Extraction and Isolation of Cellulose Nanofibers from Carpet Wastes Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Approach

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) are the most advanced bio-nanomaterial utilized in various applications due to their unique physical and structural properties, renewability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. It has been isolated from diverse sources including plants as well as textile wastes using different isolation techniques, such as acid hydrolysis, high-intensity ultrasonication, and steam explosion process. Here, we planned to extract and isolate CNFs from carpet wastes using a supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc.CO2) treatment approach. The mechanism of defibrillation and defragmentation caused by Sc.CO2 treatment was also explained. The morphological analysis of bleached fibers showed that Sc.CO2 treatment induced several longitudinal fractions along with each fiber due to the supercritical condition of temperature and pressure. Such conditions removed th fiber’s impurities and produced more fragile fibers compared to untreated samples. The particle size analysis and Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) confirm the effect of Sc.CO2 treatment. The average fiber length and diameter of Sc.CO2 treated CNFs were 53.72 and 7.14 nm, respectively. In comparison, untreated samples had longer fiber length and diameter (302.87 and 97.93 nm). The Sc.CO2-treated CNFs also had significantly higher thermal stability by more than 27% and zeta potential value of −38.9± 5.1 mV, compared to untreated CNFs (−33.1 ± 3.0 mV). The vibrational band frequency and chemical composition analysis data confirm the presence of cellulose function groups without any contamination with lignin and hemicellulose. The Sc.CO2 treatment method is a green approach for enhancing the isolation yield of CNFs from carpet wastes and produce better quality nanocellulose for advanced applications.

Download Full-text

Extraction, Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils of Pipilongo (Piper Tuberculatum)Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Revista de Ciencias ◽

10.25100/rc.v17i3.478 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 45-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jaime Restrepo Osorio ◽

Ana Julia Colmenares Dulcey ◽

Luis E. Mora ◽

Rubén Albeiro Sánchez Andica

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Particle Size ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Chemical Composition Analysis ◽

Supercritical Carbon

Essential oils from pipilongo seeds (Piper tuberculatum) was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide. The extraction was performed as a function of particle size of the grinded seeds. The highest yield (2,812%) was obtained with the smallest particle size. The chemical composition analysis of the oil by GC-MS led to identify 15 compounds, some of which are β-elemene, caryophyllene, β-farnesene, neophytadiene and piperine among others. The microbicide activity of the essential oil was determined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) assays, showing that the growth of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis was inhibited, and hence with a possible microbicidal effect, whereas for pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium showed no effect on their growth.

Download Full-text

Influence of cellulose nanofibers on the morphology and physical properties of poly(lactic acid) foaming by supercritical carbon dioxide

Macromolecular Research ◽

10.1007/s13233-013-1057-y ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 529-533 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Se Youn Cho ◽

Hyun Ho Park ◽

Young Soo Yun ◽

Hyoung-Joon Jin

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Cellulose Nanofibers ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Supercritical Carbon

Download Full-text

Extraction of Cellulose Nanofibers via Eco-friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Treatment Followed by Mild Acid Hydrolysis and the Fabrication of Cellulose Nanopapers

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11111813 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1813 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M. S. Nurul Atiqah ◽

Deepu A. Gopakumar ◽

Owolabi F. A. T. ◽

Yasir Beeran Pottathara ◽

Samsul Rizal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽

Acid Hydrolysis ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Cellulose Nanofibers ◽

High Energy ◽

Mild Acid Hydrolysis ◽

Kenaf Fiber ◽

Mild Acid ◽

Supercritical Carbon

The conventional isolation of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) process involves high energy input which leads to compromising the pulp fiber’s physical and chemical properties, in addition to the issue of elemental chlorine-based bleaching, which is associated with serious environmental issues. This study investigates the characteristic functional properties of CNFs extracted via total chlorine-free (TCF) bleached kenaf fiber followed by an eco-friendly supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) treatment process. The Fourier transmission infra-red FTIR spectra result gave remarkable effective delignification of the kenaf fiber as the treatment progressed. TEM images showed that the extracted CNFs have a diameter in the range of 10–15 nm and length of up to several micrometers, and thereby proved that the supercritical carbon dioxide pretreatment followed by mild acid hydrolysis is an efficient technique to extract CNFs from the plant biomass. XRD analysis revealed that crystallinity of the fiber was enhanced after each treatment and the obtained crystallinity index of the raw fiber, alkali treated fiber, bleached fiber, and cellulose nanofiber were 33.2%, 54.6%, 88.4%, and 92.8% respectively. SEM images showed that amorphous portions like hemicellulose and lignin were removed completely after the alkali and bleaching treatment, respectively. Moreover, we fabricated a series of cellulose nanopapers using the extracted CNFs suspension via a simple vacuum filtration technique. The fabricated cellulose nanopaper exhibited a good tensile strength of 75.7 MPa at 2.45% strain.

Download Full-text

Determination of concentration equilibrium of the substance being measured in a supercritical solvent with a dynamic research method

Butlerov Communications ◽

10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-64-10-68 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (10) ◽

pp. 68-73

Author(s):

Lenar Yu. Yarullin ◽

◽

Farizan R. Gabitov ◽

Lyudmila Y. Sabirova ◽

Polina V. Antonova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽

Mass Flow Rate ◽

Mass Flow ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Universal Method ◽

Saturation State ◽

Supercritical Carbon

At present, there is no universal method for studying the solubility of substances in supercritical fluid media. The expediency of combining certain methods of solution saturation and composition analysis is determined by the object of study, the range of concentrations. In the case of low solubility of solids in the solvent, a flow-through system or dynamic solubility measurement method is usually used to obtain the required amount of precision weighing material. The dynamic method for measuring the solubility of substances in supercritical carbon dioxide is not without its drawbacks, which primarily include the need to strictly control the mass flow rate of supercritical carbon dioxide in the cell with the substance being measured. With an increase in the consumption of supercritical dioxide from zero (static method) to a certain value, the concentration of the measured substance in supercritical carbon dioxide within the acceptable level of uncertainty for measuring the solubility of 4-6% can be considered unchanged. The plateau of the concentration of the measured substance in supercritical carbon dioxide from the flow rate obtained in the diagram corresponds to the saturation state of the solvent, which is carbon dioxide and the solute, which corresponds to the concept of solubility. However, with a further increase in the consumption of carbon dioxide, the concentration begins to decrease and it can no longer be considered equilibrium. This is due to the fact that at significantly high flow rates of carbon dioxide, which is a solvent, coming into contact with the substance being dissolved, it does not have time to saturate it and, accordingly, weakly dissolves it. This concentration does not correspond to the concept of solubility. Thus, the determination of the range of mass flow rate at which the conditional state of saturation of the solvent and the solute is reached is the most important stage in studies to measure the solubility of substances in supercritical fluids. Based on the results of experimental data measuring the solubility of tannin in supercritical carbon dioxide, the dependences of the concentration of tannin in supercritical carbon dioxide on the mass flow rate are presented. It follows from the results that, in the flow rate range of 0-0.6 g/min, the tannin concentration in supercritical carbon dioxide is practically independent of the solvent flow rate, which is evidence of the equilibrium of this concentration and its compliance with the concept of solubility.

Download Full-text