Multiplexed Prostate Cancer Companion Diagnostic Devices

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains one of the most prominent forms of cancer for men. Since the early 1990s, Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) has been a commonly recognized PCa-associated protein biomarker. However, PSA testing has been shown to lack in specificity and sensitivity when needed to diagnose, monitor and/or treat PCa patients successfully. One enhancement could include the simultaneous detection of multiple PCa-associated protein biomarkers alongside PSA, also known as multiplexing. If conventional methods such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are used, multiplexed detection of such protein biomarkers can result in an increase in the required sample volume, in the complexity of the analytical procedures, and in adding to the cost. Using companion diagnostic devices such as biosensors, which can be portable and cost-effective with multiplexing capacities, may address these limitations. This review explores recent research for multiplexed PCa protein biomarker detection using optical and electrochemical biosensor platforms. Some of the novel and potential serum-based PCa protein biomarkers will be discussed in this review. In addition, this review discusses the importance of converting research protocols into multiplex point-of-care testing (xPOCT) devices to be used in near-patient settings, providing a more personalized approach to PCa patients’ diagnostic, surveillance and treatment management.

Download Full-text

Prostate-Specific Antigen: From Promising to Disappointment Tool for Diagnosis of Chronic Renal Failure in Predialysis Patients

Asian Journal of Oncology ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1729346 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 07 (02) ◽

pp. 082-084

Author(s):

Ali Abdul Hussein S Al-Janabi

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Renal Failure ◽

Chronic Renal Failure ◽

Prostate Specific Antigen ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Elderly Men ◽

A Value ◽

Total Psa ◽

Moderate Elevation

Abstract Introduction Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker commonly used for detection of prostate cancer. Its viability as a marker for diagnosis of chronic renal failure (CRF) in predialysis patients was investigated. Methods Sera from 230 patients with CRF were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determining total PSA (tPSA) levels before hemodialysis. Results Of the patients investigated, 98.69% had a normal PSA level with a value less than 4 ng/mL. Three elderly men with both kidney failure showed a moderate elevation of PSA level. Conclusion PSA is considered a nonsignificant indicator for diagnosis of CRF.

Download Full-text

DNA aptamer-based detection of prostate cancer

Chemical Papers ◽

10.1515/chempap-2015-0025 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Pawan Jolly ◽

Nello Formisano ◽

Pedro Estrela

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Dna Aptamer ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Gradual Transition ◽

Long Term Stability ◽

Promising Tool

AbstractThe use of aptamers in biosensing has attracted considerable attention as an alternative to antibodies because of their unique properties such as long-term stability, cost-effectiveness and adjustability to various applications. Among cancers, the early diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the greatest concerns for ageing men worldwide. One of the most commonly used biomarkers for PCa is prostate-specific antigen (PSA), which can be found in elevated levels in patients with cancer. This review presents the gradual transition of research from antibody-based to aptamerbased biosensors, specifically for PSA. A brief description on aptamer-based biosensing for other PCa biomarkers is also presented. Special attention is given to electrochemical methods as analytical techniques for the development of simple, sensitive and cost-effective biosensors. The review also focuses on the different surface chemistries exploited for fabrication and their applications in clinical samples. The use of aptamers represents a promising tool for the development of point-ofcare biosensors for the early detection of prostate cancer. In view of the unmatched upper hand of aptamers, future prospects are also discussed, not only in the point-of-care format but also in other novel applications.

Download Full-text

Trends in Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) testing and prostate cancer incidence and mortality in Australia: A critical analysis

Cancer Epidemiology ◽

10.1016/j.canep.2021.102093 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 77 ◽

pp. 102093

Author(s):

Thanya Pathirana ◽

Rehan Sequeira ◽

Chris Del Mar ◽

James A. Dickinson ◽

Bruce K. Armstrong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Prostate Specific Antigen ◽

Cancer Incidence ◽

Critical Analysis ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Prostate Cancer Incidence ◽

Psa Testing ◽

Incidence And Mortality

Download Full-text

Detecting Novel Urine Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer: Platelet Derived Growth Factor-BB as a Possible New Target

Current Urology ◽

10.1159/000447225 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 13-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Athanasios Skarmoutsos ◽

Ioannis Skarmoutsos ◽

Ioannis Katafigiotis ◽

Elisavet Tataki ◽

Athina Giagini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Prostate Specific Antigen ◽

Characteristic Curve ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Predictive Ability ◽

Platelet Derived Growth Factor ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Transrectal Biopsy

Introduction: Although the prostate specific antigen revolutionized the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa), it has its limitations. We prospectively examined the potential use of the platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) as a urine biomarker for the early diagnosis of PCa. Materials and Methods: The urine samples of 118 patients were collected after a prostatic massage and all the patients subsequently underwent ultrasound-guided transrectal biopsy. PDGF-BB was detected in the urine by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Patients with PCa had greater levels of prostate specific antigen and PDGF-BB. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the optimal cut-of of PDGF-BB for the prediction of PCa was 1,504.9 with a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 51.3%. For a 100 unit increase in PDGF-BB, the likelihood for PCa increased about 4%. Conclusion: PDGF-BB showed a significant predictive ability for PCa. Detection of PDGF-BB in urine with Elisa was easy and improved our diagnostic accuracy in the diagnosis of PCa.

