scholarly journals Childhood Immunisation Coverage during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Italy

Vaccines ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Michela Sabbatucci ◽  
Anna Odone ◽  
Carlo Signorelli ◽  
Andrea Siddu ◽  
Andrea Silenzi ◽  
...  

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected national healthcare systems worldwide, with around 282 million cumulative confirmed cases reported in over 220 countries and territories as of the end of 2021. The Italian National Health System was heavily affected, with detrimental impacts on preventive service delivery. Routine vaccination services were disrupted across the country during the first months of the pandemic, and both access to and demand for vaccines have decreased during the pandemic. In many cases, parents preferred to postpone scheduled appointments for routine paediatric vaccinations because of stay-at-home orders or fear of COVID-19 infection when accessing care. The objective of the current study was to assess the routine childhood vaccine coverage (VC) rates during the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy. We compared 2020 and 2019 VC by age group and vaccine type. The Italian Ministry of Health collected anonymised and aggregated immunisation national data through the local health authorities (LHAs). Results were considered statistically significant at a two-tailed p-value ≤ 0.05. VC rates for mandatory vaccinations decreased in 2020 compared to 2019 (range of VC rate decrease: −1% to −2.7%), while chicken pox increased (+2.2%) in 7-year-old children. Recommended vaccinations were moderately affected (range of VC rate decrease in 2020 vs. 2019: −1.4% to −8.5%), with the exception of anti-HPV in males, Men ACWY, and anti-rotavirus vaccination (VC increase 2020 vs. 2019: +1.8%, +4.7% and +9.4%, respectively). In the COVID-19 era, the implementation of coherent, transparent, and effective communication campaigns and educational programs on safe childhood vaccinations, together with the increase in the number of healthcare staff employed, is essential to support strategies to reinforce vaccination confidence and behaviour, thus avoiding health threats due to VPD during and beyond COVID-19 times.

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Winda Parlin

<p>Rabies is a disease caused by the rabies virus. Rabies attacks can cause death. Based on data from Pekanbaru City Health Department found that the highest rabies cases were 15 cases in Puskesmas Rejosari. The purpose was to determine the factors that influence the incidence of rabies. This research is quantitative analytical research with case control design<em>.  </em>The respondents are 30 divided by 15 cases of rabies and 15 people as a control. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate with <em>chi square </em>test.The results are there is a relationship between the bite of animal with the rabies incidence <em>(p value</em> 0.01) and OR = 5, there is a relationship between knowledge with the rabies incidence <em>(p value</em> 0.005) and OR = 8, there is a relationship between attitude with the rabies incidence <em>(p value</em> 0.004) with OR = 9.000, there is a relationship between preventive action with rabies incidence <em>(p value</em> 0.000) with OR = 3.Conclusions: factors that influencing rabies incidence are animals bite, knowledge, attitude, and preventive action. Suggestion: There should be held education promotion about rabies and monitoring of families who raise animals that can transmitted rabies in Puskesmas Rejosari by local health authorities</p><p> </p><p>Rabies merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus. Rabies menyebabkan kematian. Berdasarkan data dari Dinas Kesehatan Kota Pekanbaru ditemukan bahwa kasus rabies tertinggi berada di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Rejosari yaitu sebanyak 15 kasus. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa yang mempengaruhi kejadian di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Rejosari. Penelitian ini bersifat kuantitatif analitik dengan desain penelitian kasus kendali<em>.  </em>Jumlah  responden adalah 30 orang, terbagi dalam 15 orang  kasus rabies dan 15 orang sebagai kendali. Analisa data menggunakan analisa univariat dan bivariate dengan uji <em>chi square</em>. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara gigitan hewan dengan kejadian penyakit rabies (<em>p value</em> 0.01) dengan OR = 5, terdapat hubungan antara pengetahuan dengan kejadian penyakit rabies (<em>p value</em> 0.005) dengan OR = 8, terdapat hubungan antara sikap dengan kejadian penyakit rabies (<em>p value</em> 0.004) dengan OR = 9.000, terdapat hubungan antara tindakan pencegahan dengan kejadian penyakit rabies (<em>p value</em> 0.000) dengan OR = 3. Kesimpulan : Faktor yang berpengaruh dengan kejadian rabies di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Rejosari adalah gigitan hewan, pengetahuan, sikap, dan tindakan pencegahan. Saran : Sebaiknya diadakan penyuluhan mengenai penyakit rabies serta dilakukan pemantauan pada keluarga yang memelihara hewan penular penyakit rabies di Puskesmas Rejosari oleh petugas kesehatan setempat.</p>


