scholarly journals Ocular Autonomic Nervous System: An Update from Anatomy to Physiological Functions

Vision ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Feipeng Wu ◽  
Yin Zhao ◽  
Hong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Parasympathetic Nerves ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
New Research ◽  
Almost All

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) confers neural control of the entire body, mainly through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Several studies have observed that the physiological functions of the eye (pupil size, lens accommodation, ocular circulation, and intraocular pressure regulation) are precisely regulated by the ANS. Almost all parts of the eye have autonomic innervation for the regulation of local homeostasis through synergy and antagonism. With the advent of new research methods, novel anatomical characteristics and numerous physiological processes have been elucidated. Herein, we summarize the anatomical and physiological functions of the ANS in the eye within the context of its intrinsic connections. This review provides novel insights into ocular studies.

Autonomic Nervous System

2021 ◽  
pp. 158-168
Author(s):  
Jeremy K. Cutsforth-Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Ventrolateral Medulla ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Parasympathetic Nerves ◽  
System P ◽  
Functional Components

The autonomic nervous system is involved in many important unconscious body functions. It is critical for maintaining the internal environment in response to changes in the external environment. The autonomic nervous system consists of peripheral components (sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and ganglia) and central components (ventrolateral medulla, nucleus ambiguus, nucleus of the solitary tract, periaqueductal gray, anterior cingulate gyrus, insular cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus). This chapter briefly reviews the anatomy and functional components of the autonomic nervous system and several anatomical clinical correlations.

Consultation with the Specialist

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 389-390
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Hardy ◽  
Allan Walker
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Neuromuscular Junction ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Anticholinergic Drugs ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Cholinergic Activity ◽  
Gallbladder Contraction ◽  
Autonomic Nervous

Acetylcholine (ACh), a common neurotransmitter in the human, acts in the brain at the neuromuscular junction and throughout the autonomic nervous system. Cholinergic receptors have been separated into two main groups: nicotonic (present at the neuromuscular junction) and muscarinic (present at all ganglia of the autonomic nervous system and postsynaptically in the parasympathetic nervous system). Anticholinergic medicines act at muscarinic sites. The first anticholinergic drugs were extracts of belladonna plants, which were used for centuries for their antimotility and antisecretory properties. These drugs generally are ineffective blockers of ACh at nicotinic receptors and cause neuromuscular blockade only at excessive doses. Because antimuscarinic medications block the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system, they affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In general, the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the GI system. Cholinergic impulses cause increased tone and motility of the stomach and intestines and increased secretion of gastric and intestinal fluids. Exocrine pancreatic secretion and gallbladder contraction also are stimulated by cholinergic activity. Anticholinergics reverse these responses. The prototypical anticholinergic, atropine, decreases output of gastric, intestinal, and pancreatic secretions; decreases motility and tone of the GI tract; and relaxes the gallbladder. Atropine not only interferes with cholinergic activity in the GI tract, it affects the entire body increasing heart rate, depressing salivary and bronchial secretion, decreasing sweating, dilating the pupils, inhibiting accommodation, inhibiting micturition, and causing constipation.

Features of the functional state of professionally significant body systems of operators and machinists of a petrochemical enterprise depending on their work experience

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
N. P. Setko ◽  
S. V. Movergoz ◽  
E. V. Bulycheva
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Functional State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
Length Of Service ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Conflict Of Interests ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Petrochemical Enterprise

Introduction. As a result of large-scale modernization of technological processes, the organism of workers in the petrochemical industry is affected by low intensity factors. With an increase in exposure time under the influence of such factors, the response of the body is characterized by various changes in physiological status, however, until now, medical examinations of workers in petrochemical enterprises have a clinical focus. In this regard, it becomes extremely important to systematically study the physiological functions of workers, considering their working experience for early detection of the adverse effects of the work environment and the development of effective preventive measures.The aim of the study is to evaluate the features of the functional state of the organism of operators and operators of a petrochemical enterprise, depending on the length of service.Materials and methods. To identify the features of the functional state of the body, 78 operators and 68 drivers, depending on the length of service, were divided into three subgroups. The functional state of the central, autonomic nervous and cardiovascular systems was studied, and the level of biological adaptation and working capacity of workers were determined. The functional state of the central nervous system is assessed by indicators of the functional level of the nervous system, the stability of the nervous reaction, the level of functionality of the formed functional system and the level of performance on the hardware-soft ware complex.Results. It was revealed that with an increase in seniority, the operators of the petrochemical enterprise changed the indicators of the functional state of the body, as evidenced by a decrease in the time of simple visual-motor reaction by 1.5 times, an increase in the rates of sympathetic activity of the autonomic nervous system by 1.7 times, and an increase in 1.4 times the adequacy of regulation processes against a 1.7-fold increase in the vegetative rhythm indicator, which characterize increased disorganization in the intersystem interactions of central and an independent contour of regulation of physiological functions. With an increase in seniority, typists noted an increase in the parasympathetic activity of the autonomic nervous system by 1.3 times, as well as an increase in the autonomic regulation rate by 1.2 times, which indicates a strengthening of the autonomous regulation loop by physiological functions.Conclusions. The workers of the main professions of the petrochemical enterprise with an increase in their seniority noted the development of long-term adaptation, which is confirmed by a decrease in the number of workers with an unsatisfactory level of adaptation and an increase in operators and drivers with a normal level of working capacity.Funding. The study had no funding.Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

