scholarly journals Contamination Assessment and Source Apportionment of Metals and Metalloids Pollution in Agricultural Soil: A Comparison of the APCA-MLR and APCA-GWR Models

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 783
Author(s):  
Zhouqiao Ren ◽  
George Christakos ◽  
Zhaohan Lou ◽  
Haitao Xu ◽  
Xiaonan Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Chongming Island

Metals and metalloids accumulate in soil, which not only leads to soil degradation and crop yield reduction but also poses hazards to human health. Commonly, source apportionment methods generate an overall relationship between sources and elements and, thus, lack the ability to capture important geographical variations of pollution sources. The present work uses a dataset collected by intensive sampling (1848 topsoil samples containing the metals Cd, Hg, Cr, Pb, and a metalloid of As) in the Shanghai study area and proposes a synthetic approach to source apportionment in the condition of spatial heterogeneity (non-stationarity) through the integration of absolute principal component scores with geographically weighted regression (APCA-GWR). The results showed that three main sources were detected by the APCA, i.e., natural sources, such as alluvial soil materials; agricultural activities, especially the overuse of phosphate fertilizer; and atmospheric deposition pollution from industry coal combustion and transportation activities. APCA-GWR provided more accurate and site-specific pollution source information than the mainstream APCA-MLR, which was verified by higher R2, lower AIC values, and non-spatial autocorrelation of residuals. According to APCA-GWR, natural sources were responsible for As and Cr accumulation in the northern mainland and Pb accumulation in the southern and northern mainland. Atmospheric deposition was the main source of Hg in the entire study area and Pb in the eastern mainland and Chongming Island. Agricultural activities, especially the overuse of phosphate fertilizer, were the main source of Cd across the study area and of As and Cr in the southern regions of the mainland and the middle of Chongming Island. In summary, this study highlights the use of a synthetic APCA-GWR model to efficiently handle source apportionment issues with spatial heterogeneity, which can provide more accurate and specific pollution source information and better references for pollution prevention and human health protection.

scholarly journals Risk assessment and source apportionment of trace elements in multiple compartments in the lower reach of the Jinsha River, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenyan He ◽  
Fei Li ◽  
Jiang Yu ◽  
Min Chen ◽  
Yun Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Lower Reach ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Jinsha River ◽  
Multi Media ◽  
Environmental Compartments

AbstractStudies on trace element (TE) pollution in abiotic matrices have typically focused on water, sediment, and soil, either separately or in pairs. The importance of multi-media connectivity has been ignored. This study analyzed the concentrations of 6 TEs in three connected environmental compartments of a 28-km section of the lower reach of the Jinsha River. The ecological risk posed by TEs was higher in soil than in sediment. The contribution of exposure pathways to human health risk were ranked as ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation. An improved regional environmental risk index (RERI) method was then developed to evaluate the comprehensive risk on both ecology and human health caused by TEs. The average RERI value was generally higher in the wet season (0.42) than in the dry (0.41) and dry-to-wet transition seasons (0.08) because of the combined effects of the high TE concentrations in riparian soil and the long exposure time. Source apportionment indicated that industrial activities, weathering of parent rock, and agricultural activities were possible sources of TEs in this region. The methods and results of this study could inform local environmental management and provide references for similar cases wherein multiple compartments of river systems should be considered.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution and Source Apportionment of Soil Heavy Metals in Pearl River Delta, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9651
Author(s):  
Guangcai Yin ◽  
Hanghai Zhu ◽  
Zhiliang Chen ◽  
Chuanghong Su ◽  
Zechen He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Pearl River Delta ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Pearl River ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
The Pearl River

