scholarly journals Biostimulants in Viticulture: A Sustainable Approach against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

Plants ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Eleonora Cataldo ◽  
Maddalena Fucile ◽  
Giovan Battista Mattii
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Soil Fertilization ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Sustainable Products ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Resistance Inducers

Climate change and disproportionate anthropogenic interventions, such as the excess of phytopharmaceutical products and continuous soil tillage, are jeopardizing viticulture by subjecting plants to continuous abiotic stress. One of the main physiological repercussions of abiotic stress is represented by the unbalanced redox homeostasis due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to a state of oxidative stress (detrimental to grape quality). To these are added the direct and indirect damages caused by pathogens (biotic stresses). In light of this scenario, it is inevitable that sustainable techniques and sensitivity approaches for environmental and human health have to be applied in viticulture. Sustainable viticulture can only be made with the aid of sustainable products. Biostimulant (PB) applications (including resistance inducers or elicitors) in the vineyard have become interesting maneuvers for counteracting vine diseases and improving grape quality. These also represent a partial alternative to soil fertilization by improving nutrient absorption and avoiding its leaching into the groundwater. Their role as elicitors has important repercussions in the stimulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway by triggering the activation of several enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase, lipoxygenase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and peroxidase (with the accumulation of phenolic compounds). The present review paper summarizes the PBs’ implications in viticulture, gathering historical, functional, and applicative information. This work aims to highlight the innumerable beneficial effects on vines brought by these products. It also serves to spur the scientific community to a greater contribution in investigating the response mechanisms of the plant to positive inductions.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Transcriptomic Identification and Functional Insight of Lily WRKY Genes Responding to Botrytis Fungal Disease

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 776
Author(s):  
Shipra Kumari ◽  
Bashistha Kumar Kanth ◽  
Ju young Ahn ◽  
Jong Hwa Kim ◽  
Geung-Joo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Biotic Stress ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Genome Wide

Genome-wide transcriptome analysis using RNA-Seq of Lilium longiflorum revealed valuable genes responding to biotic stresses. WRKY transcription factors are regulatory proteins playing essential roles in defense processes under environmental stresses, causing considerable losses in flower quality and production. Thirty-eight WRKY genes were identified from the transcriptomic profile from lily genotypes, exhibiting leaf blight caused by Botrytis elliptica. Lily WRKYs have a highly conserved motif, WRKYGQK, with a common variant, WRKYGKK. Phylogeny of LlWRKYs with homologous genes from other representative plant species classified them into three groups- I, II, and III consisting of seven, 22, and nine genes, respectively. Base on functional annotation, 22 LlWRKY genes were associated with biotic stress, nine with abiotic stress, and seven with others. Sixteen unique LlWRKY were studied to investigate responses to stress conditions using gene expression under biotic and abiotic stress treatments. Five genes—LlWRKY3, LlWRKY4, LlWRKY5, LlWRKY10, and LlWRKY12—were substantially upregulated, proving to be biotic stress-responsive genes in vivo and in vitro conditions. Moreover, the expression patterns of LlWRKY genes varied in response to drought, heat, cold, and different developmental stages or tissues. Overall, our study provides structural and molecular insights into LlWRKY genes for use in the genetic engineering in Lilium against Botrytis disease.

scholarly journals Strawberry Living Mulch in an Organic Vineyard

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1643
Author(s):  
Davide Neri ◽  
Serena Polverigiani ◽  
Matteo Zucchini ◽  
Veronica Giorgi ◽  
Fabio Marchionni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Spatial Competition ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Living Mulch ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
One Year

