Assessing the Vulnerability of Rural Households to Floods at Pol-e Dokhtar Region in Iran

The agricultural sector in rural areas is seriously affected by climate change, affecting agricultural production and farming communities. This paper investigates rural households’ vulnerability to floods in the seven agricultural-based regions of Pol-e Dokhtar, south of Lorestan Province, Iran. The primary data for the vulnerability indicators were collected from 322 households. Three main components of vulnerability, including exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity, were measured using the obtained data. The weighting of indicators was done by the MSF method and using MATLAB software. The results showed that the social and economic characteristics of households affect their vulnerability to floods. The Jayder, Mamolan, and Afrineh regions, which were more exposed to floods, had less capacity for adaptation. The results showed that the most vulnerable communities could be described by characteristics such as low levels of agricultural insurance, limited access to credit, low levels of income diversification, high levels of unemployment, low levels of social capital, higher dependency ratios, and poor infrastructure. This research showed that diversified livelihoods have a significant effect on reducing farmers’ sensitivity to floods. The study proposes policy implications to increase resilience and reduce farmers’ vulnerability to floods. The government and other development partners should prioritize the most vulnerable areas by improving their access to finance and providing the technical assistance required for increasing their coping capacity.

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PROGRESSIVE FARMERS AS CATALYSTS FOR REGENERATION IN RURAL AREAS THROUGH FARMER TO FARMER EXTENSION APPROACH

PLANT ARCHIVES ◽

10.51470/plantarchives.2021.v21.no1.120 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (no 1) ◽

Author(s):

Yoyon Haryanto ◽

Oeng Anwarudin ◽

Wiwik Yuniarti

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Agricultural Development ◽

Technical Assistance ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Active Role ◽

Good Communication ◽

Road Map ◽

Self Help ◽

Informal Leaders ◽

The Government

Progressive farmers that are labeled as self-help extension workers may play an active role, have control over their own community, take a role in society and be more involved in agricultural development. The results of this study show that currently, the capacity of progressive farmers as self-help extension workers, especially in terms of technical matters, is good enough. Therefore, they have the potential to develop their communities and the opportunity to become independent and equal partners with the government extension workers, not as “government extension assistants” like the current stigma. One of the solutions of compiling a road map for the development of young agropreneurs, is by optimizing the role of progressive farmers as selfhelp extension workers in encouraging the acceleration of farmer’s regeneration. It has been proven that progressive farmers as self-help extension workers have good communication skills in providing examples and encouraging young farmers to love jobs in the agricultural sector therefore, eroding the bad perception of working in the agricultural sector. In addition, they have good capacity potential in empowering fellow farmers. This is identified from their ability as self-help extension workers in terms of technical assistance, disseminating innovations according to farmers’ needs, providing training to partner farmers, becoming informal leaders and maintaining local wisdom.

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Analisis Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Pada Industri Batu Bata di Kecamatan Seputih Mataram Kabupaten Lampung Tengah

Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan ◽

10.23960/jep.v8i2.44 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 113-126

Author(s):

Benny Prayudi ◽

Ida Budiarty ◽

Irma Febriana MK

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Industrial Sector ◽

Primary Data ◽

Working Capital ◽

Government Guarantee ◽

Capital Growth ◽

Low Levels ◽

The Government

One of the efforts in job creation is to carry out development in the industrial sector. The industrial sector is theoretically believed to be the leading sector in the economy. The growth and development of the industrial sector mean more extensive opportunities to absorb labor. More labor absorption occurs in urban areas compared to rural areas. The difficulty of finding employment, lack of expertise, and low levels of education are reasons some villagers work in the brick industry. This type of production is more common in rural areas, given that one of the industrial raw materials, clay, is more easily obtained in rural areas. This study was conducted to determine the effect of wage variables, capital prices, and output levels on employment in the brick industry in the Seputih District of Mataram. The data used is sourced from primary data. Primary data was obtained by distributing questionnaires to brick entrepreneurs in the Seputih District of Mataram, Central Lampung Regency. Estimation results show these variables partially or jointly affect the absorption of labor by 88.75 percent. The effect of working capital growth on the growth of the intake of workers shows the highest coefficient. Thus a government guarantee is needed to increase working capital in the brick management business if the government wants to increase employment expansion.

