scholarly journals HIV-1 and HTLV-1 Transmission Modes: Mechanisms and Importance for Virus Spread

Viruses ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Svetlana Kalinichenko ◽  
Dmitriy Komkov ◽  
Dmitriy Mazurov
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Spastic Paraparesis ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Adult T Cell Leukemia ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv 1

So far, only two retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (type 1 and 2) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), have been recognized as pathogenic for humans. Both viruses mainly infect CD4+ T lymphocytes. HIV replication induces the apoptosis of CD4 lymphocytes, leading to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). After a long clinical latency period, HTLV-1 can transform lymphocytes, with subsequent uncontrolled proliferation and the manifestation of a disease called adult T-cell leukemia (ATLL). Certain infected patients develop neurological autoimmune disorder called HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, also known as tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Both viruses are transmitted between individuals via blood transfusion, tissue/organ transplantation, breastfeeding, and sexual intercourse. Within the host, these viruses can spread utilizing either cell-free or cell-to-cell modes of transmission. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and importance of each mode of transmission for the biology of HIV-1 and HTLV-1.

scholarly journals HLA-B*35 as a new marker for susceptibility to Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in patients living in Argentina

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Benencio ◽  
Sindy A. Fraile Gonzalez ◽  
Nicolás Ducasa ◽  
Kimberly Page ◽  
Carolina A. Berini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Spastic Paraparesis ◽  
Tropical Spastic Paraparesis ◽  
Adult T Cell Leukemia ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
High Proviral Load ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Abstract Background: Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of HTLV associated myelopathy/ Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), in around 2-5% of the infected individuals. Host genetic background might play a role in disease progression. Several previous studies across many countries report HLA haplotype to be one such factor. Here, we sequenced HLA-A, -B and -C of 66 individuals by Sequence-Based Typing (SBT), and compared the frequency of different alleles among ATLL patients, HAM/TSP patients, asymptomatic carriers and non-infected individuals living in Argentina.Results: The frequency of HLA-A, -B and -C alleles largely matched that of the general population in Argentina. We identified HLA-A*02, HLA-B*35 and HLA-C*07 as associated to protection from ATLL (p=0.031), susceptibility to HAM/TSP (p<0.001) and susceptibility to ATLL (p=0.017), respectively. We also found a strong correlation between high proviral load (PVL) and disease (p=0.008), but were unable to identify any particular allele associated with high or low PVL.Conclusions: We have found HLA-A*02, HLA-B*35 and HLA-C*07 to be associated to protection from ATLL (HLA-A*02) and susceptibility to HAM/TSP (HLA-B*35) or to ATLL (HLA-C*07), respectively. Whereas HLA-A*02 protection from ATLL has already been extensively described in other regions of the world, this is the first report that links HLA-B*35 and an increased susceptibility to HAM/TSP. As for HLA-C*07 it has previously been associated to susceptibility to HAM/TSP in other countries but in our population it has been linked to ATLL.

Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-Type I

1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 314-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Larkin ◽  
John T. Sinnott ◽  
Joshua Weiss ◽  
Douglas A. Holt
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Leukemia Virus ◽  
Type I ◽  
Adult T Cell Leukemia ◽  
Visna Virus ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-I) is a recently recognized retrovirus identified as the cause of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSPI HAM). HTLV-I, a member of theRetroviridaefamily of viruses, was first described in 1980 after the isolation of the virus from a patient with a T-cell lymphoma. These pathogenic retroviruses are typically divided into theOncovirinaeandLentivirinae. The oncovirus group, including HTLV-I, HTLV-II and bovine leukemia virus (BLV), is generally associated with tumors. The lentiviruses are associated with immune deficiency and/or neurologic disease, and include agents such as the visna virus of sheep and the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and -2 HIV-1 and HIV-2).

scholarly journals HLA-B*35 as a new marker for susceptibility to Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in patients living in Argentina

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Benencio ◽  
Sindy A. Fraile Gonzalez ◽  
Nicolás Ducasa ◽  
Kimberly Page ◽  
Carolina A. Berini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Spastic Paraparesis ◽  
Tropical Spastic Paraparesis ◽  
T Lymphotropic Virus ◽  
Adult T Cell Leukemia ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
High Proviral Load

Abstract Background: Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of HTLV associated myelopathy/ Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), in around 2-5% of the infected individuals. Host genetic background might play a role in disease progression. Several previous studies across many countries report HLA haplotype to be one such factor. Here, we sequenced HLA-A, -B and -C of 72 individuals by Sequence-Based Typing (SBT), and compared the frequency of different alleles among ATLL patients, HAM/TSP patients, asymptomatic carriers and non-infected individuals living in Argentina.Results: The frequency of HLA-A, -B and -C alleles largely matched that of the general population in Argentina. We identified HLA-A*02 and HLA-B*35 as associated to protection from ATLL (p=0.037) and susceptibility to HAM/TSP (p<0.001), respectively. We also found a strong correlation between high proviral load (PVL) and disease (p=0.003), but were unable to identify any particular allele associated with high or low PVL.Conclusions: Our results match several previous reports that link HLA-A*02 and protection from disease. However, this is the first study associating HLA-B*35 to susceptibility to disease in HTLV-1, an allele that has been largely associated to different severity factors related to other viral infections, such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV).

