scholarly journals From Surface Flow Velocity Measurements to Discharge Assessment by the Entropy Theory

Water ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommaso Moramarco ◽  
Silvia Barbetta ◽  
Angelica Tarpanelli
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klemens Katterbauer ◽  
◽  
Alberto Marsala ◽  
Virginie Schoepf ◽  
Linda Abbassi ◽  
...  

Logging hydrocarbon production potential of wells has been at the forefront of enhancing oil and gas exploration and maximize productivity from oil and gas reservoirs. A major challenge is accurate downhole fluid phases flow velocity measurements in production logging (PLT) due to the criticality of mechanical spinner-based sensor devices. Ultrasonic Doppler-based sensors are more robust and deployable either in wireline or logging while drilling (LWD) conditions; however, due to the different sensing physics, the measurement results may vary. Ultrasonic Doppler flow meters utilize the Doppler effect that is a change in frequency of the sound waves that are reflected on a moving target. A common example is the change in pitch when a vehicle sounding a horn approaches and recedes from an observer. The frequency shift is in direct proportion of the relative velocity of the fluid with respect to the emitter-receiver and allows to infer the speed of the flowing fluid. Doppler flow meters offer many advantages over mechanical spinners such as the ability to measure without requiring calibration passes, the absence of mechanical moving parts, the sensors robustness to shocks and hits, easy installation and minimal affection by changes in temperature, density and viscosity of the fluid thus capability to work even in highly contaminated conditions such as tar, asphaltene deposits on equipment. Despite being widely used in surface flow metering, ultrasonic Doppler sensor applications to downhole environment have been so far very limited. We present in this work an innovative deep learning framework to estimate spinner phase velocities from Doppler based sensor velocities. Tests of the framework on a benchmark data set displayed strong estimation results, in particular outlining the ability to utilize Doppler-based sensors for downhole phase velocity measurements and allows the comparison of the estimates with previously recorded spinner velocity measurements. This allows for the real-time automated interpretative framework implementation and flow velocity estimations either in conventional wireline production logging technologies and potentially also in LWD conditions, when the well is flowing in underbalanced conditions.


2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 2699-2738
Author(s):  
G. Corato ◽  
T. Moramarco ◽  
T. Tucciarelli

Abstract. A new procedure is proposed for estimating river discharge hydrographs during flood events, using only water level data measured at a gauged site, as well as 1-D shallow water modelling and sporadic maximum surface flow velocity measurements. During flood, the piezometric level is surmised constant in the vertical plane of the river section, where the top of the banks is always above the river level, and is well represented by the recorded stage hydrograph. The river is modelled along the reach directly located downstream the upstream gauged section, where discharge hydrograph is sought after. For the stability with respect to the topographic error, as well as for the simplicity of the data required to satisfy the boundary conditions, a diffusive hydraulic model is adopted for flow routing. Assigned boundary conditions are: (1) the recorded stage hydrograph at the upstream river site and (2) the zero diffusion condition at the downstream end of the reach. The MAST algorithm is used for the numerical solution of the flow routing problem, which is embedded in the Brent algorithm used for the computation of the optimum Manning coefficient. Based on synthetic tests concerning a broad prismatic channel, the optimal reach length is chosen so that the approximated downstream boundary condition effects on discharge hydrograph assessment at upstream end are negligible. The roughness Manning coefficient is calibrated by using sporadic instantaneous surface velocity measurements during the rising limb of flood that are turned into instantaneous discharges through the solid of velocity estimated by a two-dimensional entropic model. Several historical events, occurring in three gauged sites along the upper Tiber River wherein a reliable rating curve is available, have been used for the validation. The analysis outcomes can be so summarized: (1) criteria adopted for selecting the optimal channel length and based on synthetic tests have been proved reliable by using field data of three gauged river sites. Indeed, for each of them a downstream reach, long not more than 500 m, is turned out fair for achieving good performances of the diffusive hydraulic model, thus allowing to drastically reducing the topographical data of river cross-sections; (2) the procedure for Manning's coefficient calibration allowed to get high performance of the hydraulic model just considering the observed water levels and sporadic measurements of maximum surface flow velocity during the rising limb of flood. Indeed, in terms of errors in magnitude on peak discharge, for the optimal calibration, they were found, in average, not exceeding 5% for all events observed in the three investigated gauged sections, while the Nash-Sutcliff efficiency was, in average, greater than 0.95. Therefore, the proposed procedure, apart from to have turned out reliable for the rating curve assessment at ungauged sites, can be applied in realtime for whatever flood conditions and this is of great interest for the practice hydrology seeing that, looking at new monitoring technologies, it will be possible to carry out velocity measurements by hand-held radar sensors in different river sites and for the same flood.


2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 2979-2994 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Corato ◽  
T. Moramarco ◽  
T. Tucciarelli

Abstract. A new procedure is proposed for estimating river discharge hydrographs during flood events, using only water level data at a single gauged site, as well as 1-D shallow water modelling and occasional maximum surface flow velocity measurements. One-dimensional diffusive hydraulic model is used for routing the recorded stage hydrograph in the channel reach considering zero-diffusion downstream boundary condition. Based on synthetic tests concerning a broad prismatic channel, the "suitable" reach length is chosen in order to minimize the effect of the approximated downstream boundary condition on the estimation of the upstream discharge hydrograph. The Manning's roughness coefficient is calibrated by using occasional instantaneous surface velocity measurements during the rising limb of flood that are used to estimate instantaneous discharges by adopting, in the flow area, a two-dimensional velocity distribution model. Several historical events recorded in three gauged sites along the upper Tiber River, wherein reliable rating curves are available, have been used for the validation. The outcomes of the analysis can be summarized as follows: (1) the criterion adopted for selecting the "suitable" channel length based on synthetic test studies has proved to be reliable for field applications to three gauged sites. Indeed, for each event a downstream reach length not more than 500 m is found to be sufficient, for a good performances of the hydraulic model, thereby enabling the drastic reduction of river cross-sections data; (2) the procedure for Manning's roughness coefficient calibration allowed for high performance in discharge estimation just considering the observed water levels and occasional measurements of maximum surface flow velocity during the rising limb of flood. Indeed, errors in the peak discharge magnitude, for the optimal calibration, were found not exceeding 5% for all events observed in the three investigated gauged sections, while the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency was, on average, greater than 0.95. Therefore, the proposed procedure well lend itself to be applied for: (1) the extrapolation of rating curve over the field of velocity measurements (2) discharge estimations in different cross sections during the same flood event using occasional surface flow velocity measures carried out, for instance, by hand-held radar sensors.


Author(s):  
S. F. Dal Sasso ◽  
A. Pizarro ◽  
C. Samela ◽  
L. Mita ◽  
S. Manfreda

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