scholarly journals Implications of Birth-Dose Vaccination against Hepatitis B Virus in Southeast Asia

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 374
Author(s):  
Sheikh Mohammad Fazle Akbar ◽  
Mamun Al Mahtab ◽  
Ferdousi Begum ◽  
Shaikh A. Shahed Hossain ◽  
Sukumar Sarker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽  
Regional Office ◽  
Expanded Program Of Immunization ◽  
Control Goal ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Birth Dose ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) South-East Asia Regional Office (SEARO) covers 11 countries with a combined population of about 2 billion people, making it the most populous of the six WHO regions. In 1992, the WHO advocated including the hepatitis B vaccine in the Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) and vaccinating all infants and children three times within 1 year of birth (HepB3). Recently, the WHO advocate birth-dose hepatitis B vaccination (HepB-BD) as soon as possible after birth, preferably within 24 hours. In 2016, the SEARO endorsed a regional hepatitis B control goal with a target of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroprevalence of ≤1% among children aged ≥5 years by 2020. Of the 11 SEARO countries, four achieved this target on schedule. Out of these four countries, two countries (Bangladesh and Nepal) have not adopted HepB-BD in EPI program. On the other hand, the coverage of HepB3 is not satisfactory in some SEARO countries, including India which adopted HepB-BD but could not achieve the overall target of SEARO. Thus, it is a point of debate whether emphasis should be placed on proper implementation of HepB3 or whether a new agenda of HepB-BD should be incorporated in developing countries of SEARO. The article discusses strengthening and expanding the Hepatitis B vaccination program in SEARO countries with an emphasis on HepB and HepB-BD programs.

scholarly journals 1066. Immune Escape Mutant Detection Using Commercially Available Methods for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Serological Testing

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S562-S562
Author(s):  
Robert Gish ◽  
Vincent Streva
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Panel Member ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽  
Review Panel ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Escape Mutants

Abstract Background Although overall infection rates of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the United States (US) remain stable, as many as 2.2 million persons are still chronically infected with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)1. Persons who inject drugs (PWID) are at a higher risk of HBV infection and since 2009 three states (KY, TN, WV) have reported up to a 114% increase in cases of acute HBV infection due to higher infection rates among a non-Hispanic white populations (30–39 years), and injection drug users2. Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended as primary prevention for adults who are at increased risk for HBV infection, including PWID. However, data from the National Health Interview Survey indicate that hepatitis B vaccination coverage is low among adults in the general population3, and it is likely to be lower among injection drug users. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) is the first serological marker to appear after HBV exposure and infection; this marker is included in the recommended panel for acute hepatitis diagnosis and accurate detection is necessary for early and accurate diagnosis. Serological testing challenges exist for HBsAg due to the high degree of genetic variability which can further be exacerbated by endogenous and exogenous pressures. The immuno-dominant region may have one or more mutations described as immune escape mutations which can decrease or abrogate HBsAg binding to antibodies used in immunoassays. Although the prevalence of these mutations is not well documented in the United States, international studies have shown that up to 79% of HBV-reactivated patients (vs 3.1% of control patients; p< 0.001) carry HBsAg mutations localized in immune-active HBsAg regions4. Methods A study was conducted using a panel of 10 unique recombinant HBsAg immune escape mutants. Panel members were tested by commercially available HBsAg serological immunoassays. Results It was found that although commercially available HBsAg immunoassays are the primary diagnostic tool for HBV diagnosis, not all HBsAg immune escape mutants are detected, with some method detecting as few as 5 out of 10 of these mutant samples. Figure 1 Conclusion Improvement is needed in commercially available methods for the accurate detection of HBsAg. Disclosures Robert Gish, MD, Abbott (Consultant)AbbVie (Consultant, Advisor or Review Panel member, Speaker’s Bureau)Access Biologicals (Consultant)Antios (Consultant)Arrowhead (Consultant)Bayer (Consultant, Speaker’s Bureau)Bristol Myers (Consultant, Speaker’s Bureau)Dova (Consultant, Speaker’s Bureau)Dynavax (Consultant)Eiger (Consultant, Advisor or Review Panel member)Eisai (Consultant, Speaker’s Bureau)Enyo (Consultant)eStudySite (Consultant, Advisor or Review Panel member)Exelixis (Consultant)Fujifilm/Wako (Consultant)Genentech (Consultant)Genlantis (Consultant)Gilead (Consultant, Advisor or Review Panel member, Speaker’s Bureau)GLG (Consultant)HepaTX (Consultant, Advisor or Review Panel member)HepQuant (Consultant, Advisor or Review Panel member)Intercept (Consultant, Speaker’s Bureau)Ionis (Consultant)Janssen (Consultant)Laboratory for Advanced Medicine (Consultant)Lilly (Consultant)Merck (Consultant)Salix (Consultant, Speaker’s Bureau)Shionogi (Consultant, Speaker’s Bureau)Viking (Consultant)

scholarly journals Hepatitis B virus infections among health professional students in Mwanza city,Tanzania in 2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariam M. Mirambo ◽  
Emmanuel Mkumbo ◽  
Hadija Selega ◽  
Betrand Msemwa ◽  
Martha F. Mushi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Health Professional ◽  
Surface Antigen ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Professional Students ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Health Professional Students

