Urban Neighbourhood Environments, Cardiometabolic Health and Cognitive Function: A National Cross-Sectional Study of Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Australia

Population ageing and urbanisation are global phenomena that call for an understanding of the impacts of features of the urban environment on older adults’ cognitive function. Because neighbourhood characteristics that can potentially have opposite effects on cognitive function are interdependent, they need to be considered in conjunction. Using data from an Australian national sample of 4141 adult urban dwellers, we examined the extent to which the associations of interrelated built and natural environment features and ambient air pollution with cognitive function are explained by cardiometabolic risk factors relevant to cognitive health. All examined environmental features were directly and/or indirectly related to cognitive function via other environmental features and/or cardiometabolic risk factors. Findings suggest that dense, interconnected urban environments with access to parks, blue spaces and low levels of air pollution may benefit cognitive health through cardiometabolic risk factors and other mechanisms not captured in this study. This study also highlights the need for a particularly fine-grained characterisation of the built environment in research on cognitive function, which would enable the differentiation of the positive effects of destination-rich neighbourhoods on cognition via participation in cognition-enhancing activities from the negative effects of air pollutants typically present in dense, destination-rich urban areas.

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Sex differences in the associations between adiposity distribution and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese individuals: a cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11316-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yide Yang ◽

Ming Xie ◽

Shuqian Yuan ◽

Yuan Zeng ◽

Yanhui Dong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Body Fat ◽

Regression Models ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Whole Body ◽

Anthropometric Measurement ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Lower Odds

Abstract Background We aimed to assess the associations between adiposity distribution and cardiometabolic risk factors among overweight and obese adults in China, and to demonstrate the sex differences in these associations. Methods A total of 1221 participants (455 males and 766 females) were included in this study. Percentage of body fat (PBF) of the whole body and regional areas, including arm, thigh, trunk, android, and gynoid, were measured by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method. Central adiposity was measured by waist circumference. Clustered cardiometabolic risk was defined as the presence of two or more of the six cardiometabolic risk factors, namely, high triglyceride, low high density lipoprotein, elevated glucose, elevated blood pressure, elevated high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and low adiponectin. Linear regression models and multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between whole body or regional PBF and cardiometabolic risk factors. Results In females, except arm adiposity, other regional fat (thigh, trunk, android, gynoid) and whole-body PBF are significantly associated with clustered cardiometabolic risk, adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and whole-body PBF. One-SD increase in Z scores of the thigh and gynoid PBF were significantly associated with 80 and 78% lower odds of clustered cardiometabolic risk (OR: 0.20, 95%CI: 0.12–0.35 and OR: 0.22, 95%CI: 0.12–0.41). Trunk, android and whole-body PBF were significantly associated with higher odds of clustered risk with OR of 1.90 (95%CI:1.02–3.55), 2.91 (95%CI: 1.75–4.85), and 2.01 (95%CI: 1.47–2.76), respectively. While in males, one-SD increase in the thigh and gynoid PBF are associated with 94% (OR: 0.06, 95%CI: 0.02–0.23) and 83% lower odds (OR: 0.17, 95%CI: 0.05–0.57) of clustered cardiometabolic risk, respectively. Android and whole-body PBF were associated with higher odds of clustered cardiometabolic risk (OR: 3.39, 95%CI: 1.42–8.09 and OR: 2.45, 95%CI: 1.53–3.92), but the association for trunk PBF was not statistically significant (OR: 1.16, 95%CI: 0.42–3.19). Conclusions Adiposity distribution plays an important role in the clustered cardiometabolic risk in participants with overweight and obese and sex differences were observed in these associations. In general, central obesity (measured by android PBF) could be the best anthropometric measurement for screening people at risk for CVD risk factors for both men and women. Upper body fat tends to be more detrimental to cardiometabolic health in women than in men, whereas lower body fat is relatively more protective in men than in women.

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Effects of Extreme Weight Loss on Cardiometabolic Health in Children With Metabolic Syndrome: A Metabolomic Study

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.731762 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Jingxin Liu ◽

Lin Zhu ◽

Jing Liao ◽

Xiaoguang Liu

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Organic Acids ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

The Body ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Plasma Metabolites ◽

Cardiometabolic Health

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of extreme weight loss programs on circulating metabolites and their relationship with cardiometabolic health in children with metabolic syndrome.Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest and post-test. Thirty children with metabolic syndrome and aged 10–17years were recruited to an extreme weight loss program (i.e., exercise combined with diet control). The primary outcomes included plasma metabolites, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk factors. A total of 324 metabolites were quantitatively detected by an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry system, and the variable importance in the projection (VIP) value of each metabolite was calculated by the orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis. The fold change (FC) and p value of each metabolite were used to screen differential metabolites with the following values: VIP>1, p value<0.05, and |log2FC|>0.25. Pathway enrichment and correlation analyses between metabolites and cardiometabolic risk factors were also performed.Result: A large effect size was observed, presenting a weight loss of −8.9kg (Cohen’s d=1.00, p<0.001), body mass index reduction of −3.3kg/m2 (Cohen’s d=1.47, p<0.001), and body fat percent reduction of −4.1 (%) (Cohen’s d=1.22, p<0.001) after the intervention. Similar improvements were found in total cholesterol (Cohen’s d=2.65, p<0.001), triglycerides (Cohen’s d=2.59, p<0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Cohen’s d=2.81, p<0.001), glucose metabolism, and blood pressure. A total of 59 metabolites were changed after the intervention (e.g., aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; nitrogen metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis). The changes in metabolites (e.g., amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids, and carnitine) were related to lipid metabolism improvement (p<0.05). Organic acids and carnitines were associated with changes in the body composition (p<0.05).Conclusion: Exercise combined with dietary control improved the body composition and cardiometabolic health in children with metabolic syndrome, and these changes may be related to plasma metabolites.

