scholarly journals The Effect of Disinfectants Absorption and Medical Decontamination on the Mechanical Performance of 3D-Printed ABS Parts

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4249
Author(s):  
Diana Popescu ◽  
Florin Baciu ◽  
Catalin Gheorghe Amza ◽  
Cosmin Mihai Cotrut ◽  
Rodica Marinescu
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Air Gaps ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Gas Plasma ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Producing parts by 3D printing based on the material extrusion process determines the formation of air gaps within layers even at full infill density, while external pores can appear between adjacent layers making prints permeable. For the 3D-printed medical devices, this open porosity leads to the infiltration of disinfectant solutions and body fluids, which might pose safety issues. In this context, this research purpose is threefold. It investigates which 3D printing parameter settings are able to block or reduce permeation, and it experimentally analyzes if the disinfectants and the medical decontamination procedure degrade the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts. Then, it studies acetone surface treatment as a solution to avoid disinfectants infiltration. The absorption tests results indicate the necessity of applying post-processing operations for the reusable 3D-printed medical devices as no manufacturing settings can ensure enough protection against fluid intake. However, some parameter settings were proven to enhance the sealing, in this sense the layer thickness being the most important factor. The experimental outcomes also show a decrease in the mechanical performance of 3D-printed ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) instruments treated by acetone cold vapors and then medical decontaminated (disinfected, cleaned, and sterilized by hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization) in comparison to the control prints. These results should be acknowledged when designing and 3D printing medical instruments.

scholarly journals Biomaterials: Polylactic Acid and 3D Printing Processes for Orthosis and Prosthesis

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxana Miclaus ◽  
Angela Repanovici ◽  
Nadinne Roman
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
The Past ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Printing Processes ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Since the development of 3D printing, over the past decades, the domain of application has evolved significantly! Concerning the orthosis and prosthesis manufacturing, the 3D printing offers many possibilities for developing new medical devices for people with disabilities. Our paper wish to synthetize the main 3D printing methods and the biomaterial properties which can be used in orthosis and prosthesis manufacturing, like polylactic acid or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Fused Deposition Modeling and Stereo lithography are most used for medical devices manufacturing and usually using polylactic acid, considering the properties of this polymer and de organic componence.

scholarly journals Tribological Behaviour Comparison of ABS Polymer Manufactured Using Turning and 3D Printing

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-57
Author(s):  
Sharba Muammel M Hanon ◽  
M. Kovács ◽  
László Zsidai
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Dynamic Friction ◽  
Tribological Behaviour ◽  
Friction Factors ◽  
Subtractive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Additive and subtractive manufacturing of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) were employed for fabricating samples. The Additive manufacturing was represented through 3D printing, whereas subtractive manufacturing carried out by Turning. Some developments have been applied for enhancing the performance of the 3D printer. Tribological measurements of the turned and 3D printed specimens have been achieved. Studying the difference between static and dynamic friction factors and the examination of wear values were included. A comparison of the tribological behaviour of the turned and 3D printed ABS polymer has been investigated.

One layer at a time: the use of 3D printing in the fabrication of cadmium-free electron field shaping devices

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Michael J. Moore ◽  
Ronald Snelgrove ◽  
Johnson Darko ◽  
Ernest K. Osei
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Intensity Modulation ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Treatment Planning System ◽  
Electron Field ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
3D Printing Technique ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Abstract Introduction: Electron blocks are typically composed of a low melting point alloy (LMPA), which is poured into an insert frame containing a manually placed Styrofoam aperture negative used to define the desired field shape. Current implementations of the block fabrication process involve numerous steps which are subjective and prone to user error. Occasionally, bowing of the sides of the insert frame is observed, resulting in premature frame decommissioning. Recent works have investigated the feasibility of utilising 3D printing technology to replace the conventional electron block fabrication workflow; however, these approaches involved long print times, were not compatible with commonly used cadmium-free LMPAs, and did not address the problem of insert frame bowing. In this work, we sought to develop a new 3D printing technique that would remedy these issues. Materials and Methods: Electron cutout negatives and alignment jigs were printed using Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, which does not warp at the high temperatures associated with molten cadmium-free alloys. The accuracy of the field shape produced by electron blocks fabricated using the 3D printed negatives was assessed using Gafchromic film and beam profiler measurements. As a proof-of-concept, electron blocks with off-axis apertures, as well as complex multi-aperture blocks to be used for passive electron beam intensity modulation, were also created. Results: Film and profiler measurements of field size were in excellent agreement with the values calculated using the Eclipse treatment planning system, showing less than a 1% difference in line profile full-width at half-maximum. The multi-aperture electron blocks produced fields with intensity modulation ≤3.2% of the theoretically predicted value. Use of the 3D printed alignment jig – which has contours designed to match those of the insert frame – was found to reduce the amount of frame bowing by factors of 1.8 and 2.1 in the lateral and superior–inferior directions, respectively. Conclusions: The 3D printed ABS negatives generated with our technique maintain their spatial accuracy even at the higher temperatures associated with cadmium-free LMPA. The negatives typically take between 1 and 2 hours to print and have a material cost of approximately $2 per patient.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene TiO2 and ATO Nanocomposites

