Testing for Wearability and Reliability of TPU Lamination Method in E-Textiles

Electronic textiles (e-textiles) and wearable computing have been emerging increasingly during the last decade. Since the market interest and predictions have grown, the research into increasing reliability and durability of wearables and e-textiles is developing rapidly. The washability of different integration methods and resistance to mechanical stress are the main obstacles being tackled. However, the freedom of movement and overall comfort is still often overlooked during the development phase. It is essential to see the e-textile product as a whole and consider several aspects of user experience. This work will focus on developing and improving the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) lamination integration method for e-textiles. In the work, a stretchable copper-polyimide based circuit was laminated onto knit fabric using various TPU films and stacks. The study shares measurable characteristics to determine which material assembly and design would ensure the highest durability for the electronics part without losing its original textile softness, flexibility and stretchability.

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Wearable computing systems – electronic textiles

Wearable Electronics and Photonics ◽

10.1201/9781439832615.ch9 ◽

2005 ◽

Author(s):

Tünde Kirstein ◽

Didier Cottet ◽

Janusz Grzyb ◽

Gerhard Tröster

Keyword(s):

Wearable Computing ◽

Electronic Textiles ◽

Computing Systems

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A Novel Integration Method for D Numbers Based on Horizontal Comparison

Axioms ◽

10.3390/axioms10040312 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 312

Author(s):

Haiyang Hou ◽

Chunyu Zhao

Keyword(s):

User Experience ◽

Integration Method ◽

Mutual Exclusion ◽

Evidence Theory ◽

Uncertainty Modelling ◽

Missing Information ◽

New Type ◽

Evaluation Problem ◽

D Numbers

D numbers theory is an extension of Dempster–Shafer evidence theory. It eliminates the constraints of mutual exclusion and completeness under the frame of discernment of Dempster–Shafer evidence theory, so it has been widely used to deal with uncertainty modelling, but if it cannot effectively deal with the problem of missing information, sometimes unreasonable conclusions will be drawn. This paper proposes a new type of integration representation of D numbers, which compares the data of multiple evaluation items horizontally, and can reasonably fill in missing information. We apply this method to the user experience evaluation problem of online live course platform to verify the effectiveness of this method.

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Measuring Anticipated and Episodic UX of Tasks in Social Networks

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10228199 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (22) ◽

pp. 8199

Author(s):

Luis Martín Sánchez-Adame ◽

José Fidel Urquiza-Yllescas ◽

Sonia Mendoza

Keyword(s):

Social Networks ◽

User Experience ◽

Online Social Networks ◽

Development Phase ◽

Initial Development ◽

User Expectations ◽

Pragmatic Aspects

Today, social networks are crucial commodities that allow people to share different contents and opinions. In addition to participation, the information shared within social networks makes them attractive, but success is also accompanied by a positive User eXperience (UX). Social networks must offer useful and well-designed user-tools, i.e., sets of widgets that allow interaction among users. To satisfy this requirement, Episodic User eXperience (EUX) yields reactions of users after having interacted with an artifact. Anticipated User eXperience (AUX) grants the designers the capacity to recollect users’ aspirations, assumptions, and needs in the initial development phase of an artifact. In this work, we collect UX perceived in both periods to contrast user expectations and experiences offered on social networks, in order to find elements that could improve the design of user-tools. We arrange a test where participants (N=20) designed prototypes on paper to solve tasks and then did the same tasks on online social networks. Both stages are assessed with the help of AttrakDiff, and then we analyze the results through t-tests. The results we obtained suggest that users are inclined towards pragmatic aspects of their user-tools expectations.

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Development and Washing Reliability Testing of a Stretchable Circuit on Knit Fabric

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10249057 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (24) ◽

pp. 9057

Author(s):

Paula Veske ◽

Pieter Bauwens ◽

Frederick Bossuyt ◽

Tom Sterken ◽

Jan Vanfleteren

Keyword(s):

Printed Circuit Boards ◽

Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽

Efficient Solutions ◽

Circuit Boards ◽

Electronic Textiles ◽

Washing Machine ◽

Technology Markets ◽

Printed Circuit ◽

Knit Fabrics ◽

Film Layer

The smart textiles and wearable technology markets are expanding tirelessly, looking for efficient solutions to create long-lasting products. The research towards novel integration methods and increasing reliability of wearables and electronic textiles (e-textiles) is expanding. One obstacle to be tackled is the washability and the endurance to mechanical stresses in the washing machine. In this article, different layering of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) films and knit fabrics are used to integrate three different designs of stretchable copper-based meander tracks with printed circuit boards. The various combinations are washed according to the ISO 6330-2012 standard to analyze their endurance. Results suggest that one meander design withstands more washing cycles and indicate that the well-selected layer compositions increase the reliability. Higher stretchability together with greater durability is accomplished by adding an extra meander-shaped TPU film layer.