Presence of tropical spastic paraparesis/human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM)-like among HIV-1-infected patients

2008 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Casseb ◽  
Augusto César Penalva de Oliveira ◽  
Maria Paulina Posada Vergara ◽  
Patricia Montanheiro ◽  
Francisco Bonasser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Spastic Paraparesis ◽  
Tropical Spastic Paraparesis ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Transmission of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Tax to Rabbits by tax-Only-Positive Human Cells

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothea Zucker-Franklin ◽  
Bette A. Pancake ◽  
Parviz Lalezari ◽  
Manoochehr Khorshidi
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Spastic Paraparesis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Adult T Cell Leukemia ◽  
Human T Cell

ABSTRACT The human T-cell lymphrotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is causally related to adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma and the neurodegenerative diseases tropical spastic paraparesis and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. In the United States the prevalence of infection has been estimated to range from 0.016 to 0.1% on the basis of serologic tests for antibodies to the viral structural proteins. Blood from donors positive for antibodies to HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 is not used for transfusion. However, patients with the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma mycosis fungoides (MF) are HTLV-1 and -2 seronegative yet harbor proviral sequences identical to those that encode the HTLV-1 transactivating and transforming gene product p40tax in their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and they usually have antibodies to p40 tax . Moreover, a study of 250 randomly selected blood donors revealed that approximately 8% of these seronegative individuals also had HTLV-1 tax sequences and antibodies to p40 tax , while they lacked sequences and antibodies related to gag, pol, or env. Thus, it seemed important to determine whether the “tax-only” state can be transmitted by transfusion. To this end, PBMCs from HTLV-1 and -2 seronegativetax-only-positive MF patients or from healthytax-only-positive blood donors were injected into adult rabbits, an established animal model for HTLV-1 infection. The PBMCs of all injected rabbits became tax sequence positive. These observations suggest that HTLV-1 tax can be transmitted bytax-only-positive mononuclear cells.

scholarly journals Recurrent Facial Erythema with Cytotoxic T Cell Infiltration as a Possible Reactive Eruption in a Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Carrier

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Kaneko ◽  
Kazuki Tatsuno ◽  
Toshiharu Fujiyama ◽  
Taisuke Ito ◽  
Yoshiki Tokura
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Spastic Paraparesis ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cell ◽  
Neoplastic Cells ◽  
Adult T Cell Leukemia ◽  
Human T Cell

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) induces adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and carrier. Approximately half of ATLL patients have direct skin involvement of neoplastic cells. However, there exist HTLV-1-associated reactive eruptions with a predominant infiltrate of non-neoplastic CD8+ T cells in ATLL, HAM/TSP and carrier. A 50-year-old Japanese female HTLV-1 carrier had several episodes of itchy, indurated erythema that occurred diffusely on the face and neck, lasted for 2 weeks and spontaneously subsided without sequelae. Histopathologically, CD3+ T cells infiltrated the upper dermis, and part of the infiltrating cells were CD4+CD25+, sharing the phenotype with ATLL neoplastic cells. An aggregate of CD8+ T cells bearing the cytotoxic molecule TIA-1 was also present. It is possible that skin-affinitive HTLV-1+CD4+ T cells propagated and subsequently disappeared as a result of cytotoxic T cell attack.

scholarly journals HLA-B*35 as a new marker for susceptibility to Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in patients with Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in Argentina

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Benencio ◽  
Sindy A. Fraile Gonzalez ◽  
Nicolás Ducasa ◽  
Kimberly Page ◽  
Carolina A. Berini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Spastic Paraparesis ◽  
Tropical Spastic Paraparesis ◽  
T Lymphotropic Virus ◽  
Adult T Cell Leukemia ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
High Proviral Load

Abstract Background Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of HTLV associated myelopathy/ Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), in around 2–5% of the infected individuals. Host genetic background might play a role in disease progression. Several previous studies across many countries report HLA haplotype to be one such factor. Here, we sequenced HLA-A, -B and -C of 73 individuals by Sequence-Based Typing (SBT), and compared the frequency of different alleles among ATLL patients, HAM/TSP patients, asymptomatic carriers and non-infected individuals in Argentina. Results The frequency of HLA-A, -B and -C alleles largely matched that of the general population in Argentina. We identified HLA-A*02 and HLA-B*35 as associated to protection from ATLL (p = 0.042) and susceptibility to HAM/TSP (p = 0.006), respectively. We also found a strong correlation between high proviral load (PVL) and disease (p = 0.0177), but were unable to identify any particular allele associated with high or low PVL. Conclusions Our results match several previous reports that link HLA-A*02 and protection from disease. However, this is the first study associating HLA-B*35 to susceptibility to disease in HTLV-1, an allele that has been largely associated to different severity factors related to other viral infections, such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV).

Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Moriuchi
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Spastic Paraparesis ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Perinatal Transmission ◽  
Serological Screening ◽  
Adult T Cell Leukemia ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
West And Central Africa

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a human retrovirus that infects an estimated 10–20 million people worldwide, has endemic foci in Japan, West and Central Africa, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and Melanesia. Also, it is the etiological agent of a lymphoproliferative malignancy, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), as well as chronic inflammatory diseases such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 can be transmitted vertically, sexually, or by blood-borne transmission. ATLL occurs in approximately 5% of carriers who are infected during early childhood, and primary prevention is the only strategy likely to reduce this fatal disease. Children born to carrier mothers acquire the virus predominantly from breastfeeding. In endemic areas, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) can be significantly reduced by screening pregnant women for the HTLV-1 antibody, followed by replacing breastfeeding with exclusive formula feeding. Indications for serological screening and recommendations for prevention of perinatal transmission are reviewed in this chapter.

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