scholarly journals Developmental Brain Asymmetry. The Good and the Bad Sides

Symmetry ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Monica Laura Cara ◽  
Ioana Streata ◽  
Ana Maria Buga ◽  
Dominic Gabriel Iliescu
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Brain Asymmetry ◽  
Brain Lateralization ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
New Biomarkers ◽  
The Right ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Brain asymmetry is a hallmark of the human brain. Recent studies report a certain degree of abnormal asymmetry of brain lateralization between left and right brain hemispheres can be associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions. In this regard, some questions need answers. First, the accelerated brain asymmetry is programmed during the pre-natal period that can be called “accelerated brain decline clock”. Second, can we find the right biomarkers to predict these changes? Moreover, can we establish the dynamics of these changes in order to identify the right time window for proper interventions that can reverse or limit the neurological decline? To find answers to these questions, we performed a systematic online search for the last 10 years in databases using keywords. Conclusion: we need to establish the right in vitro model that meets human conditions as much as possible. New biomarkers are necessary to establish the “good” or the “bad” borders of brain asymmetry at the epigenetic and functional level as early as possible.

Orientation and lateralized cue use in pigeons navigating a large indoor environment

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (12) ◽  
pp. 1795-1805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Prior ◽  
Frank Lingenauber ◽  
Jörg Nitschke ◽  
Onur Güntürkün
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Brain Lateralization ◽  
Spatial Cues ◽  
Brain Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Left Brain ◽  
Right Brain ◽  
Starting Location ◽  
The Right ◽  
Global Reference Frame

SUMMARY The pigeon's use of different visuo-spatial cues was studied under controlled laboratory conditions that simulated analogous aspects of a homing situation. The birds first learned the route to a goal that was not visible from the starting location, but became visible as it was approached. Birds could orientate within a mainly geometric global reference frame, using prominent landmarks within their range, or by `piloting' along local cues. After learning the route, the birds were tested from familiar and unfamiliar release points, and several aspects of the available cues were varied systematically. The study explored the contribution of the left and right brain hemispheres by performing tests with the right or left eye occluded. The results show that pigeons can establish accurate bearings towards a non-visible goal by using a global reference frame only. Furthermore, there was a peak of searching activity at the location predicted by the global reference frame. Search at this location and directedness of the bearings were equally high with both right and left eye, suggesting that both brain hemispheres have the same competence level for these components of the task. A lateralization effect occurred when prominent landmarks were removed or translated. While the right brain hemisphere completely ignored such changes,the left brain hemisphere was distracted by removal of landmarks. After translation of landmarks, the left but not the right brain hemisphere allocated part of the searching activity to the site predicted by the new landmark position. The results show that a mainly geometric global visual reference frame is sufficient to determine exact bearings from familiar and unfamiliar release points. Overall, the results suggest a model of brain lateralization with a well-developed global spatial reference system in either hemisphere and an extra capacity for the processing of object features in the left brain.

Asymmetrical Effect of GABA on the Postural Orientation inClione

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 1673-1676 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Deliagina ◽  
G. N. Orlovsky ◽  
A. I. Selverston ◽  
Y. I. Arshavsky
Keyword(s):  
Body Orientation ◽  
In Vitro Experiments ◽  
Marine Mollusk ◽  
Left Group ◽  
Asymmetrical Effect ◽  
Postural Orientation ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Clione Limacina ◽  
The Right

The marine mollusk Clione limacina, when swimming, normally stabilizes the vertical body orientation by means of the gravitational tail reflexes. Horizontal swimming or swimming along inclined ascending trajectories is observed rarely. Here we report that GABA injection into intact Clione resulted in a change of the stabilized orientation and swimming with a tilt of ∼45° to the left. The analysis of modifications in the postural network underlying this effect was done with in vitro experiments. The CNS was isolated together with the statocysts. Spike discharges in the axons of two groups of motoneurons responsible for the left and right tail flexion, as well as in the axons of CPB3 interneurons mediating signals from the statocyst receptors to the motoneurons, were recorded extracellularly when the preparation was rotated in space. Normally the tail motoneurons of the left and right groups were activated with the contralateral tilt of the preparation. Under the effect of GABA, the gravitational responses in the right group of motoneurons and in the corresponding interneurons were dramatically reduced while the responses in the left group remained unchanged. The most likely site of the inhibitory GABA action is the interneurons mediating signals from the statocysts to the right group of tail motoneurons. The GABA-induced asymmetry of the left and right gravitational tail reflexes, observed in the in vitro experiments, is consistent with a change of the stabilized orientation caused by GABA in the intact Clione.

