scholarly journals A Review of Blastomycosis in Indian Subcontinent

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Infection ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Arunachal Pradesh ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Mongrel Dog ◽  
Anti Tubercular Therapy ◽  
Antigen Testing ◽  
Canine Blastomycosis ◽  
Different Parts

This study traces the earliest cases of blastomycosis reported from India. Four authentic cases of blastomycosis from India including one each from Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, and one each from Bangladesh and Nepal, and five misdiagnosed cases have been reported in India after 2013. The clinical and diagnostic features of all cases are reviewed. The authentic cases from India originate from widespread locations in the country. The incidence of blastomycosis in dogs is known to be eight to ten times higher than that in humans. There is only one case of canine blastomycosis from India manifesting as a fatal pulmonary infection in a Mongrel dog. It is suggested additional canine cases should be looked for in different parts of India to facilitate the detection of endemic foci of B. dermatitidis for human and animal infections in the country. Mycological investigation of cases of pulmonary tuberculosis negative for culture and AFBs mear, and not responding to anti-tubercular therapy may reveal some cases of blastomycosis. A recently developed real-time PCR for identification of B. dermatitidis in culture and tissue may facilitate correct diagnosis of blastomycosis in suspected cases. Antigen testing in urine or serum is also recommended for diagnosing clinical infection and monitoring antifungal therapy in blastomycosis.

Role of routine nephrectomy for non-functioning kidneys due to genitourinary tuberculosis: Data from an Indian subcontinent

2021 ◽  
pp. 205141582098766
Author(s):  
Pradeep Prakash ◽  
Prabhjot Singh ◽  
Amlesh Seth ◽  
Rishi Nayyar ◽  
Brusabhanu Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Disease Recurrence ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Second Line ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Anti Tubercular Therapy ◽  
Open Nephrectomy

Objective: To evaluate the role of routine nephrectomy for tuberculous non-functioning kidney (TNFK) after receiving anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) by demonstrating whether live tubercle bacilli persist in nephrectomy specimens after treatment or not. Materials and methods: Patients with TNFK who underwent nephrectomy after completion of at least 6 months of ATT were included in this prospective cohort study. We sent tissue/pus from a nephrectomy specimen for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) staining, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture to look for live bacilli. Bacilli were considered alive only if AFB culture was positive. Results: Twenty-four patients underwent nephrectomy for TNFK between April 2015 and October 2017 (18 laparoscopic and 6 open nephrectomy). Laparoscopic nephrectomy was associated with lower blood loss (225 ml versus 408 ml, p = 0.0003) and shorter hospital stay (3 versus 3.8 days, p = 0.06) compared with open nephrectomy; however, mean operative time and overall complications were similar. Eight specimens were AFB smear and/or tuberculosis PCR positive, out of which three showed viable bacilli upon culture. Drug sensitivity testing showed multi-drug resistant strain in all three patients who were treated with second-line ATT. Conclusion: It is preferable to do routine nephrectomy for TNFKs as they are more likely to harbour live bacilli and lead to disease recurrence. Viability testing for AFB must be performed on all operated specimens to identify drug resistant bacilli so that patients may be treated with second-line therapy if required. Level of evidence: 4.

A new species of Glyptothorax (Teleostei: Sisoridae) from the Brahmaputra River basin, Arunachal Pradesh, India

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5023 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-250
Author(s):  
LAISHRAM KOSYGIN ◽  
PRATIMA SINGH ◽  
SHIBANANDA RATH
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
Arunachal Pradesh ◽  
Brahmaputra River ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Pectoral Spine ◽  
Pelvic Fin

Glyptothorax rupiri, a new sisorid catfish, is described from the Brahmaputra River basin in Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. It differs from its congeners in the Indian subcontinent by the following combination of characters: the presence of plicae on the ventral surface of the pectoral spine and first pelvic-fin ray; a posteriorly serrated dorsal-fin spine, its length 11.3–12.2% SL; body depth at anus 11.2–13.4% SL; a thoracic adhesive apparatus longer than broad, with a V-shaped median depression which opens posteriorly; an arrow-shaped anterior nuchal plate element; adipose-fin base length 10.9–12.6% SL; nasal barbel not reaching anterior orbital margin; 14–18 serrae on posterior margin of the pectoral-fin spine; body with two longitudinal pale-cream stripes; densely tuberculated skin; and the presence of numerous tubercles on the dorsal surface of pectoral and pelvic-fin rays.  

