scholarly journals Live Bird Markets in Nigeria: A Potential Reservoir for H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1445
Author(s):  
Lanre Sulaiman ◽  
Ismaila Shittu ◽  
Alice Fusaro ◽  
Bitrus Inuwa ◽  
Bianca Zecchin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Gene Segment ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Live Bird Markets ◽  
Potential Reservoir ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
Live Bird

Since 2006, multiple outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) have been reported in Nigeria involving different subtypes. Surveillance and molecular epidemiology have revealed the vital role of live bird markets (LBMs) in the dissemination of AI virus to commercial poultry farms. To better understand the ecology and epidemiology of AI in Nigeria, we performed whole-genome sequencing of nineteen H9N2 viruses recovered, from apparently healthy poultry species, during active surveillance conducted in nine LBMs across Nigeria in 2019. Analyses of the HA gene segment of these viruses showed that the H9N2 strains belong to the G1 lineage, which has zoonotic potential, and are clustered with contemporary H9N2 identified in Africa between 2016 and 2020. We observed two distinct clusters of H9N2 viruses in Nigeria, suggesting different introductions into the country. In view of the zoonotic potential of H9N2 and the co-circulation of multiple subtypes of AI virus in Nigeria, continuous monitoring of the LBMs across the country and molecular characterization of AIVs identified is advocated to mitigate economic losses and public health threats.

scholarly journals Surveillance for avian influenza viruses in wild birds at live bird markets, Egypt, 2014‐2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed S. Kayed ◽  
Ahmed Kandeil ◽  
Mokhtar R. Gomaa ◽  
Rabeh El‐Shesheny ◽  
Sara Mahmoud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Live Bird Markets ◽  
Live Bird

scholarly journals Surveillance for low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in live-bird markets in Oyo and Ogun States, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Comfort Oluladun Aiki-Raji ◽  
Adebowale Idris Adebiyi ◽  
Victor Ibukun Agbajelola ◽  
Shakirat Adeola Adetunji ◽  
Quadri Lameed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Live Bird Markets ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Live Bird

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus in Pakistani Live Bird Markets Reveals Rapid Diversification of Clade 2.3.4.4b Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1633
Author(s):  
Muzaffar Ali ◽  
Tahir Yaqub ◽  
Muhammad Furqan Shahid ◽  
Foong Ying Wong ◽  
Nadia Mukhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Live Bird Markets ◽  
Domestic Poultry ◽  
Live Bird

The highly pathogenic (HPAI) avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses have undergone reassortment with multiple non-N1-subtype neuraminidase genes since 2008, leading to the emergence of H5Nx viruses. H5Nx viruses established themselves quickly in birds and disseminated from China to Africa, the Middle East, Europe and North America. Multiple genetic clades have successively evolved through frequent mutations and reassortment, posing a continuous threat to domestic poultry and causing substantial economic losses. Live bird markets are recognized as major sources of avian-to-human infection and for the emergence of zoonotic influenza. In Pakistan, the A(H5N1) virus was first reported in domestic birds in 2007; however, avian influenza surveillance is limited and there is a lack of knowledge on the evolution and transmission of the A(H5) virus in the country. We collected oropharyngeal swabs from domestic poultry and environmental samples from six different live bird markets during 2018–2019. We detected and sequenced HPAI A(H5N8) viruses from two chickens, one quail and one environmental sample in two markets. Temporal phylogenetics indicated that all novel HPAI A(H5N8) viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b, with all eight genes of Pakistan A(H5N8) viruses most closely related to 2017 Saudi Arabia A(H5N8) viruses, which were likely introduced via cross-border transmission from neighboring regions approximately three months prior to virus detection into domestic poultry. Our data further revealed that clade 2.3.4.4b viruses underwent rapid lineage expansion in 2017 and acquired significant amino acid mutations, including mutations associated with increased haemagglutinin affinity to human α-2,6 receptors, prior to the first human A(H5N8) infection in Russian poultry workers in 2020. These results highlight the need for systematic avian influenza surveillance in live bird markets in Pakistan to monitor for potential A(H5Nx) variants that may arise from poultry populations.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Analysis of H7 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from the Live Bird Markets of the Northeast United States

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 3567-3573 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Suarez ◽  
Maricarmen Garcia ◽  
John Latimer ◽  
Dennis Senne ◽  
Michael Perdue
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Viral Genotype ◽  
Live Bird Markets ◽  
Northeast United States ◽  
Hemagglutinin Gene ◽  
Live Bird

ABSTRACT The presence of low-pathogenic H7 avian influenza virus (AIV), which is associated with live-bird markets (LBM) in the Northeast United States, was first detected in 1994 and, despite efforts to eradicate the virus, surveillance of these markets has resulted in numerous isolations of H7 AIVs from several states from 1994 through 1998. The hemagglutinin, nonstructural, and matrix genes from representative H7 isolates from the LBM and elsewhere were sequenced, and the sequences were compared phylogenetically. The hemagglutinin gene of most LBM isolates examined appeared to have been the result of a single introduction of the hemagglutinin gene. Evidence for evolutionary changes were observed with three definable steps. The first isolate from 1994 had the amino acid threonine at the −2 position of the hemagglutinin cleavage site, which is the most commonly observed amino acid at this site for North American H7 AIVs. In January 1995 a new genotype with a proline at the −2 position was detected, and this genotype eventually became the predominant virus isolate. A third viral genotype, detected in November 1996, had an eight-amino-acid deletion within the putative receptor binding site. This viral genotype appeared to be the predominant isolate, although isolates with proline at the −2 position without the deletion were still observed in viruses from the last sampling date. Evidence for reassortment of multiple viral genes was evident. The combination of possible adaptive evolution of the virus and reassortment with different influenza virus genes makes it difficult to determine the risk of pathogenesis of this group of H7 AIVs.

scholarly journals Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of matrix gene of avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and live bird markets in the USA

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogesh Chander ◽  
Naresh Jindal ◽  
Srinand Sreevatsan ◽  
David E. Stallknecht ◽  
Sagar M. Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Live Bird Markets ◽  
Matrix Gene ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Live Bird

scholarly journals SequenceAnalysis of Recent H7 Avian Influenza Viruses Associated with ThreeDifferent Outbreaks in Commercial Poultry in the UnitedStates

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (24) ◽  
pp. 13399-13402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Spackman ◽  
Dennis A. Senne ◽  
Sherrill Davison ◽  
David L. Suarez
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Cleavage Site ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Receptor Binding Site ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Genetic Features ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
Live Bird

ABSTRACT The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of H7 avian influenza virus (AIV) isolated between 1994 and 2002 from live-bird markets (LBMs) in the northeastern United States and from three outbreaks in commercial poultry have been characterized. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA and NA genes demonstrates that the isolates from commercial poultry were closely related to the viruses circulating in the LBMs. Also, since 1994, two distinguishing genetic features have appeared in this AIV lineage: a deletion of 17 amino acids in the NA protein stalk region and a deletion of 8 amino acids in the HA1 protein which is putatively in part of the receptor binding site. Furthermore, analysis of the HA cleavage site amino acid sequence, a marker for pathogenicity in chickens and turkeys, shows a progression toward a cleavage site sequence that fulfills the molecular criteria for highly pathogenic AIV.

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