scholarly journals High-Resolution Spatiotemporal Water Use Mapping of Surface and Direct-Root-Zone Drip-Irrigated Grapevines Using UAS-Based Thermal and Multispectral Remote Sensing

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 954
Author(s):  
Abhilash K. Chandel ◽  
Lav R. Khot ◽  
Behnaz Molaei ◽  
R. Troy Peters ◽  
Claudio O. Stöckle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Canopy Transpiration ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

Site-specific irrigation management for perennial crops such as grape requires water use assessments at high spatiotemporal resolution. In this study, small unmanned-aerial-system (UAS)-based imaging was used with a modified mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution with internalized calibration (METRIC) energy balance model to map water use (UASM-ET approach) of a commercial, surface, and direct-root-zone (DRZ) drip-irrigated vineyard. Four irrigation treatments, 100%, 80%, 60%, and 40%, of commercial rate (CR) were also applied, with the CR estimated using soil moisture data and a non-stressed average crop coefficient of 0.5. Fourteen campaigns were conducted in the 2018 and 2019 seasons to collect multispectral (ground sampling distance (GSD): 7 cm/pixel) and thermal imaging (GSD: 13 cm/pixel) data. Six of those campaigns were near Landsat 7/8 satellite overpass of the field site. Weather inputs were obtained from a nearby WSU-AgWeatherNet station (1 km). First, UASM-ET estimates were compared to those derived from soil water balance (SWB) and conventional Landsat-METRIC (LM) approaches. Overall, UASM-ET (2.70 ± 1.03 mm day−1 [mean ± std. dev.]) was higher than SWB-ET (1.80 ± 0.98 mm day−1). However, both estimates had a significant linear correlation (r = 0.64–0.81, p < 0.01). For the days of satellite overpass, UASM-ET was statistically similar to LM-ET, with mean absolute normalized ET departures (ETd,MAN) of 4.30% and a mean r of 0.83 (p < 0.01). The study also extracted spatial canopy transpiration (UASM-T) maps by segmenting the soil background from the UASM-ET, which had strong correlation with the estimates derived by the standard basal crop coefficient approach (Td,MAN = 14%, r = 0.95, p < 0.01). The UASM-T maps were then used to quantify water use differences in the DRZ-irrigated grapevines. Canopy transpiration (T) was statistically significant among the irrigation treatments and was highest for grapevines irrigated at 100% or 80% of the CR, followed by 60% and 40% of the CR (p < 0.01). Reference T fraction (TrF) curves established from the UASM-T maps showed a notable effect of irrigation treatment rates. The total water use of grapevines estimated using interpolated TrF curves was highest for treatments of 100% (425 and 320 mm for the 2018 and 2019 seasons, respectively), followed by 80% (420 and 317 mm), 60% (391 and 318 mm), and 40% (370 and 304 mm) of the CR. Such estimates were within 5% to 11% of the SWB-based water use calculations. The UASM-T-estimated water use was not the same as the actual amount of water applied in the two seasons, probably because DRZ-irrigated vines might have developed deeper or lateral roots to fulfill water requirements outside the irrigated soil volume. Overall, results highlight the usefulness of high-resolution imagery toward site-specific water use management of grapevines.

Yield and net return from alfalfa cultivars under irrigation in Southern Alberta

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremiah Attram ◽  
Surya N. Acharya ◽  
Shelley A. Woods ◽  
Elwin Smith ◽  
James E. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