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nectarios Vidakis ◽  
Markos Petousis ◽  
Athena Maniadi ◽  
Emmanuel Koudoumas ◽  
Marco Liebscher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Sno2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

In order to enhance the mechanical performance of three-dimensional (3D) printed structures fabricated via commercially available fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printers, novel nanocomposite filaments were produced herein following a melt mixing process, and further 3D printed and characterized. Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) and Antimony (Sb) doped Tin Oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles (NPs), hereafter denoted as ATO, were selected as fillers for a polymeric acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) thermoplastic matrix at various weight % (wt%) concentrations. Tensile and flexural test specimens were 3D printed, according to international standards. It was proven that TiO2 filler enhanced the overall tensile strength by 7%, the flexure strength by 12%, and the micro-hardness by 6%, while for the ATO filler, the corresponding values were 9%, 13%, and 6% respectively, compared to unfilled ABS. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed the size of TiO2 (40 ± 10 nm) and ATO (52 ± 11 nm) NPs. Raman spectroscopy was performed for the TiO2 and ATO NPs as well as for the 3D printed nanocomposites to verify the polymer structure and the incorporated TiO2 and ATO nanocrystallites in the polymer matrix. The scope of this work was to fabricate novel nanocomposite filaments using commercially available materials with enhanced overall mechanical properties that industry can benefit from.

Microstructure and mechanical performance examination of 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene thermoplastic parts

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 2770-2781
Author(s):  
Chhavi Gupta ◽  
Pallavi MB ◽  
Nitesh Kumar Shet ◽  
Anup K Ghosh ◽  
Sumanda Bandyopadhyay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Performance Examination ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

scholarly journals 3D Printed Hierarchical Honeycombs with Carbon Fiber and Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Michel Theodor Mansour ◽  
Konstantinos Tsongas ◽  
Dimitrios Tzetzis
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Compression Performance ◽  
Honeycomb Structures ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

The mechanical properties of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printed specimens of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), ABS reinforced with carbon fibers (ABS/CFs) and ABS reinforced with carbon nanotubes (ABS/CNTs) are investigated in this paper using various experimental tests. In particular, the mechanical performance of the fabricated specimens was determined by conducting compression and cyclic compression testing, as well as nanoindentation tests. In addition, the design and the manufacturing of hierarchical honeycomb structures are presented using the materials under study. The 3D printed honeycomb structures were examined by uniaxial compressive tests to review the mechanical behavior of such cellular structures. The compressive performance of the hierarchical honeycomb structures was also evaluated with finite element analysis (FEA) in order to extract the stress-strain response of these structures. The results revealed that the 2nd order hierarchy displayed increased stiffness and strength as compared with the 0th and the 1st hierarchies. Furthermore, the addition of carbon fibers in the ABS matrix improved the stiffness, the strength and the hardness of the FFF printed specimens as well as the compression performance of the honeycomb structures.

scholarly journals Design and FDM/FFF Implementation of a Compact Omnidirectional Wheel for a Mobile Robot and Assessment of ABS and PLA Printing Materials

Robotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Elena Rubies ◽  
Jordi Palacín
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Mobile Robots ◽  
Ball Bearing ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Small Series ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Oriented Parallel ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

