Anticipation, Simultaneity/Consecutivity and Distinctive Features in Phonology

2022 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Renáta Gregová
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Sound System ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Making A Difference ◽  
Feature Geometry ◽  
Roman Jakobson ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Brain

The notion of distinctive features has had a firm position in phonology since the time of the Prague Linguistic Circle and especially that of one of its representatives, Roman Jakobson, whose well-known delimitation of a phoneme as “a bundle of distinctive features” (Jakobson, 1962, p. 421), that is, a set of simultaneous distinctive features, has inspired many scholars. Jakobson’s attempt “to analyse the distribution of distinctive features along two axes: that of simultaneity and that of successiveness” (ibid., p. 435) helped cover several phonetic and/or phonological processes and phenomena. Distinctive features, although theoretical constructs (Giegerich, 1992, p. 89), reflect phonetic, that is, articulatory and acoustic, properties of sounds. In the flow of speech, some features tend to influence the neighbouring phonemes. Sometimes speech organs produce something that the brain just ‘plans’ to produce (anticipatory speech errors). There are situations where it seems as if the successive organization of phonemes went hand in hand with the simultaneous nature of certain articulatory characteristics of those phonemes (the transgression of consonants and inherence of vowels in Romportl’s theory), or the given feature seems to be anticipated by the preceding segment. This is the case with nasalization and/or anticipatory coarticulation, as well as regressive (anticipatory) assimilation. In addition, simultaneity/consecutivity is a decisive criterion for the difference between the so-called complex segments, as specified in Feature Geometry, and simple segments (Duanmu, 2009). Moreover, the phonological opposition of simultaneity- successivity (that is, consecutivity) itself functions as a feature making a difference between segmental and suprasegmental elements in the sound system of a language, as was first mentioned by Harris (1944), later indicated by Jakobson (1962) and then fully developed by Sabol (2007, 2012).

scholarly journals Comparison of Subrogation With Cession and Regression

Law and World ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-29
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Insurance Law ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Legal Consequences

The purpose of this article is to present one of the most problematic issues in the Civil Code of Georgia, which is manifested in the confusion of the institution of subrogation in insurance law with such institutions as cession and the condition of regression. They are close in content to each other, and this fact makes it difficult to see differences between them. Seeing the difference in content between them has not only theoretical but also practical significance, as each institution is characterized by a different legal outcome, and in each specific case the proper qualification of the relationship is crucial. One of the most practical different legal consequences of the given institutions is revealed in the different terms of the statute of limitations. For example, until 2012, it was unknown to the Georgian court that the statute of limitation of a subrogation starts from the period when the insurer has the right to claim damages against the insurance underwriter. Before then, it was an unknown fact that, different from regression, only legal relationship is established with one obligation in subrogation. In this article, we have discussed the distinctive features of subrogation, cession, and the condition of regression, and the accompanying legal consequences. We have discussed the decisions of the Supreme Court of Georgia, which discuss the differences in the content and results of the above-mentioned institutions. As a result, it was revealed that the practice of the Civil Court of Georgia before 2012 was unknown about the institution of subrogation, which is a really significant problem. It can be said that a uniform practice of the Supreme Court has been established at the Subrogation Institute and the problems that existed before have been solved.

Sex Differences in Phonetic Processing: Speed of Identification of Alphabetical Sequences

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1243-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond L. Majeres
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Matching Condition ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Verbal Processes ◽  
The Brain

Research on the sex difference in speed of matching strings of letters or digits has suggested that the difference is associated with the speed of the comparison and decision processes rather than with symbol recognition. In addition, the size of the difference is affected by whether the code used for the comparisons is figural or verbal. Given recent evidence on both the critical role of phonological processing in reading and sex differences in the lateralization of phonological processes in the brain, it was hypothesized that on a speeded task with high demands for phonological efficiency sex differences might be found even though no perceptual comparisons were required. In a study with 57 male and 60 female college students, the women were significantly faster in identifying alphabetical sequences and were more accurate than men. There were no significant sex differences on a perceptual matching condition. The results suggest that the verbal processes implicated in earlier work on sex differences in speed of symbol matching may be primarily due to sex differences in the efficiency of phonological processing.

Phonology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood Bijankhan
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Prosodic Structure ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Feature Geometry ◽  
Natural Classes ◽  
Phonological Rules

This chapter reviews the organization of sounds in the contemporary Persian language and discusses the issues in phoneme inventory, syllable structure, distinctive features, phonological rules, rule interaction, and prosodic structure according to the framework of the derivational phonology. Laryngeal states responsible for contrast in pairs of homorganic stops and fricatives are different in Persian. Phonological status of continuancy is controversial for the uvular obstruent. Glottal stop is distinctive at the beginning of loan-words while not at the beginning of the original Persian words. Phonotactic constraints within the codas of the syllables violate the sonority sequencing principle. Glottals are moraic in the coda position. Feature geometry is posited on the sound distinctions and patterns within phonological processes. Eleven phonological rules are explained to suggest natural classes. Interaction of some rules is derived. Laryngeal conspiracy, syllable structure, and intersegmental processes are analysed according to interaction of ranked violable constraints of optimality theory.

On the Difference Between L1 and L2 Acquisition of Phonology

1987 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-259
Author(s):  
Terry Piper
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
First Language ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Sound System ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
The Difference ◽  
L1 And L2

It has been argued extensively that children acquiring a second language (L2) simplify the target sounds of that language using the same phonological processes as children use in acquiring their first language (L1) (cf. Hecht and Mulford 1982; Piper, 1984a, 1984b; Garnica and Herbert 1979). Since these processes are generally thought to be universal, it is not surprising that this should be the case. Nevertheless, there are differences between L1 and L2 learners both in the simplification processes they use and in the way they use them. Some processes do not appear at all or appear unsystematically in L2 learners; some processes are retained much longer by L2 learners than would be expected given their early disappearance in L1 learners. In this paper, I take a closer look at the incidence, duration and systematicity of these processes in the developing phonology of ten ESL children, and attempt to demonstrate some ways in which normal acquisition of the L2 sound system by children differs from first language acquisition.