The Mauryan Empire

2021 ◽  
pp. 198-217
Author(s):  
Himanshu Prabha Ray
Keyword(s):  
Unique Feature ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Administrative Structure ◽  
Model Rule ◽  
Religious Writings ◽  
Different Parts

The unique feature of the Mauryan Empire is the religious writings or dhamma-lipi inscribed by King Aśoka on rocks and sandstone pillars across the Indian subcontinent. Many of the edicts are repeated in different parts of the country and present a unified vision for the region. These records have been a primary source for understanding the administrative structure of the Mauryan Empire. It is significant that the edicts have not been replicated by subsequent rulers. Though the nature of Aśoka’s dhamma has been debated by historians, there is no denying the fact that it is in Buddhist writings that Aśoka figures prominently as a righteous ruler whose model rule was followed by later rulers to the present.

scholarly journals 781. Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterium: Often a Missed Entity

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S280-S280
Author(s):  
Sairam B ◽  
Atul Gogia ◽  
Atul Kakar ◽  
S P Byotra
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Infection ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
First Line ◽  
Diagnostic Dilemma ◽  
Mycobacterial Diseases ◽  
Back Ache ◽  
Anti Tubercular Therapy

Abstract Background Initially referred to as Lady Windermere syndrome, the prevalence of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) is on the rise globally. In India, the TB capital of the world, these infections still go unrecognized, as the clinical presentation of all mycobacterial diseases are similar. This is of clinical relevance as misdiagnosis may lead to unwarranted or inappropriate therapy. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of adults suspected of having mycobacterial infection. Records of patients admitted with suspected TB from January 2015 to December 2017 were reviewed; clinicoradiological features were correlated with the organism isolated; treatment given and outcomes were recorded. Results Out of 877 suspected patients, 245 patients had microbiologically proven Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 34 had NTM (3.8%). Pulmonary infection was seen in 19 cases (56%), rest were extra pulmonary (34%). Fever was the commonest symptom (62%) others being cough (50%), breathlessness (41%), hemoptysis (15%), weight loss (3%), chest pain (3%), and back ache (12%). Symptoms were prolonged (>1 month) in 65% of cases. Radiologically, cavitations (42%), lung nodules (32%), and infiltrates (32%) were commonly seen. Upper zone predilection was noted in 68% of cases. Past tuberculosis was the major risk factor seen in 42% of cases while 26% were immunocompromised. Macrolide resistance was noted in none of our patients. Twenty-four out of 34 cases were AFB smear positive (71%), but MTB gene Xpert was negative. Our series includes four patients who did not respond to first-line anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) and were suspected to have multi-drug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis. Cultures later grew NTM and the patients improved with macrolide regime. Conclusion NTM is an underreported infection in a developing country like India with a high TB prevalence. Similar clinical features and morphology create a greater diagnostic dilemma. Usage of molecular techniques and AFB culture should be made mandatory in all suspected cases of tuberculosis. NTM should always be considered in ATT nonresponders before starting them on MDR regime. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Cryptococcosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (01) ◽  
pp. 069-079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Zavala ◽  
John W. Baddley
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Infection ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Anatomical Site ◽  
Immune Reconstitution Syndrome ◽  
Opening Pressure ◽  
Disease Manifestation ◽  
Night Sweats ◽  
Antigen Testing