The use of cardiointervalography in the diagnosis of lesions of the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Vsevolod Vladimirovich Skvortsov ◽  
Ekaterina Mikhailovna Skvortsova ◽  
Dariya Nikolaevna Zadumina ◽  
Daniil Alekseevich Shtonda
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
The State ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Autonomic Nervous

Cardiointervalography is a method for assessing the state of the mechanisms of regulation of the physiological functions of the body, used in the diagnosis of lesions of the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system. The article tells about the main reference points for general practitioners and cardiologists who are faced with the application of this method.

scholarly journals Thermal Therapy In Patients with Post-pandemic Stress Syndrome as a S upporting Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-249
Author(s):  
Irena Ponikowska ◽  
Przemysław Adamczyk ◽  
Irena Krupka-Matuszczyk
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Pulmonary Complications ◽  
Thermal Therapy ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Autonomic Nervous

The viral pandemic causes multidirectional adverse effects and the greatest of which is health. The viral infection itself and severe infectious disease with pulmonary complications are of government concern. However, less is said about the effects of pandemic restrictions, e.g., social isolation leading to a series of severe psychosomatic disorders. In social isolation and quarantine, the classic negative lifestyle factors are working – the lack of exercise, excessive eating, stress, and addiction intensity. In turn, these factors lead to the exacerbation of chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, heart disease, and others. Stress plays a unique role as it causes a number of stress syndromes, including the most severe form – post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Stress is destructive to the entire body. It causes changes mainly in the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system. In a stressful situation, the sympathetic nervous system’s activity increases, which leads to disorders in the functioning of many organs. Together with the autonomic nervous system’s stimulation, the secretion of stress hormones such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol increases. Increased adrenaline secretion leads to arrhythmias, hypertension, and metabolic changes. Excessive secretion of cortisol increases protein catabolism, glucagon secretion, increases gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and, consequently, increases blood glucose and cholesterol levels. Post-pandemic stress syndromes should be treated. Classic psychotherapy proposes the most important methods of treating these syndromes. The thermal therapy is the most useful and of pathogenetic significance. Thermal therapy includes heat therapy, hydrotherapy, peloid therapy, massages, music therapy, and physical training. These procedures, included in the appropriate treatment program, positively affect the autonomic nervous system, reduce the secretion of stress hormones, and reduce the level of stress. Thanks to thermal therapy, patients regain their mental balance, eradicate anxiety, improve physical condition, and increase resistance to infections. Moreover, they acquire knowledge about the proper lifestyle and methods to deal with stress.

scholarly journals Minireview: The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in Mediating the Glucagon Response to Hypoglycemia

Endocrinology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (3) ◽  
pp. 1055-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald J. Taborsky ◽  
Thomas O. Mundinger
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Parasympathetic Nerves ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Autoimmune Attack

In type 1 diabetes, the impairment of the glucagon response to hypoglycemia increases both its severity and duration. In nondiabetic individuals, hypoglycemia activates the autonomic nervous system, which in turn mediates the majority of the glucagon response to moderate and marked hypoglycemia. The first goal of this minireview is therefore to illustrate and document these autonomic mechanisms. Specifically we describe the hypoglycemic thresholds for activating the three autonomic inputs to the islet (parasympathetic nerves, sympathetic nerves, and adrenal medullary epinephrine) and their magnitudes of activation as glucose falls from euglycemia to near fatal levels. The implication is that their relative contributions to this glucagon response depend on the severity of hypoglycemia. The second goal of this minireview is to discuss known and suspected down-regulation or damage to these mechanisms in diabetes. We address defects in the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and in the islet itself. They are categorized as either functional defects caused by glucose dysregulation or structural defects caused by the autoimmune attack of the islet. In the last section of the minireview, we outline approaches for reversing these defects. Such reversal has both scientific and clinical benefit. Scientifically, one could determine the contribution of these defects to the impairment of glucagon response seen early in type 1 diabetes. Clinically, restoring this glucagon response would allow more aggressive treatment of the chronic hyperglycemia that is linked to the debilitating long-term complications of this disease.

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