Abstract Background The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends the vaccination against Hepatitis B virus in all infants and children up to the age of 18 years. In addition, adults in high-risk groups should also be vaccinated. This study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infections among health professional students in the city of Mwanza, Tanzania in order to provide data that can assist in devising prevention and control strategies in this special group. Methods A cross-sectional study involving health professional students of the Catholic University of health and Allied Sciences was conducted between April and July 2016. Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected using rapid antigen test while the anti-hepatitis B surface antibodies(anti-HBs) were quantified using Enzygnost Anti-HBs II assay and anti-HBV core antibodies tested using enzyme immunoassay. Results A total of 1211 health professional students with median age of 22 interquartile range (IQR):21–24 years were enrolled. The slighlty majority (57.5%) of these students were males and 475(39.2%) were in clinical practices. Out of 1211 students, 37 (3.1%) were Hepatitis B surface antigen positive. Of 1174 students tested for anti-HBs, 258 (22%) had titres > 10 IU/L indicating HBV immunity. The median anti-HBs titres was 47.7 IU/L(IQR:16–3-113). A total of 230(89.2%) students among those who were positive for anti-HBs were also positive for HBV core antibodies indicating HBV natural infections. Male sex (adjusted odd ratio(AOR):1.77, p < 0.000), being married (AOR:1.82, p = 0.002) and being in clinical practices (AOR:1.39, p = 0.028) independenlty predicted anti-HBs positivity. Conclusion A significant proportion of health professional students was naturally immune to Hepatitis B virus. There is a need to measure anti-HBs in order to reduce the cost of unnecessary vaccination especially in the countries with high endemicity of HBV.

scholarly journals Conhecimentos, atitudes e situação vacinal de graduandos de Medicina sobre Hepatite B

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renan Paes de Camargo ◽  
Marina Coimbra da Cruz ◽  
Marlene Cabral Coimbra da Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Biological Material ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽  
Hépatite B ◽  
Health Area ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
De Medicina