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Investigating the optimal integration of airborne, ship-borne, satellite and terrestrial gravity data for use in geoid determination

10.26686/wgtn.17018738 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Rachelle Winefield

Keyword(s):

Least Squares ◽

Gravity Field ◽

Integration Method ◽

Bouguer Anomaly ◽

Least Squares Collocation ◽

Integration Methods ◽

Case Study Area ◽

Gravity Observation ◽

Gravity Map

<p>Each gravity observation technique has different parameters and contributes to different pieces of the gravity spectrum. This means that no one gravity dataset is able to model the Earth’s gravity field completely and the best gravity map is one derived from many sources. Therefore, one of the challenges in gravity field modelling is combining multiple types of heterogeneous gravity datasets. The aim of this study is to determine the optimal method to produce a single gravity map of the Canterbury case study area, for the purposes of use in geoid modelling. This objective is realised through the identification and application of a four-step integration process: purpose, data, combination and assessment. This includes the evaluation of three integration methods: natural neighbour, ordinary kriging and least squares collocation. As geoid modelling requires the combination of gravity datasets collected at various altitudes, it is beneficial to be able to combine the dataset using an integration method which operates in a three-dimensional space. Of the three integration methods assessed, least squares collocation is the only integration method which is able to perform this type of reduction. The resulting product is a Bouguer anomaly map of the Canterbury case study area, which combines satellite altimetry, terrestrial, ship-borne, airborne, and satellite gravimetry using least squares collocation.</p>

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Smart Textile as a Creative Environment to Engage Girls in Technology

Wearable Technologies ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-5484-4.ch036 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 850-861

Author(s):

Daniela Reimann

Keyword(s):

Computer Science ◽

Technology Education ◽

Wearable Computing ◽

After School ◽

Media Art ◽

Electronic Textiles ◽

Research Project ◽

Media Technologies ◽

Smart Textile ◽

Flexible Applications

In the context of the convergening media technologies, the concept of mobile media embedded in wearable material was introduced. The terms of Wearable Computing, Fashionable Technology, and Smart Textile became key words at the intersection of media, art, design, computer science, engineering and the shaping of technology by the users themselves. Though media artists and designers explore wearable computing for some time now, only little research has been undertaken into Smart Textile in education in Germany (e.g., the after school workshop program held at DiMeB at the University of Bremen). However, Smart Textile is not common at school, especially not in the context of artistic processes in general MINT (MINT is a German acronym for the subjects of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Technology) education in classroom settings. In order to research the interplay of electronic textiles, wearable technology, hard and software tools, such as the Arduino LilyPad, a programmable board designed for stitching into clothing and flexible applications, are scrutinized. In the research project, contemporary media art works in the field of Fashionable Technology are explored to inpire interdisciplinary technology education form an artistic perspective. A learning-through-design-approach using electronic media for sewing, hacking the traditional model of technology education (Reimann, Daniela, Fütterer Werner, Biefang, & Sebastian, 2010). In the paper, the conceptual framework for the research project “Artistic approaches to Engage Girls and Young Women in Technology and Engineering in Education at School and University (Acronym: IBP-GirlsLab)” is presented. It aims to engage girls in technology and engineering by integrating artistic processes as well as a more playcentric approach to technology and engineering education in order to engage girls in shaping technology, is discussed.

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The Differentiation Method in Rheology: II. Characteristic Derivatives of Ideal Models in Poiseuille Flow

Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal ◽

10.2118/271-pa ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 2 (04) ◽

pp. 309-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J.G. Savins ◽

G.C. Wallick ◽

W.R. Foster

Keyword(s):