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Weight loss, exercise or both and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese older adults: results of a randomized controlled trial

International Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1038/ijo.2013.122 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 423-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

M Bouchonville ◽

R Armamento-Villareal ◽

K Shah ◽

N Napoli ◽

D R Sinacore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Older Adults ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Randomized Controlled Trial ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Randomized Controlled

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Baru Nut Intake and Resistance Training Practice Have Potential to Reduce the Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/1573401317666210420122023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

John Sebastião Cardoso da Silva ◽

Maria Sebastiana Silva ◽

Maria Margareth Veloso Naves

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Nutritional Composition ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Cardiometabolic Health

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disease associated with several cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF). There is strong evidence about the benefits of oilseeds intake and the practice of resistance training (RT) in the prevention and treatment of T2DM and its associated CMRF. However, no study has evaluated the combination of these interventions yet. Baru nut, an oilseed native to the Brazilian Cerrado, stands out among oilseeds due to its healthy nutritional composition, which have the potential to reduce CMRF in T2DM. RT, in turn, provides positive changes in the composition and metabolism of muscle cells, which contributes to improving cardiometabolic health. Objective: This review aimed to summarize the effects and mechanisms related to the intake of baru nut and the practice of RT in reducing CMRF in T2DM. Method: Literature research was performed using the keywords "type 2 diabetes mellitus", "Dipteryx alata Vog", "nuts", "physical exercise" and "resistance training", isolated or associated, in Web of Science and Pubmed databases. Results: Baru nut is an oilseed with high density of nutrients and bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antihypercholesterolemic properties, and the RT is associated with beneficial effects on CMRF in T2DM individuals. Thus, the consumption of baru nut and the RT have potential to improve the insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, body composition, and serum lipid profile. Conclusion: The baru nut consumption and the RT have potential to reduce the cardiometabolic risk factors in T2DM. Both interventions are innovative and promising approaches to preserve the health of T2DM individuals.

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Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves 24-Hour Glucose Levels and Affects Markers of the Circadian Clock, Aging, and Autophagy in Humans

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11061234 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1234 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Humaira Jamshed ◽

Robbie Beyl ◽

Deborah Della Manna ◽

Eddy Yang ◽

Eric Ravussin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Circadian Clock ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Intermittent Fasting ◽

Restricted Feeding ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Diurnal Patterns

Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is a form of intermittent fasting that involves having a longer daily fasting period. Preliminary studies report that TRF improves cardiometabolic health in rodents and humans. Here, we performed the first study to determine how TRF affects gene expression, circulating hormones, and diurnal patterns in cardiometabolic risk factors in humans. Eleven overweight adults participated in a 4-day randomized crossover study where they ate between 8 am and 2 pm (early TRF (eTRF)) and between 8 am and 8 pm (control schedule). Participants underwent continuous glucose monitoring, and blood was drawn to assess cardiometabolic risk factors, hormones, and gene expression in whole blood cells. Relative to the control schedule, eTRF decreased mean 24-hour glucose levels by 4 ± 1 mg/dl (p = 0.0003) and glycemic excursions by 12 ± 3 mg/dl (p = 0.001). In the morning before breakfast, eTRF increased ketones, cholesterol, and the expression of the stress response and aging gene SIRT1 and the autophagy gene LC3A (all p < 0.04), while in the evening, it tended to increase brain-derived neurotropic factor (BNDF; p = 0.10) and also increased the expression of MTOR (p = 0.007), a major nutrient-sensing protein that regulates cell growth. eTRF also altered the diurnal patterns in cortisol and the expression of several circadian clock genes (p < 0.05). eTRF improves 24-hour glucose levels, alters lipid metabolism and circadian clock gene expression, and may also increase autophagy and have anti-aging effects in humans.

