scholarly journals The Importance of Regulation in Natural Immunity to HIV

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 271
Author(s):  
Laurence Blondin-Ladrie ◽  
Matheus Aranguren ◽  
Kim Doyon-Laliberté ◽  
Johanne Poudrier ◽  
Michel Roger
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Heterosexual Intercourse ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Female Commercial Sex Workers

Worldwide, most Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections are acquired through heterosexual intercourse, and in sub-Saharan Africa, 59% of new HIV infections affect women. Vaccines and microbicides hold promise for preventing the acquisition of HIV. To this end, the study of HIV highly exposed seronegative (HESN) female commercial sex workers (CSWs), who constitute a model of natural immunity to HIV, provides an exceptional opportunity to determine important clues for the development of preventive strategies. Studies using both female genital tract (FGT) and peripheral blood samples of HESN CSWs, have allowed identifying distinct features, notably low-inflammatory patterns associated with resistance to infection. How this seemingly regulated response is achieved at the initial site of HIV infection remains unknown. One hypothesis is that populations presenting regulatory profiles contribute to the orchestration of potent anti-viral and low-inflammatory responses at the initial site of HIV transmission. Here, we view to update our knowledge regarding this issue.

HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa not explained by sexual or vertical transmission

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 657-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gisselquist ◽  
Richard Rothenberg ◽  
John Potterat ◽  
Ernest Drucker
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Women ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Direction Of Causation ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hiv Negative

An expanding body of evidence challenges the conventional hypothesis that sexual transmission is responsible for more than 90% of adult HIV infections in Africa. Differences in epidemic trajectories across Africa do not correspond to differences in sexual behaviour. Studies among African couples find low rates of heterosexual transmission, as in developed countries. Many studies report HIV infections in African adults with no sexual exposure to HIV and in children with HIV-negative mothers. Unexplained high rates of HIV incidence have been observed in African women during antenatal and postpartum periods. Many studies show 20%–40% of HIV infections in African adults associated with injections (though direction of causation is unknown). These and other findings that challenge the conventional hypothesis point to the possibility that HIV transmission through unsafe medical care may be an important factor in Africa's HIV epidemic. More research is warranted to clarify risks for HIV transmission through health care.

How much do blood exposures contribute to HIV prevalence in female sex workers in sub-Saharan Africa, Thailand and India?

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 581-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gisselquist
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hepatitis C Infection ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hiv Acquisition

Female sex workers (FSWs) are subject to frequent invasive procedures in health care and cosmetic services. When infection control is deficient, these procedures not only put FSWs at risk to acquire HIV, but are also risks for FSWs to transmit HIV to the general population. Direct information about blood exposures other than injection drug use as risks for HIV infection in FSWs has been too limited to test the hypothesis that unsterile health-care procedures have infected large numbers of FSWs in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. However, indirect evidence suggests that blood exposures might account for an important proportion of their HIV infections. This indirect evidence includes: higher prevalence of hepatitis C infection among sex workers than among other women; continuing HIV acquisition among FSWs despite high rates of condom use and surprisingly high ratios of incidence of HIV compared with incidence of syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia.

Cutting-Edge Success in Preventing Heterosexual HIV Transmission in Africa: Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Has Reached 15 Million Men

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-242
Author(s):  
Inon Schenker
Keyword(s):  
Male Circumcision ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision ◽  
Medical Male Circumcision ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
A Minor

Male circumcision is a minor surgery performed for religious and medical reasons. Three randomized clinical trials demonstrated it could reduce heterosexual HIV transmission from infected females to males by over 60%, paving the way in 2006 for multinational efforts to circumcise 27 million men in sub-Saharan Africa by 2021. It is estimated that by 2030 male circumcision will avert at least 500,000 HIV infections in Africa, saving lives and budgets. Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) of adults and adolescents has challenged policy makers, implementers, funders, and civil society in bringing surgery to the frontline of HIV prevention. Five key challenges are discussed: policy, clinical, demand, supply, and scaling up. A unique Israel-Senegal-South Africa collaboration, which enhanced high-volume (100 VMMCs per day) and high-quality (less than 2% minor adverse events) procedures, is described, highlighting VMMC as one of the most impressive public health collaborative interventions in HIV/AIDS prevention globally.

scholarly journals Characterizing HIV epidemiology in stable couples in Cambodia, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and India

2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. CHEMAITELLY ◽  
L. J. ABU-RADDAD
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hiv Epidemiology ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sub Saharan

SUMMARYUsing a set of statistical methods and HIV mathematical models applied on nationally representative Demographic and Health Survey data, we characterized HIV serodiscordancy patterns and HIV transmission dynamics in stable couples (SCs) in four countries: Cambodia, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and India. The majority of SCs affected by HIV were serodiscordant, and about a third of HIV-infected persons had uninfected partners. Overall, nearly two-thirds of HIV infections occurred in individuals in SCs, but only about half of these infections were due to transmissions within serodiscordant couples. The majority of HIV incidence in the population occurred through extra-partner encounters in SCs. There is similarity in HIV epidemiology in SCs between these countries and countries in sub-Saharan Africa, despite the difference in scale of epidemics. It appears that HIV epidemiology in SCs may share similar patterns globally, possibly because it is a natural ‘spillover’ effect of HIV dynamics in high-risk populations.

scholarly journals Active Components from Cassia abbreviata Prevent HIV-1 Entry by Distinct Mechanisms of Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 5052
Author(s):  
Yue Zheng ◽  
Xian-Wen Yang ◽  
Dominique Schols ◽  
Mattia Mori ◽  
Bruno Botta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Extract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
3D Space ◽  
In Silico Study ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hiv 1

Cassia abbreviata is widely used in Sub-Saharan Africa for treating many diseases, including HIV-1 infection. We have recently described the chemical structures of 28 compounds isolated from an alcoholic crude extract of barks and roots ofC. abbreviata, and showed that six bioactive compounds inhibit HIV-1 infection. In the present study, we demonstrate that the six compounds block HIV-1 entry into cells: oleanolic acid, palmitic acid, taxifolin, piceatannol, guibourtinidol-(4α®8)-epiafzelechin, and a novel compound named as cassiabrevone. We report, for the first time, that guibourtinidol-(4α®8)-epiafzelechin and cassiabrevone inhibit HIV-1 entry (IC50 of 42.47 µM and 30.96 µM, respectively), as well as that piceatannol interacts with cellular membranes. Piceatannol inhibits HIV-1 infection in a dual-chamber assay mimicking the female genital tract, as well as HSV infection, emphasizing its potential as a microbicide. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) showed that pharmacophoric groups of piceatannol are strictly required to inhibit HIV-1 entry. By a ligand-based in silico study, we speculated that piceatannol and norartocarpetin may have a very similar mechanism of action and efficacy because of the highly comparable pharmacophoric and 3D space, while guibourtinidol-(4α®8)-epiafzelechin and cassiabrevone may display a different mechanism. We finally show that cassiabrevone plays a major role of the crude extract of CA by blocking the binding activity of HIV-1 gp120 and CD4.

scholarly journals Behavioural interventions promoting condom use among female sex workers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uchenna O Okafor ◽  
Rik Crutzen ◽  
Yauri Aduak ◽  
Sylvia Adebajo ◽  
Hubertus W Van den Borne
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Condom Use ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Behavioural Interventions ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Sub Saharan
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