AbstractCryptococcosis has become an important infection in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts. Although Cryptococcus is mainly recognized by its ability to cause meningoencephalitis, it can infect almost any organ of the human body, with pulmonary infection being the second most common disease manifestation. In cases of meningitis, symptom onset may be insidious, but headaches, fevers, or mental status changes should warrant diagnostic testing. Symptoms of pulmonary disease are nonspecific and may include fever, chills, cough, malaise, night sweats, dyspnea, weight loss, and hemoptysis. Due to protean manifestations of infection, diagnosis may be delayed or misdiagnosis may occur. Diagnosis typically is made by antigen testing of serum or cerebrospinal fluid or by culture or histopathology of infected tissues. A lumbar puncture with the measurement of opening pressure is recommended for patients with suspected or proven cryptococcosis. Treatment of cryptococcosis is based on the anatomical site of disease, severity of disease, and underlying immune status of the patient. Amphotericin B preparations plus 5-flucytosine is used as initial treatment of meningitis, disseminated infection, or moderate-to-severe pulmonary infection followed by fluconazole as a consolidation therapy. Fluconazole is effective for mild-to-moderate pulmonary infection. Important complications include elevated intracranial pressure and immune reconstitution syndrome, which may resemble active disease.

Leafhopper tribe Coelidiini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Coelidiinae) of the Indian subcontinent

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4653 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. VIRAKTAMATH ◽  
NARESH M. MESHRAM
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Arunachal Pradesh ◽  
Check List ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
First Time

Genera and species of the tribe Coelidiini from the Indian subcontinent are reviewed. Glaberana Nielson, Webbolidia Nielson and Zhangolidia Nielson are recorded from India for the first time. Twenty-three new species are described and illustrated as follows: Calodia deergha sp. nov. (India: Tamil Nadu), C. keralica sp. nov. (India: Kerala), C. kumari sp. nov. (India: Karnataka), C. neofusca sp. nov. (India: Karnataka, Kerala), C. periyari sp. nov. (India: Kerala), C. tridenta sp. nov. (India: Kerala), Glaberana acuta sp. nov. (India: Meghalaya), G. purva sp. nov. (India: Manipur), Olidiana lanceolata sp. nov. (India: Sikkim), O. flectheri sp. nov. (India: Meghalaya), O. umroensis sp. nov. (India: Meghalaya), O. unidenta sp. nov. (India: Assam, West Bengal), Singillatus parapectitus sp. nov. (India: Arunachal Pradesh), S. serratispatulatus sp. nov. (India: Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram), Trinoridia dialata sp. nov. (India: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra), T. ochrocephala sp. nov. (India: Kerala), T. piperica sp. nov. (India: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu), T. ramamurthyi sp. nov. (India:Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra), T. saraikela sp. nov. (India: Jarkhand), T. timlivana sp. nov. (India: Uttarakhand), W. andamana sp. nov. (India: Andaman & Nicobar), W. burmanica sp. nov. (Myanmar: Lashio) and Zhangolidia weicongi sp. nov. (India: Manipur). Olidiana brevis (Walker), O. perculta (Distant) and Trinoridia tripectinata (Nielson) are recorded for the first time from India and also Glaberana khasiensis (Rao) comb. nov. is proposed. Keys to genera and species with a check-list, distribution and host records are included. 

scholarly journals Ossifying Fibromyxoid Tumor: A Review With Emphasis on Recent Molecular Advances and Differential Diagnosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 143 (12) ◽  
pp. 1504-1512
Author(s):  
Cody S. Carter ◽  
Rajiv M. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
S100 Protein ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Mesenchymal Neoplasm ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion ◽  
Ossifying Fibromyxoid Tumor

Context.— Ossifying fibromyxoid tumor (OFMT) is a rare, slow-growing mesenchymal neoplasm of uncertain histogenesis with intermediate malignant potential. Objective.— To highlight the most important diagnostic features, including morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings; to provide comparisons to other entities in the differential diagnosis; and to provide a summary of the clinical features and outcomes in cases reported to date. Data Sources.— The data sources include recently published literature encompassing OFMT and tumors in the histologic differential diagnosis, and cases from institutional files. Conclusions.— Ossifying fibromyxoid tumor is important to recognize because of its low-grade morphology but potential for recurrence and metastasis. Recent molecular analysis has expanded the morphologic spectrum of OFMT, with additional cases discovered that are enriched for aggressive behavior. The diagnosis can often be rendered through a combination of morphology and coexpression of S100 protein and desmin, although only a minority of cases described contain all of these primary features. In cases that do not have all of these features, a high index of suspicion guided by morphology and exclusion of other tumors in the histologic differential diagnosis can lead to the correct diagnosis. Growing access to molecular genetic testing will become increasingly important for correct diagnosis of tumors at the ends of the morphologic spectrum.