This paper proposes the design and 3D printing of a compact omnidirectional wheel optimized to create a small series of three-wheeled omnidirectional mobile robots. The omnidirectional wheel proposed is based on the use of free-rotating passive wheels aligned transversally to the center of the main wheel and with a constant separation gap. This paper compares a three inner-passive wheels design based on mass-produced parts and 3D printed elements. The inner passive wheel that better combines weight, cost, and friction is implemented with a metallic ball bearing fitted inside a 3D printed U-grooved ring that holds a soft toric joint. The proposed design has been implemented using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and tough polylactic acid (PLA) as 3D printing materials in order to empirically compare the deformation of the weakest parts of the mechanical design. The conclusion is that the most critical parts of the omnidirectional wheel are less prone to deformation and show better mechanical properties if they are printed horizontally (with the axes that hold the passive wheels oriented parallel to the build surface), with an infill density of 100% and using tough PLA rather than ABS as a 3D printing material.

scholarly journals The mechanical performance of 3D printed hierarchical honeycombs using carbon fiber and carbon nanotube reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene filaments

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 ◽  
pp. 01049
Author(s):  
Michel Theodor Mansour ◽  
Konstantinos Tsongas ◽  
Dimitris Tzetzis
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

The aim of this paper is to design hierarchical honeycombs as well as manufacturing such structures with a commercial 3D Printer using Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technique. The materials under study are commercial filaments such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/carbon fibers (ABS/CF) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/carbon nanotubes (ABS/CNTs). The fabricated hierarchical honeycombs were examined by compression tests in order to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of such honeycomb 3D printed structures. The compression behaviour of the hierarchical honeycombs was assessed also with finite element analysis (FEA) and at the end there was a comparison with the experimental findings. The results reveal that the 2nd order hierarchy presented an increase both in stiffness and strength in comparison with the 0th and the 1st hierarchies which make such designs a suitable for structures require such properties. Also, the results reveal that ABS/carbon fiber constructs outperform the other materials under study.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity of 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Polymer-Coated with Silver Nanoparticles

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 7681
Author(s):  
Isabel Tse ◽  
Atishay Jay ◽  
Ina Na ◽  
Sean Murphy ◽  
Nereida Niño-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Healthcare Associated Infections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Microbial Strains ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Medical devices with antimicrobial properties are a potential long-term solution to the high rate of multi-drug-resistant healthcare-associated infections. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are an established agent for effectively eliminating a wide range of microbial strains. AgNPs have been commonly incorporated into traditional plastic materials; however, recently, there has been increased interest in using AgNPs combined with 3D-printing technology for medical devices due to the accessibility and customizability of 3D-printed products. This study reports a novel method of utilizing acetone to partially dissolve 3D-printed polymer acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic to attach a layer of AgNPs. The antimicrobial properties of this AgNP-coated surface were tested against several microbial strains prevalent in healthcare-associated infections. AgNP-coated ABS (AgNP-ABS) plastic demonstrated significant elimination of viable bacteria within 4 h for all tested bacterial species (Acinetobacter baumannii, non-pathogenic and pathogenic Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and within 19 h for the tested fungus Candida albicans. The longevity of adhesion of AgNPs to the ABS plastic was assessed by checking antibacterial activity against A. baumannii after repeat use cycles. AgNP-ABS plastic showed decreased antibacterial efficacy with repeated use but maintained the ability to eliminate microbes within 3 h for up to eight use cycles. The AgNP-coated ABS plastic showed efficacy as an antimicrobial surface, and future studies will consider its applicability in the production of medical devices.

scholarly journals The Effect of a Phase Change on the Temperature Evolution during the Deposition Stage in Fused Filament Fabrication

Computers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Sidonie F. Costa ◽  
Fernando M. Duarte ◽  
José A. Covas
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change ◽  
Energy Equation ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Crystalline Polymers ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Additive Manufacturing Techniques such as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) produce 3D parts with complex geometries directly from a computer model without the need of using molds and tools, by gradually depositing material(s), usually in layers. Due to the rapid growth of these techniques, researchers have been increasingly interested in the availability of strategies, models or data that may assist process optimization. In fact, 3D printed parts often exhibit limited mechanical performance, which is usually the result of poor bonding between adjacent filaments. In turn, the latter is influenced by the temperature field history during deposition. This study aims at evaluating the influence of the phase change from the melt to the solid state undergone by semi-crystalline polymers such as Polylactic Acid (PLA), on the heat transfer during the deposition stage. The energy equation considering solidification is solved analytically and then inserted into a MatLab® code to model cooling in FFF. The deposition and cooling of simple geometries is studied first, in order to assess the differences in cooling of amorphous and semi-crystalline polymers. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) was taken as representing an amorphous material. Then, the deposition and cooling of a realistic 3D part is investigated, and the influence of the build orientation is discussed.

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