scholarly journals Mayers-Scotten’s 4-M Model: A Qusai-Experimental Study of Pashto-English Morphological Ability

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (34) ◽  
pp. 8-16
Author(s):  
Fatima-tu Zahara ◽  
Tahir Saleem ◽  
Nadia Joiya ◽  
Farhat Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Writing Proficiency ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Morphological Instruction ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Morphological Ability ◽  
Policy And Planning ◽  
L1 And L2

Bilingualism has been a myth for linguists and language policy and planning professionals for decades. Current study observes morphological ability and bilingual profile of L1 and L2 of Pashto mother-tongue children. Bilingual profile of the participants measured through bilingual language profile (BLP) tool. Both L1 and L2 children were tested before and after intervention. Morphological ability was measured through 4 M model. After 4 weeks of intervention, experimental child was able to read and write complex words with bridge morphemes. In contrast, controlled sample was not exposed to the intervention. The participants performed assigned language tasks and their performance-expressions were analyzed. Study confirms that early and late bridge morphemes are acquired and children have intelligibility of the language despite the fact that BLP shows low profile of the mother tongue. Significant effects of mother tongue were recorded in the participants’ performance. Effects of explicit morphological instruction was focused on identifying Pashto orthography and applying morphological ability on word formations. Findings reveal bilingual profile and patterns of morphological ability after didactic practice of intervention. Intervention contributed in developing Pashto orthography that was crucial for reading and writing proficiency. Direct impact on text-based inference and reading comprehension was another milestone of this qusai-experimental research. This model can be used for longitudinal studies.

Over 'Behang-Het-Zelvers' en 'Zelfbehangers'

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 258-272
Author(s):  
W. Smedts
Keyword(s):  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Language System ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
The Right ◽  
Morphological Ability

The acquisition of WF-rules by children learning their mother-tongue has hardly been studied up to now for English or Dutch. Yet, it seemed to me that the acquisition of WF proceeds much more slowly than the acquisition of phonology, syntax and flexional morphology. To test this hypothesis a WF-test of 211 items was submitted to a sample of 109 thirteen-year-old children of different social categories and to a control group of 20 adults. An adapted version has been submitted later on to a sample of 80 sixteen-year-old adolescents. Both versions try to measure the knowledge of WF-rules, and not the knowledge of certain morpho-logically complex words. It appears from the test that the children master only half of the WF of Dutch : only 47 % of the items have been correctly formed, understood or judged. Even using a less rigid criterion - not mastery, but WF-ability in general - they don't do much better (55 %) . The lexical-morphological ability of the adolescents reaches 69 %; i.e. one fourth higher than that of the children. The proportion of normative answers rises from 39 % of all answers given by children over 54 % for the adolescents to 73 % for the adults. The author's conclusion that children - and to a lesser extent, adolescents -do not master Dutch WF-rules, is illustrated with the discussion of four test items. The author stresses the desirability of teaching WF-rules at the right age and of correctly distinguishing between knowledge of words-the norm- and knowledge of the rules to form and understand complex words, i.e. the language-system.

scholarly journals Reading Accuracy in EFL Students with a Transparent L1 Background – a Case Study from Poland

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Monika Łodej
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Regular Instruction ◽  
Language Competence ◽  
L2 Reading ◽  
Reading Accuracy ◽  
Efl Students ◽  
L1 And L2

Research indicates that L2 reading competence is influenced by L1 reading ability, L2 proficiency, and L2 decoding competence. The present study investigates the significance of two variables, regularity and frequency, in relation to English as a Foreign Language (EFL) reading accuracy in students with a transparent L1. Fifteen 6th grade students in their sixth year of regular instruction in English took part in this study. Their mother tongue is Polish whereas English is their foreign language; thus, their language competence in L1 and L2 differs substantially. The research design followed Glusko (1979), Plaut (1996), and Wang and Koda (2007). There are four sets of real words. Two features of real words are manipulated for regularity and frequency. The study reveals that both conditions of script, regularity and transparency, affect reading accuracy in EFL students. However, the dimension of regularity is a stronger predicator of accuracy than the frequency with which the students encounter a word. From the pedagogical perspective, the collected data supports the use of structured reading instructions in the EFL classroom in order to restrain negative transfer of L1 to L2 reading strategies.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PERBEDAAN HARGA SAHAM, RETURN SAHAM, DAN ABNORMAL RETURN SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH STOCK SPLIT PADA PERUSAHAAN HIGH PROFILE DAN LOW PROFILE YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Pita Rahmawati ◽  
Jawoto Nusantoro ◽  
Gustin Padwa Sari
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Stock Prices ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
T Test ◽  
Paired Sample ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Normality Test ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Stock Split ◽  
Before And After