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Late eating is associated with cardiometabolic risk traits, obesogenic behaviors, and impaired weight loss

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqaa264 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (1) ◽

pp. 154-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hassan S Dashti ◽

Puri Gómez-Abellán ◽

Jingyi Qian ◽

Alberto Esteban ◽

Eva Morales ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Weight Loss Intervention ◽

Meal Intake ◽

Intervention Protocol ◽

Obesogenic Behaviors

ABSTRACT Background There is a paucity of evidence regarding the role of food timing on cardiometabolic health and weight loss in adults. Objectives To determine whether late eating is cross-sectionally associated with obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors at baseline; and whether late eating is associated with weight loss rate and success following a weight loss intervention protocol. Also, to identify obesogenic behaviors and weight loss barriers associated with late eating. Methods Participants were recruited from a weight-loss program in Spain. Upon recruitment, the midpoint of meal intake was determined by calculating the midway point between breakfast and dinner times, and dietary composition was determined from diet recall. Population median for the midpoint of meal intake was used to stratify participants into early (before 14:54) and late (after 14:54) eaters. Cardiometabolic and satiety hormonal profiles were determined from fasting blood samples collected prior to intervention. Weekly weight loss and barriers were evaluated during the ∼19-wk program. Linear and logistic regression models were used to assess differences between late and early eaters in cardiometabolic traits, satiety hormones, obesogenic behaviors, and weight loss, adjusted for age, sex, clinic site, year of recruitment, and baseline BMI. Results A total of 3362 adults [mean (SD): age: 41 (14) y; 79.2% women, BMI: 31.05 (5.58) kg/m2] were enrolled. At baseline, no differences were observed in energy intake or physical activity levels between early and late eaters (P >0.05). Late eaters had higher BMI, higher concentrations of triglycerides, and lower insulin sensitivity compared with early eaters (all P <0.05) prior to intervention. In addition, late eaters had higher concentrations of the satiety hormone leptin in the morning (P = 0.001). On average, late eaters had an average 80 g lower weekly rate of weight loss [early, 585 (667) g/wk; late, 505 (467) g/wk; P = 0.008], higher odds of having weight-loss barriers [OR (95% CI): 1.22 (1.03, 1.46); P = 0.025], and lower odds of motivation for weight loss [0.81 (0.66, 0.99); P = 0.044] compared with early eaters. Conclusion Our results suggest that late eating is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors and reduced efficacy of a weight-loss intervention. Insights into the characteristics and behaviors related to late eating may be useful in the development of future interventions aimed at advancing the timing of food intake.

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WHAT'S MOTIVATION GOT TO DO WITH IT? USING LATENT PROFILE ANALYSIS FOR BIOMARKERS & PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN OLDER ADULTS

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igz038.3384 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S930-S930

Author(s):

Elizabeth Teas ◽

Jay Kimiecik ◽

Rose Marie Ward ◽

Kyle Timmerman

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Older Adults ◽

Latent Profile Analysis ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Profile Analysis ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Self Determination ◽

Intuitive Eating ◽

Diet And Exercise

Abstract Heart disease is prevalent among older adults. The aim of this study was to a) identify different health behavioral motivation profiles among older adults; and b) investigate if these profiles differed in physical activity and cardiometabolic risk factors. Data on 79 participants (mean age = 68.76 years) was collected. Participants’ degree of intrinsic/extrinsic motivation for diet and exercise was assessed using intuitive eating and self-determination scales. Cardiometabolic risk factors included inflammation and blood lipids. Latent profile analysis was used to identify the optimal number of groups and one-way ANOVAs assessed group differences on the variables of interest. Three profiles were found to best represent the data. The most self-determined, or most intrinsically motivated, group comprised the highest number of participants. In line with Self-Determination Theory, this group demonstrated the highest levels of objective and self-reported physical activity as well as the lowest inflammation and most optimal cholesterol measures. The group with the lowest intuitive eating and high identified exercise regulation scores exhibited the worst outcomes among the three groups. The results suggest that among older adults, different types and levels of motivation for diet and exercise can coexist and interact, and these differences produce varying health outcomes. If supported by future work, these findings can inform practitioners in developing more specific and tailored interventions relevant to older adults based on their motivational profile.

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Association between Circulating Osteocalcin and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors following a 4-Week Leafy Green Vitamin K-Rich Diet

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1159/000511660 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 76 (5) ◽

pp. 361-367

Author(s):

Alexander Tacey ◽

Marc Sim ◽

Cassandra Smith ◽

Mary N. Woessner ◽

Elizabeth Byrnes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Arterial Stiffness ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Vitamin K1 ◽

Low Responders ◽

High Responders

Background: Evidence suggests that lower serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) may be negatively associated with cardiometabolic health. We investigated whether individuals with a suppression of ucOC following an increase in dietary vitamin K1 exhibit a relative worsening of cardiometabolic risk factors. Materials and Methods: Men (n = 20) and women (n = 10) aged 62 ± 10 years participated in a randomized, controlled, crossover study. The primary analysis involved using data obtained from participants following a high vitamin K1 diet (HK; 4-week intervention of increased leafy green vegetable intake). High and low responders were defined based on the median percent reduction (30%) in ucOC following the HK diet. Blood pressure (resting and 24 h), arterial stiffness, plasma glucose, lipid concentrations, and serum OC forms were assessed. Results: Following the HK diet, ucOC and ucOC/tOC were suppressed more (p < 0.01) in high responders (41 and 29%) versus low responders (12 and 10%). The reduction in ucOC and ucOC/tOC was not associated with changes in blood pressure, arterial stiffness, plasma glucose, or lipid concentrations in the high responders (p > 0.05). Discussion/Conclusion: Suppression of ucOC via consumption of leafy green vegetables has no negative effects on cardiometabolic health, perhaps, in part, because of cross-talk mechanisms.

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