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The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v12i4pp.433-437 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 433-437

Author(s):

Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi

Keyword(s):

Capita Income ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Central Government ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Farm Size ◽

Per Capita Income ◽

Tax Rate ◽

Water Rate ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

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Growth of Rural Indebtedness in Punjab

Indian Journal of Economics and Development ◽

10.35716/ijed/ns20-032 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 336-341

Keyword(s):

Financial Institutions ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Rural Households ◽

Small Sample ◽

Access To Health ◽

Utilisation Pattern ◽

Agricultural Labourers

The problem of indebtedness among the rural households of Punjab was become more serious in the last two decades. A large number of studies were carried out in India and abroad to look into the problem of rural indebtedness and its consequences but most of these studies are either based upon a very small sample of a few districts or cover the farmers only. The present study would be wider in scope as it was also included artisans, agricultural labourers (non- cultivators) along with the farmers (cultivators). This study analysed the situation of Punjab as a whole and district wise analysis was done. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt was made to analyse the growth of indebtedness among the rural households in Punjab and attempt was made to explain the utilisation pattern of loan used by rural households and tried to trace out how the situation of household indebtedness in the Punjab evolved and changed over the course of about ten years. The study will be helpful to planners, academicians, researchers as well as policymakers for solving the problem of indebtedness among rural households for the betterment of the society as a whole. It is suggested that encouragement should be given to subsidiary occupations, improvement in access to health at subsidised rate in rural areas to curb the indebtedness and to monitor the informal mechanism of credit by Government and financial institutions along with availability of the appropriate delivery of credit into the agricultural as well as non-agricultural sector of rural areas by eliminating costly sources of money lenders for the accurate functioning of the economy.

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Perceptions of an ageing agricultural workforce and farmers’ productivity strategies: Evidence from Prachinburi Province, Thailand

Outlook on Agriculture ◽

10.1177/00307270211025053 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 003072702110250

Author(s):

Sylvia Szabo ◽

Chidchanok Apipoonanon ◽

Malay Pramanik ◽

Kevin Leeson ◽

Devendra Raj Singh

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Sector ◽

Labour Force ◽

New Technology ◽

Negative Influence ◽

Farm Size ◽

Primary Data ◽

Intergenerational Support ◽

Ageing Workforce ◽

The Family ◽

The Government

Thailand’s agriculture is facing an ageing workforce, which could negatively influence agricultural production. Yet, there is still limited evidence regarding the perception of the ageing agricultural labour force in the country and a lack of insights into farmers’ strategies to improve agricultural output. To fill this gap, we analysed primary data from questionnaire-based surveys of 365 households in Prachinburi Province, Thailand. The results show that household poverty, farm experience, retirement, health concerns, and farm accidents are positively associated with the farmers’ perception on the ageing workforce, whereas education level, having an ageing farmer in the family, farm size, mentoring and access to new technology have a negative influence on the perception of the ageing workforce. Given the anticipated implications of the population ageing in Thailand, the government should consider establishing policy options to encourage younger entrants into the agricultural sector and prioritising policies related to intergenerational support.

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Savings Behavior of Government Salaried People in Unakoti District of Tripura

ComFin Research ◽

10.34293/commerce.v9i1.3544 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 26-37

Author(s):

Sukharanjan Debnath

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Financial Literacy ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Primary Data ◽

Dependency Ratio ◽

Government Employees ◽

Savings Behavior ◽

Daily Rate ◽

Savings Rate ◽

The Government

As per rules, the Savings practice of Government salaried people is mandatory up to a stipulated amount of monthly salary. According to GPF, EPF and NPS Rules, a predetermined amount is deducted by the employer at source for the future wellbeing of the concerned employee and invest to GPF, EPF, NPS, etc. In addition to these mandatory savings, employees can save their money to other savings instruments according to their capability and other conditions. As most of the government employees in Unakoti district of Tripura are working with small designations and salaries, they are not able to save more in addition to mandatory savings. Fixed Pay Employee (FPE), Contract Base Worker (CBW), Per Time Worker (PTW), Monthly Pay Worker (MPW), Daily Rate Worker (DRW) are the working conditions where employees get less amount of salary in comparison to regular employees. Under these conditions, their savings rate is also low in comparison to other employees. Other Sources of income, spouse job, dependency ratio, age, literacy level, educational qualification and availability of savings instruments nearby employees are an important aspect for better understanding of savings improvement in the District. The present study entitled “Savings behavior of Government Salaried People in Unakoti District of Tripura” is an empirical study based on primary data and secondary data. The study reveals that the savings rate of salaried people in Unakoti District of Tripura is growing slowly. Financial literacy, reduction of dependency ratio by employment generation programs, Massive awareness program and availability of savings instruments in the rural areas may make a vigorous savings environment in Unakoti District of Tripura.