This research aims to determine whether there are differences in stock prices, stock returns and abnormal returns before and after a stock split in high profile and low profile companies. The research period used in this study was on 2016-2018. The research was analyzed in quantitative method by using a purposive sampling method. Based on the sampling criteria, 40 companies were selected as research samples. Kolmogorov Smirnov One Sample test was used for the normality test. After the normality test was carried out, the data was processed using the two paired-sample difference test. The t-test (paired sample t-test) was used if data were normally distributed but if it was not normally distributed the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test would be used. Hypothesis testing results showed that (1) there are differences in stock prices whether before and after a stock split in high profile companies (2) there are differences in stock prices whether before and after the stock split in low profile companies (3) there are differences in stock returns whether before and after a stock split in the company high profile (4) there is no difference in stock returns whether before and after the stock split in low profile companies (5) there is no difference in abnormal returns whether before and after the stock split in high profile companies (6) there is no difference in abnormal returns whether before and after the stock split in low profile companies (7) there are differences in stock prices after a stock split in high profile companies and low profile (8) there is no difference in stock returns whether before and after the stock split in high profile and low profile companies (9) there is no difference in abnormal stock returns whether before and after a stock split at high profile and low profile companies.

scholarly journals Newly Synthesized N-Substituted Thiosemicarbazone as a Potential Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 1 M HCl

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.14) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
N Z. Nor Hashim ◽  
K Kassim ◽  
F H. Zaidon
Keyword(s):  
Mild Steel ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Potentiodynamic Polarization ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Inhibition Efficiency ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Langmuir Adsorption ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
L1 And L2

Two N-substituted thiosemicarbazone derivatives namely as 2-(4-chlorobenzylidene)-N-phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide and 2-benzylidene-N-phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide (L1 and L2, respectively) have been tested as corrosion inhibitors on mild steel in 1 M HCl. The ligands were synthesized and investigated using potentiodynamic polarization (PD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).  The obtained results indicated that inhibition efficiency, (IE, %) L1 increased with increasing inhibitor concentrations which behaved as a good corrosion inhibitor compared to L2. The synthesized ligands were successfully characterized by melting point, elemental analysis (C, H, N, and S), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy. The excellent inhibition effectiveness for both compounds on mild steel before and after immersion in 1 M HCl solution containing 40 ppm of L1 and L2 were also verified by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based on potentiodynamic polarization results, it can be concluded that all investigated compounds are mixed-type inhibitors and obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. 

Tubular Daylighting Devices and People: A comparison of the human responses to Tubular Daylighting Devices and fluorescent lighting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
James Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Performance Change ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The University ◽  
Fluorescent Lighting ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Before And After Study

<p>Tubular Daylighting Devices are used to bring daylight into deep-plan spaces, and meet sustainability goals. However, they are expensive, and justification for their use lies in hypothesised benefits they can provide in areas such as well-being and productivity. Yet, there is very little research into the effects of Tubular Daylighting Devices. The broader daylighting literature suggests that benefits to satisfaction, mood, and performance are possible — though research into the benefits of daylight is still not conclusive.  Therefore, a before and after study was carried out in a windowless computer room in the university to compare how the students responded under TDDs versus typical electric lighting. Their cognitive performance, change in mood, average sleepiness, and perceptions of the room and lighting were measured.  TDDs significantly increased ratings of room attractiveness and brightness, and had no more perceived glare than the electric lighting. Ratings of lighting quality were on a par with both typical electric lighting and good modern lighting. They were also just as effective on overcast days as sunny. No effects were found on performance or sleepiness, and mood results were inconclusive.  Overall, it is suggested that TDDs can be considered to be on a par with good modern lighting, and superior to typical existing lighting. Note, however, that it is possible that effects in rooms with windows could differ from those found here. Further research should use longer exposures and larger sample sizes if they wish to find performance effects.</p>

scholarly journals Investigating the Needs and Drawbacks of L1 in L2 Education: Students’ Perception

