scholarly journals Pandemics of the 21st Century: The Risk Factor for Obese People

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Miriam Hancková ◽  
Tatiana Betáková
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Surgical Intensive Care ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
The Impact

The number of obese adults and children is increasing worldwide, with obesity now being a global epidemic. Around 2.8 million people die annually from clinical overweight or obesity. Obesity is associated with numerous comorbid conditions including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cancer, and even the development of severe disease after infection with viruses. Over the past twenty years, a number of new viruses has emerged and entered the human population. Moreover, influenza (H1N1)pdm09 virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have caused pandemics. During pandemics, the number of obese patients presents challenging and complex issues in medical and surgical intensive care units. Morbidity amongst obese individuals is directly proportional to body mass index. In this review, we describe the impact of obesity on the immune system, adult mortality, and immune response after infection with pandemic influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we address the effect of obesity on vaccination.

scholarly journals The Impact of Strenuous Group Physical Activity on Mood States, Personal Views, Body Composition, and Markers of Myocardial Damage in Overweight/Obese Adults: The “Step-by-Step Italy’s Coast to Coast” Trek

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Mazzeschi ◽  
Natalia Piana ◽  
Daniela Capezzali ◽  
Antonella Mommi ◽  
Cristina Aiello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Myocardial Damage ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact

It is clinically relevant to understand whether it is safe to recommend to trained overweight/obese people long-distance treks and whether these experiences could have a negative psychological impact or become even dangerous exposing the trekkers to the risk of clinically silent myocardial damage. To answer these questions we have performed a quantitative/qualitative study comparing the changes in mood profiles, personal views, body composition, and plasma troponin levels of 40 overweight/obese subjects with those of 36 healthy normal weight subjects after the participation in a trek of 388 km from the Adriatic to the Tyrrhenian seas trek: the “Step by step…Italy’s coast to coast”. The results of this study demonstrate that long-distance treks are a safe activity for trained overweight/obese people which should be recommended because they improve mood, health status, and the relationship of participants with themselves and with the regular practice of exercise with effects similar to those obtained by healthy normal weight subjects.

scholarly journals Metabolic and Clinical Significance of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2; Implication for Rising Prevalence in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
E K Oghagbon
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
African Ancestry ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is now a global epidemic which is also ravaging developing countries including Nigeria. Its impact in the country is significant with the disease found to impact on hospital admissions, mortality and life expectancy of patients. Previous investigations done in Nigeria showed that DM2 patients have poor glycaemic controls with resultant high levels of disease morbidity and mortality. This was demonstrated by consistently elevated mean HbA1c levels (> 8.0%) in Nigerian diabetics over a decade of assessment of care of the patients. Similarly the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy rose by more than 200% between 1989 and 2008. Diabetic morbidity which is underpinned by hyperglycaemia is associated with diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, foot ulcers and other clinical conditions such as hyperlipidaemia, altered sympathetic system, bone disorders, infertility, defective body sodium handling and renal compromise. Some investigators believe that persons of African ancestry are more susceptible to some diseases associated with DM2. This includes documented increased renal glomerular hyperfiltration in patients of African ancestry. The disease complications are linked to metabolic derangements which if properly understood and managed, may help to reduce the impact of the rising prevalence of DM2 in Nigeria. Furthermore, if the Nigerian medical team is aware of the peculiar susceptibility of blacks to DM2 complications, they will be able to apply appropriate treatment for improved care, despite rising disease prevalence.

scholarly journals Gastroenterocardiology: Or what do the gut and the heart have in common?

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
Zoran Joksimović ◽  
Dušan Bastać ◽  
Snežana Pavlović
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

The gut microbiota of our organism is a community of bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses and parasites that make up a unique ecosystem in the digestive tract, which consists of about 1014 microorganisms. The diversity of this community between individuals occurs because of the differences in the host genome and the impact of environmental factors, including hygiene, diet, lifestyle and the use of different drugs. Significant evidence suggests that changes in the microbiota could play a role in cardiovascular diseases. The results of research papers for the last two decades have confirmed that altered gut microbiota composition (dysbiosis) contributes to the development of various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic inflammatory bowel disease and even certain types of cancer. There is growing evidence that in the future, apart from current predisposing factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, including genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors, one should count on new risk factors such as nutritional disproportion and gut dysbiosis. Thus, we look upon the relationship between the gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system, i.e. the "gut-heart axis" in a new way.