Introdução: A Hepatite B, devido sua ampla prevalência, representa um problema de saúde pública mundial. O vírus, encontrado em diversos fluidos corporais, apresenta alta transmissibilidade. A preocupação é ainda maior com profissionais da saúde pelo risco ocupacional, sendo os estudantes mais vulneráveis, devido sua inexperiência prática no manejo de materiais contaminados e, por vezes, falta de informações suficientes para sua proteção individual. Objetivo: avaliar o grau de conhecimento e a atitude de estudantes de Medicina quanto a Hepatite B. Material e Método: estudo de inquérito com alunos de Medicina do primeiro e quarto anos. Resultados: Como comportamentos de risco obteve-se como principal por ambas as turmas o não uso do preservativo. Respectivamente, 83,3% e 97,7% dos alunos do primeiro e quarto anos mostraram-se cientes do risco ocupacional da Medicina. A minoria de ambas as turmas havia esquema vacinal completo e apenas 22 alunos afirmaram terem avaliado a positividade de seu Anti-HBs. Todos os quartanistas reconheceram que biossegurança já havia sido abordada, sendo que 59,1% a julgou boa. A maioria dos alunos de ambas as turmas respondeu corretamente quais os equipamentos de proteção individual necessários para proteção contra o vírus, mas 20,5% dos alunos do sétimo período afirmou que o ensinamento para utilização desses equipamentos deveria ser reforçado. Conclusão: faz-se necessário reforçar as orientações referentes aos meios de transmissão do HBV, maior fiscalização quanto ao status vacinal e sorologia, além de incentivar medidas de precaução tanto nos ambientes de trabalho, quanto fora deles.Descritores: Hepatite B; Conhecimento; Riscos Ocupacionais.ReferênciasPinheiro J, Zeitoune RCG. Hepatite B: conhecimento e medidas de biossegurança e a saúde do trabalhador de enfermagem. Esc Anna Nery. 2008;12(2):258-64.Oliveira GLA, Almeida AM, Silva AL, Brandão CMR, Andrade EIG, Cherchiglia ML et al. Antivirais incorporados no Brasil para hepatite B cronica: analise de custo-efetividade. Rev Saúde Pública 2013;47(4):769-80.Barbosa ASAA, Salotti SRA, Silva SMUR. Nível de conhecimento sobre Hepatite B, estado vacinal e medidas de biossegurança de profissionais de enfermagem em um hospital público do interior paulista. R Epidemiol Control Infec. 2017;7(2):107-12.World Health Organization. Media Centre: hepatitis B [Internet]; 2017. Disponível em: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/ . Acesso em: 10 dez. 2017.Divisão de Imunização. Vacina contra hepatite B. Rev. Saúde Pública. 2006;40(6):1137-40.Ministério da Saúde (BR), Portal da Saúde: Calendário Nacional de Vacinação 2017 [Internet]. 2017. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, 2017. Disponível em: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/index.php/o-ministerio/principal/leia-mais-o-ministerio/197-secretaria-svs/13600-calendario-nacional-de-vacinacao . Acesso em: 10 dez. 2017.Angelo AR, Queiroga AS, Gonçalves LFF, Santos SD, Sousa CDFS, Soares MSM. Hepatite B: Conhecimento e Prática dos Alunos de Odontologia da UFPB. Pesq Bras Odontoped Clin Integr. 2007;7(3):211-16.Nunes AO, Araújo TM, Santos KOB, Mascarenhas MS, Almeida MMG. Vacinação contra hepatite b em trabalhadores da saúde de um Município da Bahia. Rev. Saúde Col. UEFS, Feira de Santana, 2015;5(1):9-16.Carvalho CMRS, Madeira MZA, Tapety FI, Alves ELM, Martins MCC, Brito JNPO. Aspectos de biossegurança relacionados ao uso do jaleco pelos profissionais de saúde: uma revisão da literatura. Texto contexto - enferm. 2009;18(2):355-60.Marziale MHP. Subnotificação de acidentes com perfurocortantes na enfermagem. Rev bras enferm. 2003;56(2):164-68.Oliveira AC, Gonçalves JA. Incidência de acidentes com material perfurocortante entre alunos de graduação em Ciências da Saúde. Cienc Cuid Saude 2009;8(3):385-92.Simão SAF, Souza V, Borges RAA, Soares CRG, Cortez EA. Fatores associados aos acidentes biológicos entre profissionais de enfermagem. Cogitare Enferm. 2010;15(1):87-91.Silva-Júnior MF, Assis RIF, Gomes CLR, Miclos PV, Sousa HA, Gomes MJ. Conhecimento atual sobre a necessidade de imunização da hepatite B dos acadêmicos da área da saúde de uma universidade brasileira. Arq Odontol. 2014;50(3):131-37.Vieira TB, Pereira R, Santos KF, Leal DBR. Soroconversão após a vacinação para Hepatite B em acadêmicos da área da saúde. Disc Scientia 2006;7(1):13-21.Davis JP. Experience with hepatitis A and B vaccines. Am J Med. 2005;118(10):7-15.Abich DR, Lima GCS, Lissarassa YPS, Mallet EKV, Comparsi B. Imunização contra o vírus da Hepatite B em estudantes da área da saúde. Contexto & Saúde. 2016;16(30):77-84.Souza EP, Teixeira MS. Hepatitis B Vaccination coverage and postvaccination serologic testing among medical students at a publica university in brazil. Rev Inst Med trop S Paulo. 2014;56(4):307-11.Oliveira VC, Guimarães EAA, Costa PM, Lambert CC, Morais PMG, Gontijo TL. Situação vacinal da hepatite B de estudantes da área da saúde. Rev Enf Ref. 2013;serIII(10):119-24.Shimizu HE, Ribeiro EJG. Ocorrência de acidente de trabalho por materiais perfurocortantes e fluidos biológicos em estudantes e trabalhadores da saúde de um hospital escola de Brasília. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2002;36(4):367-75.Gir E, Caffer Netto J, Malaguti SE, Canini SRMS, Hayashida M, Machado AA. Accidents with biological material and immunization against Hepatitis B among students from the health area. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2008;16(3):401-6.Garcia LP, Blank VLG. Prevalência de exposições ocupacionais de Cirurgiões-dentistas e auxiliares de consultório dentário a material biológico. Cad Saúde Pública. 2006;22(1):97-108.Ferreira LQ, Oschiro AC, Cruz MCC, Camargo RP, Cruz MC. Hepatite B: conhecimento e atitudes de acadêmicos de Odontologia. Arch Health Invest, 2018;7(7):258-61.Silva Júnior MF, Assis RIF, Sousa HA, Miclos PV, Gomes MJ. Conhecimento dos acadêmicos de odontologia da UFES sobre a necessidade de imunização. Rev Bras Pesq Saúde. 2013;15(4):87-94.Carneiro GGVS, Cangussu MCT. Prevalência presumível, cobertura vacinal, conhecimentos e atitudes relativos à hepatite B em graduandos de Odontologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia. Rev Odontol UNESP. 2009;38(1):7-13.