scholarly journals Some Eocene Cerithioids (Gastropoda, Mollusca) from Kutch, Western India, and Their Bearing on Palaeobiogeography of the Indian Subcontinent

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalyan Halder ◽  
Piyali Sinha
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Records ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Western India ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Wide Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cenozoic Era ◽  
Different Parts

The cerithioids are a diverse group of gastropods found globally as fossil and living animals during the Cenozoic Era. Their systematics is riddled with problems stemming from large morphological variability, homoplasy, and wide geographical distribution. Six cerithioid species are described here from the lower Middle Eocene of Kutch, Gujarat, western India. All but two are new species. They are Palmerella kutchensis, Tenagodus? sowerbyi, Potamides archiaci, and Cerithium harudiensis. The rest are new records from Kutch and were known only from Pakistan. A palaeobiogeographical review based on major published records of benthic molluscs from Pakistan reveals strong endemism. The cerithioid faunas from different parts of Pakistan and this report from Kutch also show strong endemism and often quite localized development. It is argued here that unhindered faunal mixing was not possible in this province since these newly evolved basins were restricted in nature in their Lower Cenozoic history.

scholarly journals Status, distribution and research gaps of rodents (Mammalia: Rodentia) in North-Eastern States of India

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-277
Author(s):  
Paromit Chatterjee ◽  
Debashree Dam ◽  
Basudev Tripathy ◽  
Kailash Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Arunachal Pradesh ◽  
Research Gaps ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Ne India ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Data Deficient

In North Eastern states of India (NE India) there are almost 65% of mammal species of the country but baseline information on small mammals, particularly rodents, for the region is scanty. Present study recorded a total of 59 species of rodents from the NE India out of 100 species reported from Indian Subcontinent. The list contains all the valid taxonomic names and their distribution in the states of NE India. Additionally, five species has been added to the checklist of rodents in India. The list provided 59 species belonging to 30 genera under 5 families of 7 subfamilies. Among them Muridae was recorded to be with highest number of species (31 species), followed by Sciuridae with 22 species, Cricetidae with three species, while Spalacidae and Hystricidae have recorded only two species in each group. Among the eight states of NE India the highest number of species was recorded from Arunachal Pradesh (76 %) and the lowest, from Tripura (22%). Two Threatened, three Near Threatened, two Not Listed and six Data Deficient species have been listed from the present work with four endemic species from this region. The findings of this study indicated the requirements for intensive and extensive surveys in the north-eastern States of India and taxonomic revisions of many species.

Global Variation in the Anglophone World

2019 ◽  
pp. 629-653
Author(s):  
Bernd Kortmann
Keyword(s):  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
English Speaking World ◽  
Anglophone World ◽  
L1 And L2 ◽  
Different Parts

Based on the data set in the electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English, the primary purpose of this chapter is to determine the areal and global reach as well as the degree of distinctiveness of morphosyntactic properties for fifty spontaneous spoken L1 and L2 Englishes as well as twenty-six English-based pidgins and creoles spoken in seven Anglophone world regions (Africa, North America, Australia, British Isles, the Caribbean, the Pacific, South and Southeast Asia). Central questions addressed include the following: Which are the most widespread non-standard morphosyntactic features in the Anglophone world? Are there distinctive, or even diagnostic, features for the different variety types? Is it possible to identify systematic correlations between variety type and different degrees of structural complexity? Which are the most widespread or even diagnostic features for the different parts of the English-speaking world?

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