Download Full-text

Hormonal therapy of prostate cancer

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes ◽

10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.1149 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 1622-1634

Author(s):

Ciara O’Hanlon Brown ◽

Jonathan Waxman

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Androgen Receptor ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽

Peripheral Zone ◽

Molecular Feature ◽

Molecular Defects ◽

Psa Testing ◽

Seer Data ◽

Prostate Cancers

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer to effect men and the second most common cause of cancer-related death. Premalignant change or prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia has been detected within the prostate glands of men under 30 years of age. The incidence of prostate cancer remains negligible until men reach their 40s from whence it rises steadily and by 80 years 70% of men have detectable tumours at autopsy (1). A majority of prostate cancers arise from the peripheral zone of the prostate and rarely cause obstructive symptoms. Consequently, prostate cancers have historically presented late, with symptoms of metastatic disease. The advent of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing has produced a stage shift so that at present over 90% of prostate cancers are diagnosed as organ-confined disease. PSA diagnosis has unmasked a subset of prostate tumours that exhibit an indolent growth pattern and appear destined to remain organ-confined tumours the patient dies with, and not from. US SEER data estimates a 50-year-old man has a 42% chance of developing prostate cancer but only a 3.6% chance of dying from the disease. Features, either clinical or molecular, which would allow clinicians to clearly differentiate indolent from aggressive disease while still at the organ-confined stage, have yet to be identified (1). Adenocarcinoma is the predominant histological subtype of prostate cancer, accounting for 95% of tumours. Prostatic adenocarcinomas arise from androgen receptor-positive epithelial cells. On histological examination, prostate cancers appear multifocal and demonstrate heterogeneity both within individual tumours and across populations. This has created an obstacle as researchers attempt to subclassify prostate cancer and identify the molecular defects responsible for driving prostatic carcinogenesis (1). Of prostate cancers, 80–90% are androgen receptor-positive at diagnosis (2), thus to date the androgen–androgen receptor axis is the sole molecular feature of this disease that has been successfully harnessed as a therapeutic target.

Download Full-text

Accuracy of Tumour-Associated Circulating Endothelial Cells as a Screening Biomarker for Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers11081064 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1064 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sebastian Chakrit Bhakdi ◽

Prapat Suriyaphol ◽

Ponpan Thaicharoen ◽

Sebastian Tobias Karl Grote ◽

Chulaluk Komoltri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Endothelial Cells ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Transrectal Ultrasound ◽

Circulating Endothelial Cells ◽

Index Test ◽

Psa Testing ◽

Diagnostic Potential ◽

Clinically Significant

Even though more than 350,000 men die from prostate cancer every year, broad-based screening for the disease remains a controversial topic. Guidelines demand that the only commonly accepted screening tool, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, must be followed by prostate biopsy if results are elevated. Due to the procedure’s low positive predictive value (PPV), however, over 80% of biopsies are performed on healthy men or men with clinically insignificant cancer—prompting calls for new ways of vetting equivocal PSA readings prior to the procedure. Responding to the challenge, the present study investigated the diagnostic potential of tumour-associated circulating endothelial cells (tCECs), which have previously been described as a novel, blood-based biomarker for clinically significant cancers. Specifically, the objective was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of a tCEC-based blood test to detect clinically significant prostate cancer (defined as Gleason score ≥ 3 + 4) in high-risk patients. Performed in a blinded, prospective, single-centre set-up, it compared a novel tCEC index test with transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy biopsy as a reference on a total of 170 patients and found that a tCEC add-on test will almost double the PPV of a standalone PSA test (32% vs. 17%; p = 0.0012), while retaining a negative predictive value above 90%.

Download Full-text

Catching the Sugars: Electrochemical Aptasensors for the Detection of Cancer-Related Glycosylation Changes in Prostate-Specific Antigen

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/iecb2020-07023 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Ana Díaz-Fernández ◽

Rebeca Miranda-Castro ◽

Pedro Estrela ◽

Noemí de-los-Santos-Álvarez ◽

María Jesús Lobo-Castañón

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Prostate Specific Antigen ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

False Positives ◽

High Rate ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Glycan Structure ◽

Specific Cancer ◽

Different Levels ◽

Selection Of

Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA) is the biomarker that is used for prostate cancer (PCa) detection, although its lack of specificity results in a high rate of false-positives and many unnecessary biopsies. Therefore, there is a need for more specific cancer biomarkers for PCa. Recent studies have shown that the aberrant glycosylation of proteins is a common feature of the presence of cancer. In the case of prostate cancer, there are changes in core-fucose and sialic acids in the glycan structure of PSA. In this work, we describe two different strategies to direct the selection of aptamers toward the glycans of PSA. From these strategies, we identified two aptamers (PSA-1 and PSAG-1) that bind to the glycan structure of PSA with high affinity. Both aptamers were applied in the design of electrochemical aptasensors, in sandwich and direct formats, in order to detect the changes in the glycosylation of PSA. The sensors responded to different levels of PSA in serum, and they showed higher potential to discriminate clinically-meaningful PCa than the ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) test used in hospitals (reducing the number of false positives), although validation on more samples is needed.