scholarly journals A comparison of hepatitis B seroepidemiology in ten European countries

2008 ◽  
Vol 137 (7) ◽  
pp. 961-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. NARDONE ◽  
C. G. ANASTASSOPOULOU ◽  
H. THEETEN ◽  
B. KRIZ ◽  
I. DAVIDKIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
European Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Core Antigen ◽  
Hbv Vaccination ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Testing Algorithm

SUMMARYTo inform current and future vaccination strategies, we describe the seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in ten representative European countries using standardized serology that allowed international comparisons. Between 1996 and 2003, national serum banks were compiled by collecting residual sera or by community sampling; sera were then tested by each country using its preferred enzyme immunoassays and testing algorithm, and assay results were standardized. Information on current and past HBV vaccination programmes in each country was also collected. Of the ten countries, six reported low levels (<3%) of antibodies against HBV core antigen (anti-HBc). Of the eight countries testing for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), the highest prevalence was reported in Romania (5·6%) and in the remaining seven countries prevalence was <1%. Universal HBV vaccination programmes had been established in seven countries as recommended by the World Health Organization, but the seroprevalence of antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBs) was lower than the reported vaccine coverage in three countries. Regular serological surveys to ascertain HBV status within a population, such as reported here, provide important data to assess the need for and to evaluate universal HBV vaccination programmes.

scholarly journals Benefits and Risks of Antiviral Treatment during Pregnancy in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2320
Author(s):  
Yoon Seok Lee ◽  
Soo Min Bang ◽  
Young-Sun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chronic Hbv Infection ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Chronic Hbv ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Meta Analyses

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a main cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and can lead to severe liver diseases. The World Health Organization has planned to eliminate viral hepatitis, including hepatitis caused by HBV and hepatitis C virus, by 2030. As mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HBV is a main cause of chronic HBV infection, MTCT prevention is the main target to reduce the risk of chronic HBV infection and eliminate the disease. Recent clinical trials and meta-analyses found that antiviral therapy could prevent MTCT effectively in mothers with ≥200,000 IU/mL of HBV DNA, in combination with serial vaccination and hepatitis B immune globulin administration in infants. Despite the preventive role of antivirals for MTCT of HBV, there are several concerns regarding antiviral therapy with respect to the safety of the mother and fetus during pregnancy. This review summarizes the benefits and risks of antiviral treatment during pregnancy in women with chronic HBV infection.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B Virus Elimination in the U.S.: Time to Dismantle Barriers and Implement Solutions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su Wang ◽  
Chari Cohen ◽  
Amy S. Tang ◽  
Camilla S. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Virus Elimination ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Purpose of Review The World Health Organization has set a target for the elimination of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as a public health threat by 2030, but the U.S. is not currently on track. In this review, we describe specific barriers to HBV elimination, provide examples of potential solutions, and offer recommendations for how the U.S. can reach HBV elimination goals. Recent Findings In the U.S., there are many barriers to eliminating hepatitis B, worsened by the siloing of healthcare and public health services. In recent years, we have not seen progress toward improving HBV screening or adult vaccination, and acute cases are on the rise. Current policies, guidelines, and recommendations can hinder elimination progress. Summary Simple policy and guideline changes will allow us to decentralize and scale-up hepatitis B screening, vaccination, and care. Dismantling current barriers will be critical to eliminating hepatitis B in the U.S.

scholarly journals Prevalence of hepatitis B, D and C virus infections among children and pregnant women in Moldova: additional evidence supporting the need for routine hepatitis B vaccination of infants

1999 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. DROBENIUC ◽  
Y. J. F. HUTIN ◽  
R. HARPAZ ◽  
M. FAVOROV ◽  
A. MELNIK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽  
Core Antigen ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B Core Antigen ◽  
Hbeag Prevalence

Rates of acute hepatitis B are high in Moldova, but the prevalence of chronic infection is unknown. In 1994, we surveyed children and pregnant women, collected demographic information, and drew blood for laboratory testing. Among the 439 children (mean age, 5 years), the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were 17·1 and 6·8%, respectively. Among the 1098 pregnant women (mean age, 26 years), 52·4% were anti-HBc-positive and 9·7% were HBsAg-positive. Of the HBsAg-positive pregnant women, 35·6% were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive and 18·3% had antibodies to hepatitis D virus. The prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus was 1·4% in children and 2·3% in pregnant women. The high HBeAg prevalence among HBsAg-positive pregnant women and the high anti-HBc prevalence among children indicate that both perinatal and early childhood transmission contribute to the high hepatitis B virus endemicity in Moldova.

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