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
AbdulMahmoud Idrees Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
English Language ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
L2 Learning ◽  
Efl Students ◽  
L1 And L2

This paper aims at exploring the EFL Students’ Perspective of the Use of the Arabic (L1) in English language (L2) learning. The relevant literature reviewed concerning the development of some fundamental issues in L1 usage shows that this technique plays a vital role in breaking the language barriers, promoting better communication, and contributing to linguistic competence. The statistical analysis and evaluation of the responses of the questionnaire exhibited that the need for (L1) in L2 was rated higher. The students claimed that their mother tongue is effective since it increases their awareness of similarities and differences between (L1) and (L2) and helps in explaining the difficult areas in the foreign language. Likewise, they confessed that L1 has drawbacks. It could be said that (L1) is a helpful technique in (L2) learning process, but it should be handled with care.

Cut-offs and co-occurring gestures: Similarities between speakers’ first and second languages

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renia Lopez-Ozieblo
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Multimodal Approach ◽  
Second Languages ◽  
L1 And L2

Abstract This paper explores cut-offs in the oral narrations of Spanish native speakers in their mother tongue (L1), and in their language-under-study, English (L2). Fluency in the L2 varies with proficiency, and so cut-offs offer a possible means of evaluating this. However, there are certain aspects of fluency which might be common to the L1 and the L2, suggesting that the L1 and L2 share cognitive factors that lead to similar disfluency patterns. To determine if cut-offs are reliable markers of L2 fluency, independent of those occurring in the L1, we assessed the cut-off patterns in the L1 and L2 narrations of this group of speakers, following a multimodal approach. We observed similarities in both languages, potentially indicating that speakers use comparable cut-off-gesture patterns in the L1 and L2. We conclude that using speakers’ cut-offs in an L2 to gauge proficiency is meaningful only if the L1 cut-off behaviour is known.

scholarly journals A Study on the Relationship between University Students’ Chinese Writing Proficiency and Their English Writing Proficiency

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Huang ◽  
Xueying Liang ◽  
Effie Dracopoulos
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Positive Transfer ◽  
First Year ◽  
Writing Proficiency ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
English Writing ◽  
Language Writing ◽  
Chinese Writing

Up to now, most researchers have been paying attention to the negative transfer of mother tongue to second language writing. Few studies, if any, have touched upon the positive transfer. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the positive transfer of Chinese to 26 first-year university students’ English writing holistically and segmentally in the use of words, grammar, coherence, and content and organization. The result of the Pearson correlation coefficient turned out to be 0.43 at the 5% significance level, indicating a positive relationship between the Chinese writing and the English writing. The questionnaires have also confirmed the result of the correlation analysis. In particular, the positive transfer of Chinese seems to be more apparent in the content and organization of the English writing, followed by coherence and use of words. Thus, it can be concluded that the positive transfer of mother tongue can facilitate English writing.

scholarly journals Morphologically complex words in L1 and L2 processing: Evidence from masked priming experiments in English

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
RENITA SILVA ◽  
HARALD CLAHSEN
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
L2 Processing ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
L1 And L2 ◽  
Striking Contrast

This paper reports results from masked priming experiments investigating regular past-tense forms and deadjectival nominalizations with -ness and -ity in adult native (L1) speakers of English and in different groups of advanced adult second language (L2) learners of English. While the L1 group showed efficient priming for both inflected and derived word forms, the L2 learners demonstrated repetition-priming effects (like the L1 group), but no priming for inflected and reduced priming for derived word forms. We argue that this striking contrast between L1 and L2 processing supports the view that adult L2 learners rely more on lexical storage and less on combinatorial processing of morphologically complex words than native speakers.

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