Field studies with two types of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars were conducted at Lethbridge in 2012 and 2013 and at Picture Butte in 2012 to determine the effects of irrigation on the dry matter (DM) yield and on net returns. The irrigated cultivars (Longview and Blue J) and dryland cultivars (Rangelander and Rambler) were arranged on plots in a randomized complete block design with four irrigation treatments and replicated five times. For the optimal irrigation treatment (W1), soil water content was maintained between 60 and 90% of available water in the designated root zone. Other irrigation treatments received 75% (W2), 50% (W3), and 25% (W4) of the irrigation water applied to the optimal treatment. The mean DM yields of irrigated alfalfa cultivars were greater than one of the dryland cultivars in both locations. The mean total DM yields for W2 and W3 at Lethbridge for Blue J, Longview and Rambler were greater than those of W1, although the differences were not always significant. The net returns, calculated by using the same price for all alfalfa harvests were similar across the cultivars and irrigation treatments excepting Rangelander, where the returns were lower. The results obtained from this study indicated a trend towards comparable yields and net returns between the optimal and the 75% irrigation treatment with 40% depletion of available water at the root zone, for the irrigated alfalfa cultivars and a dryland type Rambler.

scholarly journals Cotton Irrigation Scheduling Using a Crop Growth Model and FAO-56 Methods: Field and Simulation Studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 2023-2039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly R. Thorp ◽  
Douglas J. Hunsaker ◽  
Kevin F. Bronson ◽  
Pedro Andrade-Sanchez ◽  
Edward M. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract. Crop growth simulation models can address a variety of agricultural problems, but their use to directly assist in-season irrigation management decisions is less common. Confidence in model reliability can be increased if models are shown to provide improved in-season management recommendations, which are explicitly tested in the field. The objective of this study was to compare the CSM-CROPGRO-Cotton model (with recently updated ET routines) to a well-tested FAO-56 irrigation scheduling spreadsheet by (1) using both tools to schedule cotton irrigation during 2014 and 2015 in central Arizona and (2) conducting a post-hoc simulation study to further compare outputs from these tools. Two replications of each irrigation scheduling treatment and a water-stressed treatment were established on a 2.6 ha field. Irrigation schedules were developed on a weekly basis and administered via an overhead lateral-move sprinkler irrigation system. Neutron moisture meters were used weekly to estimate soil moisture status and crop water use, and destructive plant samples were routinely collected to estimate cotton leaf area index (LAI) and canopy weight. Cotton yield was estimated using two mechanical cotton pickers with differing capabilities: (1) a two-row picker that facilitated manual collection of yield samples from 32 m2 areas and (2) a four-row picker equipped with a sensor-based cotton yield monitoring system. In addition to statistical testing of field data via mixed models, the data were used for post-hoc reparameterization and fine-tuning of the irrigation scheduling tools. Post-hoc simulations were conducted to compare measured and simulated evapotranspiration, crop coefficients, root zone soil moisture depletion, cotton growth metrics, and yield for each irrigation treatment. While total seasonal irrigation amounts were similar among the two scheduling tools, the crop model recommended more water during anthesis and less during the early season, which led to higher cotton fiber yield in both seasons (p &lt; 0.05). The tools calculated cumulative evapotranspiration similarly, with root mean squared errors (RMSEs) less than 13%; however, FAO-56 crop coefficient (Kc) plots demonstrated subtle differences in daily evapotranspiration calculations. Root zone soil moisture depletion was better calculated by CSM-CROPGRO-Cotton, perhaps due to its more complex soil profile simulation; however, RMSEs for depletion always exceeded 20% for both tools and reached 149% for the FAO-56 spreadsheet in 2014. CSM-CROPGRO-Cotton simulated cotton LAI, canopy weight, canopy height, and yield with RMSEs less than 21%, while the FAO-56 spreadsheet had no capability for such outputs. Through field verification and thorough post-hoc data analysis, the results demonstrated that the CSM-CROPGRO-Cotton model with updated FAO-56 ET routines could match or exceed the accuracy and capability of an FAO-56 spreadsheet tool for cotton water use calculations and irrigation scheduling. Keywords: Cottonseed, Crop coefficient, Decision support, Depletion, Evapotranspiration, Fiber, Management, Simulation, Soil moisture, Yield.

scholarly journals Irrigation Volume Based on Pan Evaporation and Their Effects on Water Use Efficiency and Yield of Hydroponically Grown Chilli

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
Eko Sulistyono ◽  
Abe Eiko Juliana
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Irrigation Volume