scholarly journals Dietary Intervention Reverses Fatty Liver and Altered Gut Microbiota during Early-Life Undernutrition

mSystems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Bauer ◽  
K. E. Huus ◽  
E. M. Brown ◽  
T. Bozorgmehr ◽  
C. Petersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Hepatic Steatosis ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Liver Pathology ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
The Impact

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains a global epidemic, but it is often studied in the context of obesity and aging. Nutritional deficits, however, also trigger hepatic steatosis, influencing health trajectories in undernourished pediatric populations. Here, we report that exposure to specific gut microbes impacts fatty liver pathology in mice fed a protein/fat-deficient diet. We utilize a multiomics approach to (i) characterize NAFLD in the context of early undernutrition and (ii) examine the impact of diet and gut microbes in the pathology and reversal of hepatic steatosis. We provide compelling evidence that an early-life, critical development window facilitates undernutrition-induced fatty liver pathology. Moreover, we demonstrate that sustained dietary intervention largely reverses fatty liver features and microbiome shifts observed during early-life malnutrition.

scholarly journals Diabetes and Coronary Heart Disease: A Risk Factor for the Global Epidemic

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maguy Chiha ◽  
Mario Njeim ◽  
Edgar G. Chedrawy
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
The Impact

Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death in the United States and the world. In this we will paper focus on type 2 diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for coronary heart disease, review the mechanisms of atherogenesis in diabetics, the impact of hypertension and the treatment goals in diabetics, the guidelines for screening, and review the epidemiologic consequences of diabetes and heart disease on a global scale. The underlying premise to consider diabetes a cardiovascular disease equivalent will be explored as well as the recommendations for screening and cardiac testing for asymptomatic diabetic patients.

scholarly journals Comparison of Liver Recovery After Sleeve Gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y-Gastric Bypass

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia M.-T. Schmitz ◽  
Andreas Kroh ◽  
Alexander Koch ◽  
Jonathan F. Brozat ◽  
Christine Stier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Gastric Bypass ◽  
Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Postoperative Recovery ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Function Recovery ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common condition in patients with obesity. Bariatric surgery has often been proposed as a viable treatment option, but the ideal surgical procedure remains unclear. Inconsistently, reports on postoperative deterioration of liver function put further doubt on which technique to apply. Aim of this study was to assess the impact of Roux-en-Y-gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on the postoperative recovery of liver function. Methods A total of 175 patients with obesity that underwent bariatric surgery in our institution were included in this prospective cohort study. BMI, laboratory values, and liver function capacity (using LiMAx) were assessed preoperatively and at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Generalized linear model (GLM) was performed to determine variables influencing liver function capacity after the operation. Results Prior to operations, 64% of patients presented with a diminished liver function capacity, as measured by LiMAx test. Liver function capacity significantly recovered after 12 months in the SG group (300 μg/kg/h preop vs. 367 μg/kg/h postop) but not in the RYGB group (306 μg/kg/h preop vs. 349 μg/kg/h). Preoperative factors impeding liver function recovery included type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), weight, male sex, AST/thrombocyte ratio (APRI), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Conclusion Bariatric surgery, especially sleeve gastrectomy, leads to an improvement of liver function. However, in some patients with T2DM, higher preoperative weight and male sex postoperative deterioration of liver function capacity may occur. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Phenotypes of prediabetes: pathogenesis and consequences for prediction and prevention of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 577-581
Author(s):  
Norbert Stefan
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Visceral Obesity ◽  
Preventive Strategies ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Cardiometabolic Diseases ◽  
Prediction And Prevention ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing world-wide. Thus, it is necessary to better understand its pathogenesis, the risk of diabetes-associated complications and effective treatment strategies. Because type 2 diabetes is a very heterogenous disease, both, related to its pathogenesis and risk of complications, phenotyping strategies in diabetes may help to tailor the preventive strategies based on the individuals risk. As the the hyperglycemic state of prediabetes is already associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases it is necessary to investigate the impact of phenotypes for predictive and preventive outcomes already in this early state of hyperglycemia. In this review artice I discuss how important phenotypes of prediabetes, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, visceral obesity, insulin secretion defect and insulin resistance can be used to improve the prediction and prevention of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals Metabolic and Clinical Significance of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2; Implication for Rising Prevalence in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
E K Oghagbon
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
African Ancestry ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is now a global epidemic which is also ravaging developing countries including Nigeria. Its impact in the country is significant with the disease found to impact on hospital admissions, mortality and life expectancy of patients. Previous investigations done in Nigeria showed that DM2 patients have poor glycaemic controls with resultant high levels of disease morbidity and mortality. This was demonstrated by consistently elevated mean HbA1c levels (> 8.0%) in Nigerian diabetics over a decade of assessment of care of the patients. Similarly the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy rose by more than 200% between 1989 and 2008. Diabetic morbidity which is underpinned by hyperglycaemia is associated with diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, foot ulcers and other clinical conditions such as hyperlipidaemia, altered sympathetic system, bone disorders, infertility, defective body sodium handling and renal compromise. Some investigators believe that persons of African ancestry are more susceptible to some diseases associated with DM2. This includes documented increased renal glomerular hyperfiltration in patients of African ancestry. The disease complications are linked to metabolic derangements which if properly understood and managed, may help to reduce the impact of the rising prevalence of DM2 in Nigeria. Furthermore, if the Nigerian medical team is aware of the peculiar susceptibility of blacks to DM2 complications, they will be able to apply appropriate treatment for improved care, despite rising disease prevalence.