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Policies supporting for agricultural cooperatives in Vietnam: An experience from agricultural cooperatives in the Red River Delta

Technium Social Sciences Journal ◽

10.47577/tssj.v25i1.4967 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 126-133

Author(s):

Hai Ninh Nguyen Thi

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Sector ◽

River Delta ◽

Red River ◽

Primary Data ◽

Agricultural Cooperatives ◽

Red River Delta ◽

Farm Land ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

Agricultural cooperatives have been established in Vietnam since the 1950s. During its development, agricultural cooperatives have made significant contributions to the growth of agricultural sector and to the improvement of farmers' income who are members of the cooperatives. Since Vietnam implemented the "Innovation-Doi moi" in 1986, the Government has continued to issue many policies to support for agricultural cooperatives. However, the impact of these policies on the development of almost all agricultural cooperatives has not been as expected. This paper aims to analyze the implementation of several policies supporting for agricultural cooperatives; to identify advantages and disadvantages of these policies; and to propose solutions for improving policies in the furture. In addition to secondary data from the Vietnam Cooperative Alliance, this paper uses primary data collected from 60 agricultural cooperatives in the Red River Delta to analyze the implementation of policies on cooperative staffs training, cooperative finance supporting, and cooperative land supporting. Bascially, the results show that the policy on training cooperative staff is quite well implemented, it helps to improve the capacity of cooperative managers in all surveyed cooperatives. In contrast, the finance supporting policy has many regulations that make it difficult for agricultural cooperatives to access capital, only nearly 30% of surveyed cooperatives get loans for production. Similarly, the land supporting policy also has unreasonable regulations which prevent agricultural cooperatives from scaling-up production because of the lack of farm-land. Consequently, about 60% of surveyed cooperatives are supported to rent farm-land for expanding agricultural production.

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CONDITION AND MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DIGITAL ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY OF RUSSIA

Vestnik of Kazan state agrarin university ◽

10.12737/article_5ccedf70f3c652.10999055 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 107-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Петр Акмаров ◽

Petr Akmarov ◽

Миршарип Газетдинов ◽

Mirsharip Gazetdinov ◽

Ольга Князева ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Information Technologies ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Digital Economy ◽

Regional Differentiation ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

Global Trends ◽

Innovative Technologies ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

The Government

The description of the main characteristics of the modern stage of development of information technology and global trends in digitalization is given. A brief information is given on the state of informatization in Russia as a whole, as well as in the country’s agriculture. A comparative analysis of the level of digitalization in rural areas and urban districts is given, the main reasons for the differences are highlighted. The necessity of information technologies development in the agricultural sector of the economy, as a factor in ensuring the country’s food security and a factor in the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products, is substantiated. The features of intellectual agriculture, its benefits for producers and for the population are shown. The dynamics of innovative technologies development is given based on the digital economy in recent years with the release of lagging branches of the agro-industrial complex. The regional differentiation of digitalization of the economy among the population is shown, the interrelation of the informatization level of the population with the development of innovative technologies in the economy of the region is shown. Using the example of cellular communication development, the convergence of digitalization level in cities and villages of the country has been proved. The main problems hindering the information technologies development in agriculture and new solutions adopted at the level of the President and the Government of Russia on the development of informatization are highlighted. The most promising areas of agricultural transformation are shown, focused on the digitization of various aspects of the industry and infrastructure production and sales.

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Fenomena Penuaan Petani dan Berkurangnya Tenaga Kerja Muda serta Implikasinya bagi Kebijakan Pembangunan Pertanian

Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi ◽

10.21082/fae.v34n1.2016.35-55 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 35 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sri Hery Susilowati

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Agricultural Development ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Young Workers ◽