This study was conducted to determine irrigation volume based on pan evaporation and their effects  on growth, yield, irrigation water use efficency (IWUE) of chilli grown in sandponic system in the greenhouse. The amount of water used was based on pan evaporation. Irrigation treatments consisted of four coefficients, i.e. 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 Epan. Plants were watered daily until soil reached field capacity during the first week. Irrigation treatments were applied on the second week until four months later. Total irrigation quantities varied from 9.4 to 37.8 L. plant-1. Chilli fruit yield varied from 3.98 to 90.51 g.plant-1. The highest total fruit yield and IWUE was obtained from 2 Epan treatment. Irrigation treatment had significant effects (P<0.01) on yield and there were positive linear relations between the yield and the amount of irrigation water applied. Irrigation volume significantly increased plant height, number of lateral branches, and number of leaves (P<0.01).Keywords: plant height, lateral branches, fruit

scholarly journals (321) Rapid and Differential Rates of Root Browning in Apple Trees under Different Irrigation Treatments

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1038A-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Palanjian ◽  
Luis Valenzuela ◽  
Denise Neilsen ◽  
Gerry Neilsen ◽  
David Eissenstat
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Irrigation Practice ◽  
Daily Evapotranspiration ◽  
Clear Plastic ◽  
Root Pigmentation ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

As roots change color from white to brown, their absorptivity for water and nutrients typically diminishes. The effects of irrigation on root pigmentation were studied during 2003 and 2004 in Summerland, British Columbia, using an experimental orchard of `Golden Delicious' apple trees on M9 rootstocks. Root pigmentation was monitored weekly over the growing season using a minirhizotron camera inserted into clear plastic tubes in the root zone. Each tree had two emitters, one on either side of the bole and ≈30 cm from the trunk. Four irrigation treatments were tested: full irrigation with replenishing 100% of daily evapotranspiration (ET) on both sides of the tree (100% both), 50% ET irrigation on both sides (50% both), irrigating alternating sides of the tree with 50% ET (50% alternating) and one-sided irrigation at 50% ET (50% one-side). The 50% alternating irrigation treatment simulated the irrigation practice of partial root zone drying where irrigation was alternated about weekly from one side of the tree to the other. Root pigmentation was remarkably fast among these trees, with median days to browning ranging from 4 to 10 days among treatments. For 50% one-side trees, root pigmentation on the dry side of the tree was much faster than roots on the wet side (4 and 7 days, respectively; P< 0.007). Otherwise, no additional significant effects of irrigation on pigmentation were detected.

Productivity of vegetable crops in a region of high solar input. II. Yields and efficiencies of water use and energy

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJM Sale
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Moisture Percentage ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

Details are given of final yields and size gradings of three potato crops grown under conditions of high solar input and high temperatures in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Areas of New South Wales. Total yields were up to 50 t ha-l. Differences resulting from different irrigation treatments were surprisingly small, although mean tuber weight was slightly less in the drier treatments. Water use was about 300 g for each 1 g dry weight produced, and efficiency was slightly greater in the wetter irrigation treatments. Reductions of 21 %and 34 % of the total solar input, using shade covers, markedly reduced yields, and there was no statistical interaction with irrigation treatment. Tuber numbers also decreased with decreasing solar input, though not as much as yields, and mean tuber size was greatest on unshaded plots, least under 34% shade. Tuber moisture percentage at harvest was not affected by the different irrigation treatments, but was reduced in two experiments as shading increased. There were only small differences in plant and stem numbers per unit area between any of the treatments, though stem numbers decreased significantly as shading increased. High crop growth rates were achieved especially during the tuber bulking periods, when up to 22.8 g m-2 day-1 of dry matter were produced in each of two experiments, achieved with conversion efficiencies of photosynthetically active radiation of 3.5 % (spring-planted crop) or 6.1 % (summer-planted crop). The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that assimilation in the potato depends primarily on the 'sink' strength of the developing tubers, which is determined in the 2 or 3 weeks following the onset of initiation. The main effects of differences in solar input appear to be determined in this period. It is suggested that a practical approach to increasing yields in this region may be to increase the numbers of tubers which develop per unit area by increasing plant density and encouraging early haulm growth.

