

Rosellinia necatrix is the causal agent of white root rot (WRR), a fatal disease affecting many woody plants, including avocado (Persea americana). As with other root diseases, an integrated approach is required to control WRR. No fully effective control methods are available, and no chemical or biological agents against R. necatrix have been registered for use on avocado in South Africa. Fluazinam has shown promising results in the greenhouse and field in other countries, including Spain. The current study aimed to investigate the potential of a fumigant, chloropicrin, and biological control agents (B-Rus, Beta-Bak, Mity-Gro, and Trichoderma) against R. necatrix both in vitro and in vivo as compared with fluazinam. In a greenhouse trial, results showed that Trichoderma and B-Rus were as effective as fluazinam at inhibiting R. necatrix in vitro and suppressed WRR symptoms when applied before inoculation with R. necatrix. In contrast, Mity-Gro and Beta-Bak failed to inhibit the pathogen in vitro and in the greenhouse trial, despite application of the products to plants before R. necatrix infection. Fluazinam suppressed WRR symptoms in plants when applied at the early stages of infection, whereas chloropicrin rendered the pathogen nonviable when used as a preplant treatment. Plants treated with Trichoderma, B-Rus, and fluazinam sustained dry mass production and net CO2 assimilation by maintaining the green leaf tissues despite being infected with the pathogen. This study has important implications for the integrated management of WRR.

The beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii): an ancient threat to sugar beet crops in Central Europe has become an invisible actor.

2021 ◽  
pp. 394-399
Author(s):  
Matthias Daub
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Beet Cyst Nematode ◽  
Management Optimization ◽  
Damage Symptoms

Abstract The beet cyst nematode (BCN) was one of the first discovered plant parasitic nematodes. Heterodera schachtii was observed in 1859 in Halle in Central Germany by the botanist Herman Schacht and described later by Adolf Schmidt in 1871, who named this cyst nematode species after its original discoverer. Partly due to the lack of knowledge about the effect of sugar beet monocultures on the population build-up of BCN, this nematode had a devastating impact on sugar production in 1876 that led to the shutdown of 24 sugar factories in Germany. This chapter discusses the economic importance, distribution, host range, damage symptoms, biology and life cycle, interactions with other nematodes and pathogens, recommended integrated management, and management optimization of H. schachtii. Future research requirements and future developments are also mentioned.

Improving the management of plant parasitic nematodes in banana: integration of technologies and responding to the demand of the consumers and markets.

2021 ◽  
pp. 159-166
Author(s):  
Luis Ernesto Pocasangre Enamorado
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Management Optimization ◽  
Damage Symptoms ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Abstract This chapter discusses the economic importance, geographical distribution, host range, damage symptoms, biology and life cycle, interactions with other nematodes and pathogens, recommended integrated management, and management optimization of Radopholus similis infesting bananas. Future research requirements and future developments are also mentioned.

Mitigating a galling problem in California's carrot production.

2021 ◽  
pp. 284-289
Author(s):  
J. Ole Becker
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Management Optimization ◽  
Damage Symptoms

Abstract This chapter discusses the economic importance, geographical distribution, host range, damage symptoms, biology and life cycle, interactions with other nematodes and pathogens, recommended integrated management, and management optimization of Meloidogyne incognita infesting carrots in California, USA. Future research requirements and future developments are also mentioned.

scholarly journals Effects of BIM-Based Construction of Prefabricated Steel Framework from the Perspective of SMEs

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mooyoung Yoo ◽  
Jaejun Kim ◽  
Changsik Choi
Keyword(s):  
System Development ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Qualitative Effect ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
Shop Drawing ◽  
Frame Construction

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are part of the building construction industry. Although many effect analyses of applying building information modeling (BIM) to projects have been conducted, analyses from the perspective of SMEs are lacking. We propose a BIM-based construction of prefabricated steel framework from the perspective of SMEs. We derive the essential functions of the system from the viewpoint of SMEs and verify the qualitative effect through a case analysis of prefabricated steel frame construction that is based on BIM. The following system functions and qualitative effects are analyzed according to project stages that are based on interviews of working groups participating in system development and case projects. (1) Preconstruction stage: extraction of fabrication drawing and review of shop drawing, (2) fabrication stage: prefabrication review, steel member removal, and field loading review, and (3) construction phase: integrated management of cost and schedule and quality management. The expected effects of applying the system are qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed through expert group interviews and surveys. For the quantitative analysis, an evaluation index is used for the end-user computing satisfaction survey. Further analysis of the finishing and installation work is required. Future research should also analyze the effect of system application on human resource management.

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