Agricultural Industry ◽

Agricultural Diversification ◽

Determining Factors ◽

The Government

English Qualified human resources with a good commitment to develop agricultural sector is one of the determining factors toward sustainable agricultural development. However, agricultural development deals with significant issue especially reduction in the number of young farmers. This paper aims to review structural changes from perspective of aging farmer and declined number of young farmers in Indonesia and other countries. Specifically, this paper identifies various factors causing the changes and describes the policies needed to support young workers to enter agricultural sector. The method used in this paper is both descriptive analysis and cross tabulation. The results show that aging farmers and young farmers decline in Indonesia keep increasing. The phenomena are also found in other countries in Asia, Europe, America and Australia. Various factors causing lack interest of young workers in agricultural sector, namely less prestigious, high risk, less assurance, unstable earning. Other factors are small size land holding, limited non-agricultural diversification and agricultural processing activities in rural areas, slow farm management succession, and lack of incentive for young farmers. To attract youth to enter agricultural sector, it is necessary to transform youth’s perception that agricultural sector currently is interesting and promising. The government needs to development agricultural industry in rural areas, introduces technology innovation, offers special incentives for young farmers, modernizes agriculture, and conducts training and empowerment of young farmers. Indonesian Sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas dan memiliki komitmen membangun sektor pertanian merupakan salah satu faktor keberhasilan pembangunan pertanian berkelanjutan. Namun, pembangunan pertanian menghadapi permasalahan cukup serius, yaitu jumlah petani muda terus mengalami penurunan, baik secara absolut maupun relatif, sementara petani usia tua semakin meningkat. Tujuan makalah ini adalah melakukan review tentang perubahan struktural tenaga kerja pertanian dilihat dari fenomena aging farmer dan menurunnya jumlah tenaga kerja usia muda sektor pertanian di Indonesia dan di berbagai negara lainnya, mengidentifikasi berbagai faktor penyebab perubahan tersebut, serta kebijakan yang diperlukan untuk mendukung tenaga kerja muda masuk ke sektor pertanian. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan tabulasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa secara umum fenomena penuaan petani dan berkurangnya petani muda di Indonesia semakin meningkat. Kondisi seperti ini bukan hanya terjadi di Indonesia, namun juga di negara-negara lain di Asia, Eropa, dan Amerika. Berbagai faktor penyebab menurunnya minat tenaga kerja muda di sektor pertanian, di antaranya citra sektor pertanian yang kurang bergengsi, berisiko tinggi, kurang memberikan jaminan tingkat, stabilitas, dan kontinyuitas pendapatan; rata-rata penguasaan lahan sempit; diversifikasi usaha nonpertanian dan industri pertanian di desa kurang/tidak berkembang; suksesi pengelolaan usaha tani rendah; belum ada kebijakan insentif khusus untuk petani muda/pemula; dan berubahnya cara pandang pemuda di era postmodern seperti sekarang. Strategi yang perlu dilakukan untuk menarik minat pemuda bekerja di pertanian antara lain mengubah persepsi generasi muda bahwa sektor pertanian merupakan sektor yang menarik dan menjanjikan apabila dikelola dengan tekun dan sungguh-sungguh, pengembangan agroindustri, inovasi teknologi, pemberian insentif khusus kepada petani muda, pengembangan pertanian modern, pelatihan dan pemberdayaan petani muda, serta memperkenalkan pertanian kepada generasi muda sejak dini.

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Impactos da Covid-19 na produção e comercialização de alimentos em Brasília-DF: desafios para os assentados/acampados da reforma agrária

GeoTextos ◽

10.9771/geo.v17i1.44588 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Juliana Luiza Barbosa Dias ◽

Juscelino Eudâmidas Bezerra

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Food Production ◽

Food Systems ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Agrarian Reform ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Primary Data ◽

Direct Sales ◽

On Line ◽

The Impact

O setor agrícola foi severamente afetado pela pandemia de Covid-19, gerando incertezas sobre a produção e a distribuição de alimentos, o que afetou diretamente o trabalho de milhões de agricultores. Este artigo visa a analisar o impacto da pandemia na produção de alimentos em Brasília-DF, especialmente entre os agricultores assentados/acampados da reforma agrária. Para a análise, foram utilizados dados primários obtidos através de um questionário on-line destinado ao público da reforma agrária em áreas rurais das regiões administrativas da capital federal, além de dados secundários, disponibilizados por instituições públicas. Os resultados mostraram que o impacto da pandemia foi intenso entre os agricultores, deixando-os extremamente vulneráveis, principalmente nos meses iniciais da pandemia. Como forma de enfretamento dos efeitos da pandemia, os trabalhadores adotaram quatro medidas específicas: a utilização do serviço de entrega delivery; a venda de cestas agroecológicas; a participação em redes solidárias e a venda direta em feira de reforma agrária. Essas novas dinâmicas de comercialização têm transformado as formas de interação campo-cidade ao demandar estratégias diferenciadas para alcançar os consumidores finais, contribuindo para amenizar os efeitos disruptivos da pandemia nos sistemas alimentares locais.AbstractIMPACTS OF COVID-19 ON FOOD PRODUCTION AND COMMERCIALIZATION IN BRASILIA-DF: CHALLENGES FOR AGRARIAN REFORM SETTLERS/CAMPEDThe agricultural sector was severely affected by the pandemic of Covid-19, genera- ting uncertainties about food production and distribution, which directly affected the work of millions of farmers. This article aims to analyze the impact of the pandemic on food production in Brasília-DF, especially among farmers settled in agrarian reform settlements. The analysis used primary data obtained through an on-line questionnaire addressed to the public of agrarian reform in rural areas of the administrative regions of the federal capital, as well as secondary data made available by public institutions. The results showed that the impact of the pandemic was intense among farmers, leaving them extremely vulnerable, especially in the initial months of the pandemic. As a way of countering the effects of the pandemic, workers have adopted four specific measures: the use of delivery services; the salof agro-ecological baskets; participation in solidarity networks; and direct sales at agrarian reform fairs. These new commercialization dynamics have transformed the forms of countryside-city interaction by demanding different strategies to reach final consumers, contributing to mitigate the pandemic’s disruptive effects on local food systems.

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