scholarly journals Congenital amusia—pathology of musical disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Szyfter ◽  
Jadwiga Wigowska-Sowińska
Keyword(s):  
Gray Matter ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Chromosome Region ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Congenital Amusia ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Musical Signals

AbstractAmusia also known as tone deafness affects roughly 1.5% population. Congenital amusia appears from birth and lasts over life span. Usually, it is not associated with other diseases. Its link to hearing impairment has been definitively excluded. Neurobiological studies point to asymmetrical processing of musical signals in auditory cortex of left and right brain hemispheres. The finding was supported by discovering microlesions in the right-side gray matter. Because of its connection with asymmetry, amusia has been classified to disconnection syndromes. Alternatively to the neurobiological explanation of amusia background, an attention was turned to the significance of genetic factors. The studies done on relatives and twins indicated familial aggregation of amusia. Molecular genetic investigations linked amusia with deletion of 22q11.2 chromosome region. Until now no specific genes responsible for development of amusia were found.

Abstract 651: An in Vitro Model to Test Possible Adverse Effects of Electrical Devices on ICD Function

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine T Friedman ◽  
Theodore J MacVeigh ◽  
Peter L Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Fibrillation ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Pulse Generator ◽  
Video Endoscopy ◽  
Electrical Devices ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
The Right ◽  
Distance Interaction

Devices such as capsules swallowed to perform video endoscopy (VE-CAP) or cell phones equipped with Bluetooth® (BLUE) emit electrical signals which could have adverse effects on implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs). We sought to study whether signals from VE-CAP or BLUE could cause spurious inhibition of ventricular pacing (VP i ) or spurious detection of ventricular fibrillation (VF d ) in an in vitro model. A Medtronic D154ATG single chamber ICD was attached to a Medtronic 6948 lead and placed in a saline bath. The ICD was programmed to perform VVI pacing at 60 beats per minute (bpm) and to detect ventricular fibrillation as rates in excess of 188 bpm, with sensitivity programmed at 0.15 mV. ICD therapies were programmed off. A VE-CAP was placed in the saline bath 1 cm. and 6 cm. from the lead tip (LEAD) and then 1 cm. and 6 cm. from the ICD pulse generator (CAN). Marker channels recorded by wireless telemetry from the ICD were used to determine whether the VE-CAP caused interaction (+) or no interaction (−). BLUE was tested in similar fashion. Radiofrequency (RF) electocautery from a Bovie, which is known to result in VP i and VF d , was applied to the saline bath 1 and 6 cm from the lead and 1 and 6 cm from the pulse generator as a control. The results were as follows: ICD lead tips in the right ventricular apex overlie the diaphragm and are often within 1 cm of the transverse colon. However, even at this distance, interaction between a VE-CAP and an ICD resulting in VP i or VF d is unlikely to occur. Capsule video endoscopy in patients with ICDs should be safe, even in patients who are pacemaker dependent. Similarly, BLUE is unlikely to cause VP i or VF d, and should be safe in such patients.

scholarly journals Psychophysiological Analysis of the Influence of Vasopressin on Speech in Patients with Post-Stroke Aphasias

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei G. Tsikunov ◽  
Svetlana G. Belokoskova
Keyword(s):  
Intranasal Administration ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Positive Effect

Speech is an attribute of the human species. Central speech disorders following stroke are unique models for the investigation of the organization of speech. Achievements in neurobiology suggest that there are possible neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in the organization of speech. It is known that the neuropeptide vasotocin, analogous of vasopressin in mammals, modulates various components of vocalization in animals. Furthermore, the positive influence of vasopressin on memory, which plays an important role in the formation of speech, has been described. In this study, speech organization processes and their recovery with the administration of vasopressin (1-desamino-8-D-arginin-vasopressin) to 26 patients with chronic aphasias after stroke were investigated. Results showed that sub-endocrine doses of the neuropeptide with intranasal administration had positive influence primarily on simple forms of speech and secondarily on composite forms. There were no statistically significant differences between the sensory and integrative components of the organization of speech processes with vasopressin. In all cases, the positive effect of the neuropeptide was demonstrated. As a result of the effects, speech regulated by both brain hemispheres improved. It is suggested that the neuropeptide optimizes the activity both in the left and right hemispheres, with primary influence on the right hemisphere. The persistence of the acquired effects is explained by an induction of compensatory processes resulting in the reorganization of the intra-central connections by vasopressin.

scholarly journals Testing of aerosolized ciprofloxacin nanocarriers on cystic fibrosis airway cells infected with P. aeruginosa biofilms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Juntke ◽  
Xabier Murgia ◽  
Nazende Günday Türeli ◽  
Akif Emre Türeli ◽  
Chelsea R. Thorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Pulmonary Delivery ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Vitro Model