scholarly journals Partial Root-Zone Drying and Deficit Irrigation Effect on Growth, Yield, Water Use and Quality of Greenhouse Grown Grafted Tomato

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branimir Urlić ◽  
Marko Runjić ◽  
Marija Mandušić ◽  
Katja Žanić ◽  
Gabriela Vuletin Selak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

The tomato is an important horticultural crop, the cultivation of which is often under influence of abiotic and biotic stressors. Grafting is a technique used to alleviate these problems. Shortage of water has stimulated the introduction of new irrigation methods: deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD). This study was conducted in two spring–summer season experiments to evaluate the effects of three irrigation regimes: full irrigation (FI), PRD and DI on vegetative growth, leaf gas-exchange parameters, yield, water-use efficiency (WUE), nutrients profile and fruit quality of grafted tomatoes. In both years, the commercial rootstocks Emperador and Maxifort were used. In the first year, the scion cultivar Clarabella was grown on one stem and in the second year the cultivar Attiya was grown on two stems. Self-grafted cultivars were grown as a control. In both experiments, higher vegetative traits (leaf area and number, height, shoot biomass) were recorded in tthe plants grafted on commercial rootstocks. The stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were higher under FI. Under DI, transpiration was lowest and photosynthetic WUE was highest. Photosynthetic rate changed between irrigation treatments depending on plant type. In both years, the total yield was highest in grafted plants as result of more and bigger fruits per plant. In the 2nd year, grafted plants under FI had higher yield compared to PRD, but not to DI, while self-grafted plants did not differ between irrigation treatments. WUE was highest in DI and PRD treatments and in grafted plants. Leaf N, P, K and Ca was highest in tthe plants grafted on Emperador and Maxifort, while more Mg was measured in self-grafted plants. More Ca and Mg were recorded in tthe plants under DI and PRD. Fruit mineral concentrations were higher in tthe plants grafted on commercial rootstocks. Total soluble solids differed between irrigation regarding plant types, while fruit total acidity was higher in Emperador and Maxifort. In conclusion, our study showed that grafted plants could be grown under DI with minor yield reduction with 30–40% less water used for irrigation. Moderate DI could be used before PRD for cultivation of grafted tomato and double stemmed plants did not show negative effect on tomato yield so it can be used as standard under reduced irrigation.

The transpiration of Mexipak wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) in central Iraq

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Al-Nakshabandi ◽  
H. N. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Moisture Determination ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Empirical Coefficient ◽  
Neutron Probe ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

SUMMARYThe actual transpiration of Mexipak wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) was determined by the inflow-outflow method and by soil moisture determination by the use of a neutron probe and gravimetrically. Three irrigation treatments were used during the 1969 season, wet, medium and dry. Amounts of water given were 370, 310 and 255 mm for wet, medium and dry treatments respectively. One irrigation treatment was used during the 1971 and 1972 seasons in which 620 and 700 mm of water respectively was given. However, during the 1973 season, two wet irrigation treatments of 560 and 670 mm of water were used. Values of Et measured by different methods were closely related. Seasonal averages of Et were 2·55, 1·99 and 1·62 mm/day for wet, medium and dry treatments respectively. The empirical coefficient (f = Et/Eo) under wet treatment, was found to be higher than that given by Penman (1956) for short grasses and higher than that obtained by Boumans et al. (1963) for wheat and barley in Iraq. The empirical coefficient Kb in the Blaney-Criddle formula was less than the value given by Blaney & Criddle (1950) for an arid climate and less than the value obtained by Boumans et al. (1963) for wheat in Iraq. The water use efficiency for grain production was greater under dry than under wet treatment.

Water use efficiency and fruit quality of table grape under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation

2008 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 659-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taisheng Du ◽  
Shaozhong Kang ◽  
Jianhua Zhang ◽  
Fusheng Li ◽  
Boyuan Yan
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Use Efficiency
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