BMJ ◽  
1924 ◽  
Vol 2 (3329) ◽  
pp. 741-742
Author(s):  
J. G. Bennett

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Fan Liu ◽  
Xiao-Ke Xu ◽  
Ye Wu

AbstractThe 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is pseudonymously linked to more than 100 million cases in the world as of January 2021. High-quality data are needed but lacking in the understanding of and fighting against COVID-19. We provide a complete and updating hand-coded line-list dataset containing detailed information of the cases in China and outside the epicenter in Hubei province. The data are extracted from public disclosures by local health authorities, starting from January 19. This dataset contains a very rich set of features for the characterization of COVID-19’s epidemiological properties, including individual cases’ demographic information, travel history, potential virus exposure scenario, contacts with known infections, and timelines of symptom onset, quarantine, infection confirmation, and hospitalization. These cases can be considered the baseline COVID-19 transmissibility under extreme mitigation measures, and therefore, a reference for comparative scientific investigation and public policymaking.


Author(s):  
Trevor Hoppe

As the HIV epidemic wore on in the 2000s, public health authorities became enamored with the idea of “ending AIDS.” That is, if they could just get HIV-positive people to take their pills and stop infecting other people. Health departments began to track HIV-positive clients more closely, aiming to control their behavior and ensure their adherence to treatment regimens. This chapter explores how local health authorities ensure that HIV-positive clients behave in a manner officials deem responsible—and how they catch and punish those who do not. While the state maintains that the work of local health officials is done solely in the interests of promoting public health, their efforts to control HIV-positive clients reveal that they are also engaged in policing and law enforcement.


2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Dias ◽  
F. Rocha ◽  
F. M. Ulloa-Stanojlovic ◽  
A. Nitsche ◽  
C. Castagna ◽  
...  

AbstractIn Brazil, rabies surveillance is based on monitoring domestic and wild animals, although the most prevalent lineage of the rabies virus (RABV) currently diagnosed in Brazil is associated with bats, particularly non-haematophagous bats. Disease control is based on the mass vaccination of dogs and cats. We used data collected by the passive surveillance system of the city of Campinas from 2011 to 2015, to describe the temporal and geographic distributions of the bat specimens and RABV and discuss the current rabies surveillance with the advent of the declaration of canine and feline rabies-free areas in Brazil. We described the species, locations and health statuses of the collected bat specimens. Moreover, all samples were submitted for RABV diagnosis. Then, we performed a time series decomposition for each bat family. Additionally, we determined the spatiotemporal relative risk for RABV infection using the ratio of the kernel-smoothed estimates of spatiotemporal densities of RABV-positive and RABV-negative bats. From the 2537 bat specimens, the most numerous family was Molossidae (72%), followed by Vespertilionidae (14%) and Phyllostomidae (13%). The bat families behaved differently in terms of seasonal and spatial patterns. The distribution of bats varied geographically in the urban environment, with Molossidae and Phyllostomidae being observed downtown and Vespertilionidae being observed in peripheral zones. Concurrently, a significant relative risk of RABV infection was observed downtown for Vespertilionidae and in peripheral zones for Molossidae. No RABV-positive sample clusters were observed. As a result of the official declaration of RABV-free areas in southern Brazil, mass dog and cat vaccinations are expected to halt in the near future. This stoppage would make most dog and cat populations susceptible to other RABV lineages, such as those maintained by non-haematophagous bats. In this scenario, all information available on bats and RABV distribution in urban areas is essential. Currently, few studies have been conducted. Some local health authorities, such as that in Campinas, are spontaneously basing their surveillance efforts on bat rabies, which is the alternative in reality scenario of increased susceptibility to bat-associated RABV that is developing in Brazil.


1963 ◽  
Vol 109 (458) ◽  
pp. 29-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brice Pitt ◽  
Morris Markowe

Slowly but surely the emphasis of the mental health service is moving from the mental hospital into the community which it serves. The trend of these community developments can be seen as far back as the establishment of psychiatric out-patient clinics at general hospitals under the Mental Treatment Act, 1930, together with arrangements for after care, and continued by mental hospitals and regional hospital boards since the advent of the National Health Service. While the new era in British psychiatry awaits the implementation by local health authorities of their mandatory functions under the Mental Health Act, 1959, much can still be done within the hospital services proper to shift the emphasis into the community. One such method is described in this study of a Day Hospital developed within a large general hospital.


2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. S161
Author(s):  
Koichi Tokuda ◽  
Hideki Kawamura ◽  
Kazumi Torigoe ◽  
Shin Ogawa ◽  
Miyuki Yoshimori ◽  
...  

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