Poiseuille Flow ◽

Integration Method ◽

Historical Review ◽

Real Data ◽

Background Information ◽

Characteristic Functions ◽

Integration Methods ◽

Rheological Analysis ◽

Response Characteristics ◽

Differentiation Method

Abstract Inasmuch as the differentiation and integration methods represent different modes of rheological analyses, a dual scheme of analysis using both methods should lead to a generalized method of data analysis. A dual differentiation. integration method of analysis is applied here to the Poiseuille flow of a variety of ideal Generalized Newtonian and viscoplastic models. Using machine processing techniques, the result is a spectrum of response patterns which are expressed in terms of certain derivative functions. It is shown that these characteristic functions form the basis of a highly-sensitive analytic technique for optimizing the selection of the most appropriate functional relationship between shear rate and shearing stress. Introduction In the first paper of this series, Savins, Wallick and Foster presented an historical review of the salient features of the differentiation method of rheological analysis in Poiseuille flow, and also indicated how the method could be applied to problems involving plane Poiseuille flow. It was shown that the differentiation and integration methods, although basically not incompatible, do represent different modes of rheological analysis. This suggests that valuable background information regarding the probable response characteristics of real data obtained with the differentiation method can be obtained from an integration method-differentiation method analysis of the response of a variety of ideal rheological models. The present paper describes how this dual method of analysis has been applied to suites of idealized models representing a wide variety of Generalized Newtonian and viscoplastic behavior which have received attention at various places in the literature. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS NEWTONIAN LIQUID For a liquid of constant viscosity .............................(1) By substituting Eq. 1 in Eq. 9 of Ref. 1 and integrating, it is easily shown that for Poiseuille flow .......................(2) and, hence, ....................(3) ...........................(4) GENERALIZED NEWTONIAN SYSTEMS Odd Power This model is of the form ......................(5a) Note that it represents a Maclaurin-type series expansion, based on the Newtonian model, which is restricted to the odd powers of the stress. SPEJ P. 309^

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Integration method of non-elementary exponential functions using iterated Fubinni integrals

International Journal for Innovation Education and Research ◽

10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss9.3326 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 169-177

Author(s):

Odirley Willians Miranda Saraiva ◽

Gustavo Nogueira Dias ◽

Fabricio da Silva Lobato ◽

José Carlos Barros de Souza Júnior ◽

Washington Luiz Pedrosa da Silva Junior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Power Series ◽

Differential Equations ◽

Exponential Function ◽

Taylor Series ◽

Integration Method ◽

Exponential Functions ◽

Integration Methods ◽

Elliptic Differential Equations ◽

Double Integrals ◽

Statistical Functions

The present work presents a new method of integration of non-elementary exponential functions where Fubinni's iterated integrals were used. In this research, some approximations were used in order to generalize the results obtained through mathematical series, in addition to integration methods and double integrals. In addition to the integration methods, the Taylor series was used, where the value found and compatible with the values of the power series that are used to calculate the value of the exponential function demonstrated in the work was verified. In addition to the methods described, a comparison of the values obtained by the series and the values described in the method was improvised, where it was noticed that the higher the value of the variable, the closer the results show a stability for the variable greater than the value 4, described in table 01. The conclusions point to a great improvement, mainly for solving elliptic differential equations and statistical functions.

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Wearable computing systems – electronic textiles

Wearable Electronics and Photonics ◽

10.1533/9781845690441.177 ◽

2005 ◽

pp. 177-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Tünde Kirstein ◽

Didier Cottet ◽

Janusz Grzyb ◽

Gerhard Tröster

Keyword(s):

Wearable Computing ◽

Electronic Textiles ◽

Computing Systems

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On the contributions of non-technical stakeholders to describing UX requirements by applying proto-persona

Journal of Software Engineering Research and Development ◽

10.5753/jserd.2019.155 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Eduardo G Pinheiro ◽

Larissa A. Lopes ◽

Tayana U. Conte ◽

Luciana A M Zaina

Keyword(s):

Empirical Study ◽

Software Development ◽

Qualitative Analysis ◽

User Experience ◽

Requirements Elicitation ◽

Development Phase ◽

Software Developers

Context: Requirements elicitation is a software development phase that should investigate both functional and user experience (UX) requirements. Proto-persona is a technique that encourages the attention on the needs of a group of users. Usually, its elaboration is conducted by software specialists, technical stakeholders. However, non-technical stakeholders usually know more about target users and frequently do not take part in proto-persona elaboration. Objective: This work has the goal of investigating the contribution of non-technical stakeholders in the specification of UX requirements by using the proto-persona technique. For this, we explored the construction of the proto-personas and the use of these to the prototyping of solutions. Method: We carried out an empirical study in two rounds from which we analyzed and compared the contribution that technical and non-technical stakeholders had on the specification of UX requirements. In the first, 8 non-technical and 5 technical stakeholders built proto-personas. Afterwards, 18 pairs of software developers created low fidelity prototypes by using the information of proto-personas.~For the two rounds, we conducted a qualitative analysis exploring which UX requirements were described and used. Results: Our results revealed that both stakeholders have written up details of UX requirements on the artifact, however, throughout different and complementary perspectives. We also could observe that proto-personas produced by both were used on the prototyping activity. Conclusion: Our paper contributed to demonstrate that non-technical stakeholders were able to contribute to the specification of UX requirements and that proto-persona can boost such activity.

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