scholarly journals Characteristic of Stomatal Conductance and Optimal Stomatal Behaviour in an Arid Oasis of Northwestern China

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 968
Author(s):  
Tuo Han ◽  
Qi Feng ◽  
Tengfei Yu ◽  
Xiaofang Zhang ◽  
Xiaomei Yang ◽  
...  

Stomatal conductance (gs), the process that governs plant carbon uptake and water loss, is fundamental to most Land Surface Models (LSMs). With global change accelerating, more attention should be paid to investigating stomatal behavior, especially in extremely arid areas. In this study, gas exchange measurements and environmental/biological variables observations during growing seasons in 2016 and 2017 were combined to investigate diurnal and seasonal characteristics of gs and the applicability of the optimal stomatal conductance model in a desert oasis vineyard. The results showed that the responses of gs to environmental factors (photosynthesis active radiation, PAR; vapor pressure deficit, VPD; and temperature, T) formed hysteresis loops in the daytime. The stomatal conductance slope, g1, a parameter in the unified stomatal optimal model, varied in different growing seasons and correlated with the soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance (KL). These results indicated the potential bias when using a constant g1 value to simulate gs and highlighted that the water-use strategy of oasis plants might not be consistent throughout the entire growing season. Our findings further help to achieve a better understanding of stomata behavior in responding to climate change and encourage future efforts toward a more accurate parameterization of gs to improve the modeling of LSMs.

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 10339-10363 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Lombardozzi ◽  
M. J. B. Zeppel ◽  
R. A. Fisher ◽  
A. Tawfik

Abstract. The terrestrial biosphere regulates climate through carbon, water, and energy exchanges with the atmosphere. Land surface models estimate plant transpiration, which is actively regulated by stomatal pores, and provide projections essential for understanding Earth's carbon and water resources. Empirical evidence from 204 species suggests that significant amounts of water are lost through leaves at night, though land surface models typically reduce stomatal conductance to nearly zero at night. Here, we apply observed nighttime stomatal conductance values to a global land surface model, to better constrain carbon and water budgets. We find that our modifications increase transpiration up to 5 % globally, reduce modeled available soil moisture by up to 50 % in semi-arid regions, and increase the importance of the land surface on modulating energy fluxes. Carbon gain declines up to ~ 4 % globally and > 25 % in semi-arid regions. We advocate for realistic constraints of minimum stomatal conductance in future climate simulations, and widespread field observations to improve parameterizations.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gil Bohrer ◽  
Theresia Yazbeck ◽  
Ana Maria Restrepo Acevedo ◽  
Ashley M. Matheny

<p>Modeling of plant hydraulics is at the forefront of development in vegetation and land-surface models.  Numerical tools that consider water flow within the conductive system of plants, and particularly trees, have been developed and used in studies of hydraulic strategy and consequences of hydraulic behavior for drought tolerance. Several established land-surface models such as ED2, CLM, and E3SM have recently developed “hydro” versions and are ready to extrapolate the consequences of including tree hydraulic behaviors into large scale and global simulations. At the core of any plant hydrodynamic model is the assumption that stomatal conductance is dependent on xylem water potential. Further, “plant hydro” models assume that the effect of soil moisture on stomatal conductance is not direct but cascades through depletion of xylem water content in dry soil conditions.</p><p>We use observations of sap flow, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration at a mixed forest in the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS) at the footprint of the US-UMd flux tower to characterize the onset and advancement of hydraulic stress and post-stress recovery. We define stress by observing tree-level decrease of stomatal conductance during sunny days as soil-moisture deficit progresses. We use the Penman-Monteith (PM) formulation to calculate stomatal conductance given observed atmospheric forcing: air temperature, humidity, net radiation, soil heat flux, and aerodynamic resistance. Such PM-based approach effectively decouples changes in evapotranspiration due to atmospheric forcing vs. changes due to decreased stomatal conductance. Multiple years of sap-flow measurements in tens of trees of multiple species allow us to identify the species-specific characteristics of the onset of stress, and the hysteretic dynamics of stomatal conductance. The daily hysteresis indicates the severity of stress. Longer-term inter-day hysteresis of the relationship between noon-time stomatal conductance and soil moisture, before and after rain have alleviated the moisture stress, indicates species-specific strategies of hydraulic-stress recovery. Recovery time is related to the degree of stress, and can vary between a nearly reversible state and 1 to 2 days of recovery, to a long recovery of several days. We find large differences between species in the sensitivity to stress and in the strength of coupling between stem water content and stomatal conductance. These are consistent with the hydraulic strategy of the trees along the an/isohydric continuum.    </p><p>Identifying the hydraulic characteristics of water stress and direct observations of the coupling between stem water storage, conductance, and transpiration provide key observations with which to tune hydrodynamic models and allow process-based functional-type parameterization of stomatal conductance that accounts for tree hydrodynamics and hydraulic stress recovery.   </p>


HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Hicklenton ◽  
Julia Y. Reekie ◽  
Robert J. Gordon ◽  
David C. Percival

Seasonal patterns of CO2 assimilation (ACO2), leaf water potential (ψ1) and stomatal conductance (g1) were studied in three clones (`Augusta', `Brunswick', and `Chignecto') of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) over two growing seasons. Plants were managed in a 2-year cycle of fruiting (year 1) and burn-prune (year 2). In the fruiting year, ACO2 was lowest in mid-June and early September. Rates peaked between 10 and 31 July and declined after fruit removal in late August. Compared with the fruiting year, ACO2 in the prune year was between 50% and 130% higher in the early season, and between 80% and 300% higher in mid-September. In both years, however, mid-season maximum ACO2 for each clone was between 9 and 10 μmol·m–2·s–1CO2. Assimilation of CO2 increased with increasing photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) to between 500 and 600 μmol·s–1·m–2 in `Augusta' and `Brunswick', and to between 700 and 800 μmol·s–1·m–2 in `Chignecto'. Midday ψ1 was generally lower in the prune year than in the fruiting year, reflecting year-to-year differences in soil water content. Stomatal conductance (g1), however, was generally higher in the prune year than in the fruiting year over similar vapor pressure deficit (VPD) ranges, especially in June and September when prune year g1 was often twice that observed in the fruiting year. In the fruiting year, g1 declined through the day in response to increasing VPD in June, but was quite constant in mid-season. It tended to be higher in `Augusta' than in the other two clones. Stomatal closure imposes limitations on ACO2 in lowbush blueberries, but not all seasonal change in C-assimilative capacity can be explained by changes in g1.


2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 321-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danica L. Lombardozzi ◽  
Melanie J. B. Zeppel ◽  
Rosie A. Fisher ◽  
Ahmed Tawfik

Abstract. The terrestrial biosphere regulates climate through carbon, water, and energy exchanges with the atmosphere. Land-surface models estimate plant transpiration, which is actively regulated by stomatal pores, and provide projections essential for understanding Earth's carbon and water resources. Empirical evidence from 204 species suggests that significant amounts of water are lost through leaves at night, though land-surface models typically reduce stomatal conductance to nearly zero at night. Here, we test the sensitivity of carbon and water budgets in a global land-surface model, the Community Land Model (CLM) version 4.5, to three different methods of incorporating observed nighttime stomatal conductance values. We find that our modifications increase transpiration by up to 5 % globally, reduce modeled available soil moisture by up to 50 % in semi-arid regions, and increase the importance of the land surface in modulating energy fluxes. Carbon gain declines by up to  ∼ 4 % globally and  >  25 % in semi-arid regions. We advocate for realistic constraints of minimum stomatal conductance in future climate simulations, and widespread field observations to improve parameterizations.


HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 501c-501
Author(s):  
Andrés A. Estrada-Luna ◽  
Jonathan N. Egilla ◽  
Fred T. Davies

The effect of mycorrhizal fungi on gas exchange of micropropagated guava plantlets (Psidium guajava L.) during acclimatization and plant establishment was determined. Guava plantlets (Psidium guajava L. cv. `Media China') were asexually propagated through tissue culture and acclimatized in a glasshouse for eighteen weeks. Half of the plantlets were inoculated with ZAC-19, which is a mixed isolate containing Glomus etunicatum and an unknown Glomus spp. Plantlets were fertilized with modified Long Ashton nutrient solution containing 11 (g P/ml. Gas exchange measurements included photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (E), water use efficiency (WUE), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Measurements were taken at 2, 4, 8 and 18 weeks after inoculation using a LI-6200 portable photosynthesis system (LI-COR Inc. Lincoln, Neb., USA). Two weeks after inoculation, noninoculated plantlets had greater A compared to mycorrhizal plantlets. However, 4 and 8 weeks after inoculation, mycorrhizal plantlets had greater A, gs, Ci and WUE. At the end of the experiment gas exchange was comparable between noninoculated and mycorrhizal plantlets.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandy P. Harrison ◽  
Wolfgang Cramer ◽  
Oskar Franklin ◽  
Iain Colin Prentice ◽  
Han Wang ◽  
...  

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo Mäkelä ◽  
Jürgen Knauer ◽  
Mika Aurela ◽  
Andrew Black ◽  
Martin Heimann ◽  
...  

Abstract. We calibrated the JSBACH model with six different stomatal conductance formulations using measurements from 10 FLUXNET coniferous evergreen sites in the Boreal zone. The parameter posterior distributions were generated by adaptive population importance sampler and the optimal values by a simple stochastic optimisation algorithm. The observations used to constrain the model are evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary production (GPP). We identified the key parameters in the calibration process. These parameters control the soil moisture stress function and the overall rate of carbon fixation. We were able to improve the coefficient of determination and the model bias with all stomatal conductance formulations. There was no clear candidate for the best stomatal conductance model, although certain versions produced better estimates depending on the examined variable (ET, GPP) and the used metric. We were also able to significantly enhance the model behaviour during a drought event in a Finnish Scots pine forest site. The JSBACH model was also modified to use a delayed effect of temperature for photosynthetic activity. This modification enabled the model to correctly time and replicate the springtime increase in GPP (and ET) for conifers throughout the measurements sites used in this study.


2006 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
pp. 1367-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Dolman ◽  
J. Noilhan ◽  
P. Durand ◽  
C. Sarrat ◽  
A. Brut ◽  
...  

The Second Global Soil Wetness Project (GSWP-2) is an initiative to compare and evaluate 10-year simulations by a broad range of land surface models under controlled conditions. A major product of GSWP-2 is the first global gridded multimodel analysis of land surface state variables and fluxes for use by meteorologists, hydrologists, engineers, biogeochemists, agronomists, botanists, ecologists, geographers, climatologists, and educators. Simulations by 13 land models from five nations have gone into production of the analysis. The models are driven by forcing data derived from a combination of gridded atmospheric reanalyses and observations. The resulting analysis consists of multimodel means and standard deviations on the monthly time scale, including profiles of soil moisture and temperature at six levels, as well as daily and climatological (mean annual cycle) fields for over 50 land surface variables. The monthly standard deviations provide a measure of model agreement that may be used as a quality metric. An overview of key characteristics of the analysis is presented here, along with information on obtaining the data.


2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Beer ◽  
A. N. Fedorov ◽  
Y. Torgovkin

Abstract. Based on the map of landscapes and permafrost conditions in Yakutia (Merzlotno-landshaftnaya karta Yakutskoi0 ASSR, Gosgeodeziya SSSR, 1991), rasterized maps of permafrost temperature and active-layer thickness of Yakutia, East Siberia were derived. The mean and standard deviation at 0.5-degree grid cell size are estimated by assigning a probability density function at 0.001-degree spatial resolution. The gridded datasets can be accessed at the PANGAEA repository (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.808240). Spatial pattern of both variables are dominated by a climatic gradient from north to south, and by mountains and the soil type distribution. Uncertainties are highest in mountains and in the sporadic permafrost zone in the south. The maps are best suited as a benchmark for land surface models which include a permafrost module.


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