AbstractThe major pathogen found in the lungs of adult cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which builds antibiotic-resistant biofilms. Pulmonary delivery of antibiotics by inhalation has already been proved advantageous in the clinic, but the development of novel anti-infective aerosol medicines is complex and could benefit from adequate in vitro test systems. This work describes the first in vitro model of human bronchial epithelial cells cultivated at the air–liquid interface (ALI) and infected with P. aeruginosa biofilm and its application to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of aerosolized anti-infective nanocarriers. Such a model may facilitate the translation of novel therapeutic modalities into the clinic, reducing animal experiments and the associated problems of species differences. A preformed biofilm of P. aeruginosa PAO1 was transferred to filter-grown monolayers of the human CF cell line (CFBE41o-) at ALI and additionally supplemented with human tracheobronchial mucus. This experimental protocol provides an appropriate time window to deposit aerosolized ciprofloxacin-loaded nanocarriers at the ALI. When applied 1 h post-infection, the nanocarriers eradicated all planktonic bacteria and reduced the biofilm fraction of the pathogen by log 6, while CFBE41o- viability and barrier properties were maintained. The here described complex in vitro model approach may open new avenues for preclinical safety and efficacy testing of aerosol medicines against P. aeruginosa lung infection. Graphical abstract

Use of contrast in ultrasound

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Jansson ◽  
Anders Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Left Atrium ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Rapid Injection ◽  
Doppler Signals ◽  
The World ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
The Right ◽  
The University

In 1968, Drs Pravin M. Shah and Raymond Gramiak at the University of Rochester, New York, were conducting a study with the ultimate goal to investigate whether heart stroke volume could be estimated from the extent and duration of cusp separation of the aortic valve, as measured with M-mode ultrasound. Simultaneously, as the reference, they also measured cardiac output with the indicator dilution technique. Here, a bolus of a dye (indocyanine green) is injected and blood is sampled downstream to determine the rate at which the indicator has been transported from the injection site. In Dr Shah’s own account of the experiments, he explains that the routine at his university then was to place a catheter in the left atrium with the trans-septal technique, i.e. inserting the catheter in a vein and penetrating into the left atrium via the right atrium. During the injections of the dye, somewhat to their surprise, they observed a striking echo enhancement across the aorta. The enhancement also appeared when saline and dextrose in water was flushed through the catheter. Dr Gramiak reminded himself of a comment from Dr Claude Joyner, that a temporary echo-enhancement could be observed during saline injections, and they speculated that miniature bubbles produced by gaseous cavitation upon rapid injection of the fluid gave rise to the enhancement, and raised the idea that this could be used as a contrast agent. An in vitro study by Frederick Kremkau provided strong evidence that gas bubbles were actually responsible for the echo enhancement. It is interesting to note how discoveries are made independently around the world, when the time is ripe. At the same time in Lund, Drs Inge Edler and Kjell Lindström performed studies to measure blood flow in the heart. At this point no ultrasound Doppler signals had been recorded from the inside of the heart, and they used a calf heart in an in vitro model to verify that signals could be obtained when water and blood was led through the model.

Endothelium-dependent relaxation differs in porcine pulmonary arteries from the left and right caudal lobes

2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynelle R. Johnson ◽  
John R. Dodam ◽  
M. Harold Laughlin
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Nitroprusside ◽  
Pulmonary Arteries ◽  
Smooth Muscle Contraction ◽  
Lower Drug ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Lung Lobes

We hypothesized that pulmonary arteries (PA) from identical branch orders within left and right caudal lung lobes would exhibit similar vasomotor responses. Arterial rings from caudal lung lobes of female swine were examined in vitro. Vascular smooth muscle contraction to KCl and norepinephrine did not differ. Vascular relaxation to endothelium-dependent (bradykinin, acetylcholine, A-23187) and -independent (sodium nitroprusside, zero-calcium Krebs solution) vasodilators was assessed. Right PA exhibited less maximal relaxation to acetylcholine (50%) than did left PA (69%; P< 0.001). Maximal relaxation to sodium nitroprusside did not differ, although right PA had a lower drug concentration resulting in half-maximal relaxation (6.26 × 10−8M) than did left PA (9.57 × 10−8 M; P< 0.05). Nitric oxide synthase inhibition with an arginine analog ( N ω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester) depressed acetylcholine-induced relaxation but the left vs. right difference persisted. Indomethacin enhanced relaxation to acetylcholine and abolished the difference between left and right. We conclude that endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation is less in porcine right than in left PA because of greater release of one or more constricting prostanoids in arteries from the right caudal lobe.

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