scholarly journals Characterization of Microplastics Released Based on Polyester Fabric Construction during Washing and Drying

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 4277
Author(s):  
Sola Choi ◽  
Miyeon Kwon ◽  
Myung-Ja Park ◽  
Juhea Kim

With the increasing production of synthetic materials, more microplastic fibers are being generated while washing clothes. Consequently, these particles are increasingly detected in the aquatic environment. Synthetic fibers produced via washing have a relatively high contribution to microplastic pollution. Hence, recent research on reducing the release of microplastic fibers is attracting considerable attention. In this study, fabric-specific analysis was performed by strictly controlling various factors, and each washing and drying process was improved by focusing on the mechanical factors affecting microplastic release. Furthermore, the mass of the collected microplastic fibers and their length distribution were measured. Fabric construction, including chemical composition and yarn type, impacted the microplastics released during washing and drying. Differences in the mechanical factors during washing helped to identify the physical factors affecting microplastic release. These results on the release of microplastics may provide a basis for developing a filter system that can minimize the unintended environmental consequences.

1968 ◽  
Vol 146 (1 Materials in) ◽  
pp. 138-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio C. Davila ◽  
Elizabeth V. Lautsch ◽  
Trevelyan E. Palmer

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 502
Author(s):  
Junior Corneille Fingu-Mabola ◽  
Frédéric Francis

Aphids are responsible for the spread of more than half of the known phytovirus species. Virus transmission within the plant–aphid–phytovirus pathosystem depends on vector mobility which allows the aphid to reach its host plant and on vector efficiency in terms of ability to transmit phytoviruses. However, several other factors can influence the phytoviruses transmission process and have significant epidemiological consequences. In this review, we aimed to analyse the aphid behaviours and influencing factors affecting phytovirus spread. We discussed the impact of vector host-seeking and dispersal behaviours mostly involved in aphid-born phytovirus spread but also the effect of feeding behaviours and life history traits involved in plant–aphid–phytovirus relationships on vector performances. We also noted that these behaviours are influenced by factors inherent to the interactions between pathosystem components (mode of transmission of phytoviruses, vector efficiency, plant resistance, …) and several biological, biochemical, chemical or physical factors related to the environment of these pathosystem components, most of them being manipulated as means to control vector-borne diseases in the crop fields.


1934 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Buxton

During the last decade, entomologists have made progress in understanding the environment in which certain insects live; in particular, we begin to understand the effect of certain physical and chemical factors, which make up a part of the environment. With this gain in knowledge, it is sometimes possible to forecast outbreaks of insects and of diseases conveyed by them, and one can sometimes say that a particular alteration of the environment will result in loss or gain. But so far as mosquitos are concerned, one must admit that though much work has been devoted to the analytical study of the water in which the early stages are passed, the results are disappointing. A consideration of the published work suggests several reasons for this. Investigation into the ecology of the mosquito has had a vogue, and much of it has been done by workers who were isolated and whose knowledge of chemical technique and freshwater biology was limited. Apart from that, the inherent difficulties are great, for the worker must hunt for the limiting chemical and physical factors among a host of others which are doubtless unimportant, and there are few clues to indicate which of the chemical constituents of the water affects the mosquito. The data are therefore voluminous and it is difficult to reduce them to order and present them so that they can be readily understood.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Vahideh Angardi ◽  
Ali Ettehadi ◽  
Özgün Yücel

Abstract Effective separation of water and oil dispersions is considered a critical step in the determination of technical and economic success in the petroleum industry over the years. Moreover, a deeper understanding of the emulsification process and different affected parameters is essential for cost-effective oil production, transportation, and downstream processing. Numerous studies conducted on the concept of dispersion characterization indicate the importance of this concept, which deserves attention by the scientific community. Therefore, a comprehensive review study with critical analysis on significant concepts will help readers follow them easily. This study is a comprehensive review of the concept of dispersion characterization and conducted studies recently published. The main purposes of this review are to 1) Highlight flaws, 2) Outline gaps and weaknesses, 3) Address conflicts, 4) Prevent duplication of effort, 5) List factors affecting dispersion. It was found that the separation efficiency and stability of dispersions are affected by different chemical and physical factors. Factors affecting the stability of the emulsions have been studied in detail and will help to look for the right action to ensure stable emulsions. In addition, methods of ensuring stability, especially coalescence are highlighted, and coalescence mathematical explanations of phenomena are presented.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-114
Author(s):  
Mahbobeh Firooz ◽  
◽  
Fereshteh Eidy ◽  
Zohreh Abbasi ◽  
Seyed Javad Hosseini ◽  
...  

Context: Infantile Colic (IC) is an essential problem in infancy that is influenced by factors related to infants and parents. The parental factors associated with colic have not been comprehensively assessed. Objectives: The present systematic review was conducted to investigate the parental factors affecting the incidence of IC. Data Sources: Databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google scholar, as well as Scientific Information Database (SID), and Magiran (Iranian websites) were searched to identify all eligible papers concerning parental factors affecting infantile CI. The registration number of this study was CRD42020163518 in the PROSPERO database. Study Selection: A total of 423 relevant articles published up to the end of December 2019 were assessed. The selected articles were screened based on duplicated, eligibility criteria, and quality appraisal. The main inclusion criteria were observational studies and articles in Persian and English languages. Data Extraction: The Mesh keywords and Boolean operators included (“risk factors” OR “causality”) AND (“parents” OR “fathers” OR “mothers”) AND (“infant”) AND (“colic”). Consequently, 18 papers were thoroughly studied and the related data were extracted. Two researchers independently performed the data extraction and quality assessment based on the STROBE checklist from the observational studies. The information of selected studies was recorded in a table, i.e. consisted of authors’ names, purpose, design, population, and main results. Results: Final articles consisted of 10 prospective, 6 cross-sectional, and 2 case-control studies. Eventually, the effective factors were placed in 6 categories, as follows: psychological factors, physical factors, taking medications, perinatal factors, family’s socioeconomic status, and maternal diet. The most important characteristics predisposing to IC were parental depression, anxiety, smoking, maternal history of migraine, young age, primiparity, low family support, high socioeconomic status, high-risk pregnancies, and delivery, taking antibiotics, as well as the consumption of celery, onions, and bananas. Conclusions: Various parental factors affect the incidence of colic. Identifying these risk factors and accurate planning can be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of IC.


1972 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Shanks ◽  
G. A. Harrison

A syringe and aneroid manometer have been employed to quantitate neuromuscular blockade. The most important factors shown to vary its response were its air volume and the angulation of the syringe from the vertical. But even when these were held constant, the resultant pressures were not linearly related to the generative impulses. It is suggested that although this type of apparatus is not very accurate, the simple and inexpensive mechanism could benefit the practical anaesthetist monitoring nondepolarizing relaxants, providing its limitations are appreciated.


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