scholarly journals Probiotics as a Complementary Therapy for Management of Obesity: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Salman Shirvani-Rad ◽  
Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy ◽  
Shahrzad Mohseni ◽  
Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar ◽  
Ahmad-Reza Soroush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Complementary Therapy ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

Background. Considering the observed role of probiotics in modulating gut microbiome, probiotics are discussed to be one potential complementary therapy for obesity management in recent years. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the meta-analyses of controlled trials and investigate the effects of probiotics on obesity. Methods. A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library web databases up to May 2020. Inclusion criteria were meta-analyses of controlled trials which evaluated the impact of probiotics on obesity in English language. Meta-analyses done on pregnant women, children, animal studies, or the effect of prebiotics on anthropometric indices were excluded. Results. Within 325 recorded studies, 20 studies met the inclusion criteria consisting of 16676 overweight/obese adults with different underlying disorders such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The length of intervention varied from 2 to 26 weeks. Results of meta-analyses have shown a moderate effect of probiotics on body weight in overweight/obese adults: from −0.526 kg/m2 (95% CI: −0.810, −0.247) to −0.25 kg/m2 (95% CI: −0.33, −0.17). Body mass index (BMI) was changed from −1.46 kg/m2 (95% CI: −2.44, −0.48) to −1.08 kg/m2 (95% CI: −2.05, −0.11) in NAFLD. Probiotics could reduce BMI from −0.36 kg/m2 (95% CI: −0.74, 0.02) to −0.29 kg/m2 (95% CI: −0.54, −0.03) in patients with PCOS. Conclusion. It seems that the probiotic products could have beneficial effects as an adjunct therapy for care and management of obesity when used in high dose. However, due to heterogeneity of included studies, it is required to confirm our results by more meta-analyses of clinical trials.

scholarly journals Metabolic and Clinical Significance of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2; Implication for Rising Prevalence in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
E K Oghagbon
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
African Ancestry ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is now a global epidemic which is also ravaging developing countries including Nigeria. Its impact in the country is significant with the disease found to impact on hospital admissions, mortality and life expectancy of patients. Previous investigations done in Nigeria showed that DM2 patients have poor glycaemic controls with resultant high levels of disease morbidity and mortality. This was demonstrated by consistently elevated mean HbA1c levels (> 8.0%) in Nigerian diabetics over a decade of assessment of care of the patients. Similarly the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy rose by more than 200% between 1989 and 2008. Diabetic morbidity which is underpinned by hyperglycaemia is associated with diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, foot ulcers and other clinical conditions such as hyperlipidaemia, altered sympathetic system, bone disorders, infertility, defective body sodium handling and renal compromise. Some investigators believe that persons of African ancestry are more susceptible to some diseases associated with DM2. This includes documented increased renal glomerular hyperfiltration in patients of African ancestry. The disease complications are linked to metabolic derangements which if properly understood and managed, may help to reduce the impact of the rising prevalence of DM2 in Nigeria. Furthermore, if the Nigerian medical team is aware of the peculiar susceptibility of blacks to DM2 complications, they will be able to apply appropriate treatment for improved care, despite rising disease prevalence.

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