The contents of ten heavy metals (HMs) (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Hg, As, Co, and Mn) in 80 surface soil samples (0–20 cm) were investigated in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), Guangdong Province, China. The average contents of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Hg, As, Co, and Mn were 16.45, 40.20, 45.10, 0.09, 12.93, 47.93, 0.13, 14.44, 5.68, and 199.66 mg/kg, respectively. The soil quality was generally good, though slightly higher levels (1.17, 1.61, 1.67, and 1.62 times) of soil Pb, Cd, Hg, and As contents were observed compared with the soil background values. The spatial distribution of soil HM pollution in the PRD showed that 36% of sample sites were evaluated as sites without soil pollution, 32% as sites with slight pollution, 20% as sites with nearly moderate pollution, 9% as sites with moderate pollution, and 3% as site with serious pollution. Source apportionment analysis showed that the source of 64.33% of soil HMs in the PRD could be explained by natural and industrial sources, 24.80% by transportation, and 10.87% by agricultural activities.

scholarly journals Urban Groundwater Contamination by Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 720
Author(s):  
Anna Jurado ◽  
Enric Vázquez-Suñé ◽  
Estanislao Pujades
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Human Health ◽  
River Water ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Urban Groundwater ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Water Recharge ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Pharmaceuticals, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and their metabolites, have become a major concern due to their increasing consumption and their widespread occurrence in the environment. In this paper, we investigate the occurrence of NSAIDs and their metabolites in an urban aquifer, which may serve as a potential resource for drinking water, and propose a methodology to assess the removal of these substances in the river–groundwater interface. Then, risk quotients (RQs) are computed, in order to determine the risk posed by the single NSAIDs and their mixture to human health. To this end, six NSAIDs and two metabolites were collected from an urban aquifer located in the metropolitan area of Barcelona (NE, Spain), in which the major pollution source is a contaminated river. All of the target NSAIDs were detected in groundwater samples, where the concentrations in the aquifer were higher than those found in the river water (except for ibuprofen). Diclofenac, ketoprofen, propyphenazone and salicylic acid were detected at high mean concentrations (ranging from 91.8 ng/L to 225.2 ng/L) in the aquifer. In contrast, phenazone and mefenamic acid were found at low mean concentrations (i.e., lower than 25 ng/L) in the aquifer. According to the proposed approach, the mixing of river water recharge into the aquifer seemed to some extent to promote the removal of the NSAIDs under the sub-oxic to denitrifying conditions found in the groundwater. The NSAIDs that presented higher mean removal values were 4OH diclofenac (0.8), ibuprofen (0.78), salicylic acid (0.35) and diclofenac (0.28), which are likely to be naturally attenuated under the aforementioned redox conditions. Concerning human health risk assessment, the NSAIDs detected in groundwater and their mixture do not pose any risk for all age intervals considered, as the associated RQs were all less than 0.05. Nevertheless, this value must be taken with caution, as many pharmaceuticals might occur simultaneously in the groundwater.

Water quality management planning zone development by introducing a GIS tool in Kathmandu valley, Nepal

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 209-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-R. Ha ◽  
D. Pokhrel
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
River Pollution ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
Bagmati River

This research was conducted to identify the critical pollution (BOD, TN, TP) areas and to develop the priority mitigation zone for the Bagmati River pollution in the Kathmandu valley, Nepal. A GIS tool was used to define and identify the critical pollution areas and sources. Pollution source information such as population, livestock, industry and land use were collected on the basis of the individual village boundary. The industrial, land use and living pollution were aggregated by the GIS overlay analysis capability to obtain the combined pollution load within the watershed. Priority areas for the mitigation of the pollution were defined considering the pollution loading rate, distance of stream from pollution source, and political, religious, and touristic values of the area. This research noticed that Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur municipalities are the major polluting areas and living beings are the major factors of Bagmati River pollution. Delivery ratio for the watershed was found to vary from 40-69% for BOD and nitrogen but the delivery of phosphorus was exceptionally high (92% at Gaurighat and 77% at Chovar) due to cremation activity of the Hindu religion on the riverbanks. Thus, the priority areas for the mitigation of the carbonaceous and nutrient source pollution were identified. At present the land use and industry impaired a very low contribution compared to the huge pollution load from the municipalities to the river system.

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