A living mulch system can provide beneficial biodiversified phytocoenoses and spatial competition against weeds; however, it may also compete for water with the main cultivated crop under Mediterranean climate conditions. Strawberries employed as living mulch in a rain-fed hill vineyard of central Italy were evaluated for two years through a participative approach involving the farmer. A local wild strawberry was propagated by stolons to obtain small plantlets easily uprooted after the summer and then transplanted to a one-year-old vineyard. The densities of two and four strawberry plants per grapevine were compared with no living mulch in a randomized complete block design. A horizontal blade weeder was used once a year in all treatments. The results showed that strawberries as living mulch plus application of a blade weeder avoided the need for further soil tillage and assured a full soil cover during winter for both initial planting densities. The strawberry living mulch did not alter the grapevine transpiration during an incident of water stress in summer. Moreover, the yield per vine and the grape quality were comparable with those of the soil without living mulch. The growth of strawberry mulch was relevant in the area surrounding the vines. Furthermore, the living mulch guaranteed a constant soil cover reducing the risk for soil erosion while increasing the vineyard’s biological diversity. This may imply a higher resilience.

Antioxidative Machinery for Redox Homeostasis During Abiotic Stress

2019 ◽  
pp. 65-90
Author(s):  
Nimisha Amist ◽  
Chanda Bano ◽  
N. B. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Redox Homeostasis

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE EXPRESSION OF BIRCH STRESS TOLERANCE GENES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DROUGHT IN THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Tat'yana Grodeckaya ◽  
Petr Evlakov ◽  
Igor Isakov
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Rna Isolation ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Cell Defense ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
The Impact

Birch is one of the main deciduous forest-forming species in the European part of Russia, but the impact of stress (in particular, drought) greatly limits its distribution. In this regard, it seems relevant to identify resistance mechanisms in order to select promising genotypes for their further reproduction. The aim of this work is to identify drought-tolerant genotypes of European birch (B. pendula Roth.), pubescent birch (B. pubescens Ehrh.) аnd their hybrids. For the study, we have taken samples of birch at the age of 26 years, which remained viable after the droughts of 2010 and 2013. Birch leaves have been selected in the third decade of June 2019 to analyze drought resistance. Leaves of birch, selected during the period with optimal conditions of air temperature and precipitation, have been used as control ones. A modified CTAB method has been proposed for RNA isolation. We studied the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in the activation of cell defense pathways under the influence of abiotic stress (pal, PR-1, PR-10, lea8, DREB2) during the drought period (June 2019). A study of the expression of genes encoding proteins of metabolic pathways that are activated in response to abiotic stress (phenylpropanoid pathway) associated with the pathogenesis of proteins (PR1 and PR10), transcription factors (DREB2), and late embryogenesis proteins (LEA) has been made. As a result of the effects of drought, a significant increase in the expression of pal, PR-1, PR-10 and DREB2 genes has been detected in the analyzed samples. At the same time, changes in lea8 gene expression were detected for two out of ten genotypes. The largest increase in expression for all five genes is shown for birch samples 29-58 and 233. It indicates the development of adaptive mechanisms in these genotypes and can characterize them as the most stable. The studied genes can be recommended as markers for the analysis of stress resistance in various species of woody plants

scholarly journals Empagliflozin ameliorates obesity-related cardiac dysfunction by regulating Sestrin2-mediated AMPK-mTOR signaling and redox homeostasis in high-fat induced obese mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Admin ◽  
Xiaodong Sun ◽  
Fang Han ◽  
Qingguo Lu ◽  
Xuan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Cardiac Dysfunction ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Mtor Signaling ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Inducible Protein

Sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have favorable cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic patients. However, whether SGLT2i can improve obesity-related cardiac dysfunction is unknown. Sestrin2 is a novel stress-inducible protein that regulates AMPK-mTOR and suppresses oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to determine whether empagliflozin (EMPA) improves obesity-related cardiac dysfunction <i>via</i> regulating Sestrin2-mediated pathways in diet-induced obesity. C57BL/6J mice and <i>Sestrin2</i> knockout mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks and then treated with or without EMPA (10 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. Treating HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice with EMPA reduced body weight, whole-body fat, and improved metabolic disorders. Furthermore, EMPA improved myocardial hypertrophy/fibrosis and cardiac function, and reduced cardiac fat accumulation and mitochondria injury. Additionally, EMPA significantly augmented Sestrin2 levels, increased AMPK and eNOS phosphorylation, but inhibited Akt and mTOR phosphorylation. These beneficial effects were partially attenuated in HFD-fed <i>Sestrin2</i> knockout mice. Intriguingly, EMPA treatment enhanced the Nrf2/HO-1-mediated oxidative stress response, suggesting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, EMPA improved obesity-related cardiac dysfunction <i>via</i> regulating Sestrin2-mediated AMPK-mTOR signaling and maintaining redox homeostasis. These findings provide a novel mechanism for the cardiovascular protection of SGLT2i in obesity.

scholarly journals Melatonin Confers Plant Cadmium Tolerance: An Update

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11704
Author(s):  
Quan Gu ◽  
Chuyan Wang ◽  
Qingqing Xiao ◽  
Ziping Chen ◽  
Yi Han
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Cd Stress ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Cd Tolerance ◽  
Complex Interactions

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most injurious heavy metals, affecting plant growth and development. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) was discovered in plants in 1995, and it is since known to act as a multifunctional molecule to alleviate abiotic and biotic stresses, especially Cd stress. Endogenously triggered or exogenously applied melatonin re-establishes the redox homeostasis by the improvement of the antioxidant defense system. It can also affect the Cd transportation and sequestration by regulating the transcripts of genes related to the major metal transport system, as well as the increase in glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs). Melatonin activates several downstream signals, such as nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and salicylic acid (SA), which are required for plant Cd tolerance. Similar to the physiological functions of NO, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is also involved in the abiotic stress-related processes in plants. Moreover, exogenous melatonin induces H2S generation in plants under salinity or heat stress. However, the involvement of H2S action in melatonin-induced Cd tolerance is still largely unknown. In this review, we summarize the progresses in various physiological and molecular mechanisms regulated by melatonin in plants under Cd stress. The complex interactions between melatonin and H2S in acquisition of Cd stress tolerance are also discussed.

scholarly journals Marker-assisted forward and backcross breeding for improvement of elite Indian rice variety Naveen for multiple biotic and abiotic stress tolerance

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0256721
Author(s):  
Perumalla Janaki Ramayya ◽  
Vishnu Prasanth Vinukonda ◽  
Uma Maheshwar Singh ◽  
Shamshad Alam ◽  
Challa Venkateshwarlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Combined Approach ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
High Level ◽  
Yield Penalty

The elite Indian rice variety, Naveen is highly susceptible to major biotic and abiotic stresses such as blast, bacterial blight (BB), gall midge (GM) and drought which limit its productivity in rainfed areas. In the present study, a combined approach of marker-assisted forward (MAFB) and back cross (MABC) breeding was followed to introgress three major genes, viz., Pi9 for blast, Xa21 for bacterial blight (BB), and Gm8 for gall midge (GM) and three major QTLs, viz., qDTY1.1, qDTY2.2 and qDTY4.1 conferring increased yield under drought in the background of Naveen. At each stage of advancement, gene-based/linked markers were used for the foreground selection of biotic and abiotic stress tolerant genes/QTLs. Intensive phenotype-based selections were performed in the field for identification of lines with high level of resistance against blast, BB, GM and drought tolerance without yield penalty under non-stress situation. A set of 8 MAFB lines and 12 MABC lines with 3 to 6 genes/QTLs and possessing resistance/tolerance against biotic stresses and reproductive stage drought stress with better yield performance compared to Naveen were developed. Lines developed through combined MAFB and MABC performed better than lines developed only through MAFB. This study exemplifies the utility of the combined approach of marker-assisted forward and backcrosses breeding for targeted improvement of multiple biotic and abiotic stress resistance in the background of popular mega varieties.

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