Download Full-text

Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment of Prostate Cancer

American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book ◽

10.14694/edbook_am.2012.32.98 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. e35-e39 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ian M. Thompson

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Active Surveillance ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

The United States ◽

Assessment Tools ◽

Low Grade ◽

High Grade ◽

Surveillance Strategy ◽

Psa Testing ◽

Prostate Cancer Prevention

Overview: Prostate cancer is a ubiquitous disease, affecting as many as two-thirds of men in their 60s. Through widespread prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, increasing rates of prostate biopsy, and increased sampling of the prostate, a larger fraction of low-grade, low-volume tumors have been detected, consistent with tumors often found at autopsy. These tumors have historically been treated in a manner similar to that used for higher-grade tumors but, more recently, it has become evident that with a plan of active surveillance that reserves treatment for only those patients whose tumors show evidence of progression, very high disease-specific survival can be achieved. Unfortunately, the frequency of recommendation of an active surveillance strategy in the United States is low. An alternative strategy to improve prostate cancer detection is through selected biopsy of those men who are at greater risk of harboring high-grade, potentially lethal cancer. This strategy is currently possible through the use of risk assessment tools such as the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial Risk Calculator ( www.prostate.cancer.risk.calculator.com ) as well as others. These tools can predict with considerable accuracy a man's risk of low-grade and high-grade cancer, allowing informed decision making for the patient with a goal of detection of high-risk disease. Ultimately, other biomarkers including PCA3, TMPRSS2:ERG, and [-2]proPSA will likely aid in discriminating these two types of cancer before biopsy.

Download Full-text

Noble Metal-Assisted Surface Plasmon Resonance Immunosensors

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20041003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 1003 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jin-Ha Choi ◽

Jin-Ho Lee ◽

Joohyung Son ◽

Jeong-Woo Choi

Keyword(s):

Surface Plasmon Resonance ◽

Surface Plasmon ◽

Plasmon Resonance ◽

Noble Metals ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Protein Biomarkers ◽

Detection Probe ◽

Inducing Factors

For the early diagnosis of several diseases, various biomarkers have been discovered and utilized through the measurement of concentrations in body fluids such as blood, urine, and saliva. The most representative analytical method for biomarker detection is an immunosensor, which exploits the specific antigen-antibody immunoreaction. Among diverse analytical methods, surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based immunosensors are emerging as a potential detection platform due to high sensitivity, selectivity, and intuitive features. Particularly, SPR-based immunosensors could detect biomarkers without labeling of a specific detection probe, as typical immunosensors such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) use enzymes like horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In this review, SPR-based immunosensors utilizing noble metals such as Au and Ag as SPR-inducing factors for the measurement of different types of protein biomarkers, including viruses, microbes, and extracellular vesicles (EV), are briefly introduced.

Download Full-text

Prostate Cancer Screening in the Workplace

AAOHN Journal ◽

10.1177/216507999804600803 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 46 (8) ◽

pp. 379-384 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Claire Snyder ◽

Peggy N. Schrammel ◽

Claudia B. Griffiths ◽

Robert I. Griffiths

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Prostate Cancer Screening ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Test Results ◽

Total Cost ◽

Screening Programs ◽

Psa Testing ◽

The Cost

Recognition of the mortality and morbidity associated with prostate cancer has resulted in employer based screening programs. This retrospective cohort study identified the employer costs of prostate cancer screening and referrals due to abnormal test results. The subjects were 385 men enrolled in a workplace screening program at a single employer between 1993 and 1995. Screening consisted of digital rectal examination (DRE) annually for enrolled employees aged 40 years and older, plus annual prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing for those 50 and older, and those 40 and older and considered at high risk. Data related to the health care and lost productivity costs of screening and referrals for abnormal test results were collected and analyzed. The total cost of screening was $44,355, or approximately $56 per screening encounter (788 DREs; 437 PSAs). Abnormal screening tests resulted in 52 referrals. Upon further evaluation, 42% were found to have an enlargement, 29% a node, and 12% benign prostatic hyperplasia. Only one malignancy was found. The total cost of additional referrals was $31,815, or 42% of the cost of screening plus referrals. As the cost per screening encounter was low, prostate cancer screening in the workplace is an efficient alternative.

Download Full-text