Artificial Intelligence in Mechatronic Systems: Problems of Embodiment

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
S. F. Sergeev
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Mental Image ◽  
Mechatronic Systems ◽  
Main Obstacle ◽  
Subjective Reality ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Synthetic Psychology

The article deals with the issues related to the possibility and limitations of technological creation of artificial systems endowed with consciousness and acting subject existing in the world of artificial subjective reality. The problems of creating an artificial personality in the given parameters are shown. The main obstacle to the creation of intelligent systems is the lack of progress in our understanding of the nature and mechanisms of the brain in the process of generating mental image and organization of purposeful activities. The transfer of psychology data to the engineering sphere is ineffective due to the difference in conceptual and instrumental areas of these disciplines. The approaches of synthetic psychology and pedagogy designed to provide a solution to the problem of creating an artificial subjective reality and techno-genic modification of man are presented.

scholarly journals THE PHENOMENON OF ANTONOMASIA IN LANGUAGE AND SPEECH (BASED ON ENGLISH PRESS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(78)) ◽  
pp. 48-51
Author(s):  
Olesya Tatarovska
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Potential Subject ◽  
New Name ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Own Name ◽  
The Given ◽  
Stylistic Device

Antonomasia can not be confidently attributed to a single case of metonymy or metaphor, as antonomasia is based on whether similar or on adjacent identifying objects. In speech antonomasia is a stylistic device, namely, the conscious use of existing or creation of a new name, which is realized together with the given value and is subject-logical at the same time. This leads to the fact that the name not only identifies the object, but characterizes it differently. Depending on whether the common name is transferred to its own (that is, the basis of the new name of the own name is the subject-logical value of the existing common name) or the potential subject-logical value of the embodied name is obtained in the foreground, we distinguish two types of antonomasia. This option indicates not the primary referent of the name, but its characteristics, distinctive features. However, the reference equivalence remains, but may be gradually erased. If it completely disappears, it causes the creation of a new common name. Considering antonomasia from the position of the nomination act, we can characterize it both as a process, and as a result of nominative activity. It is also worth recognizing the difference between antonomasia that characterizes the unit of speech, i.e. its own name, which has a potential subject-logical value implemented in certain contexts, and antonomasia as a stylistic device, i.e., special use of the name in context to achieve certain pragmatic effects.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF DISTINCTIVE FEATURES IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE SYLLABLE. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND SLOVAK

2018 ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Renáta Gregová ◽  
Renáta Panocová
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Consonant Clusters ◽  
Sample Analysis ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Phonological Structure ◽  
Syllable Boundary ◽  
Feature Geometry ◽  
The Given

The placement of the syllable boundary in consonant clusters occurring word-medially is a perennial problem in phonological theory. The comprehension of the syllable as the “smallest binding unit of language” (Pauliny 1979: 101), as the unit necessary for the understanding of the phonological structure of the language, enables us to determine the boundaries of syllables on the basis of contrasts between the neighbouring phonemes in the syllable. The degree of contrast depends on the distinctive features of the given phonemes. To evaluate this approach, distinctive features of phonemes from two different languages – English and Slovak – were delimited according to two distinctive features theories – Feature Geometry and synthetic phonological theory. The sample analysis of the English and the Slovak words with word-medial consonant clusters indicates the validity of this approach for the demarcation of the syllable boundary in polysyllabic words.

scholarly journals Variety resistance of winter barley to powdery mildew in the field in 1976−2005

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dreiseitl
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Powdery Mildew Resistance ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Mildew Resistance ◽  
Average Resistance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given ◽  
Resistance Of Varieties

The results of evaluation of powdery mildew resistance in winter barley varieties in 285 Czech Official Trials conducted at 20 locations were analysed. Over the period, the number of varieties tested per year increased from four to seven in 1976−1985 to 53−61 in 2002−2005. To assess the resistance of varieties, only trials with sufficient disease severity were used. In 1976−2000, six varieties (1.7% of the varieties tested in the given years) ranked among resistant (average resistance of a variety in a year > 7.5) including NR-468 possessing the gene <i>Mla13</i>, KM-2099 with <i>mlo</i> and Marinka with the genes <i>Mla7</i>, <i>MlaMu2</i>. In 2001−2005, already 33 varieties (16.9%) ranked among resistant, of which Traminer possessing the genes <i>Ml(St)</i> and <i>Ml(IM9 </i> dominated. The proportion of susceptible varieties (average resistance ≤ 5.5) did not change in the two mentioned periods. Two-rowed varieties began to be tested as late as in 1990 (the first variety was Danilo), however, no difference was found in the resistance of two- and six-rowed varieties. Using an example of two pairs of varieties (Dura-Miraj and Marinka-Tiffany) with identical genes for specific resistance but with different resistance in the field, the efficiency of non-specific resistance is discussed. The resistance of domestic and foreign varieties was similar in 1994−2000; however, in 2001−2005 the difference was 0.75 point to disadvantage of domestic ones.

scholarly journals Practical application of synthetic head models in real ballistic cases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Riva ◽  
T. Fracasso ◽  
A. Guerra ◽  
P. Genet
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Spherical Model ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Human Bone ◽  
Shape Model ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Open Shape ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Synthetic Models ◽  
Representative Material

AbstractIn shooting crimes, ballistics tests are often recommended in order to reproduce the wound characteristics of the involved persons. For this purpose, several “simulants” can be used. However, despite the efforts in the research of “surrogates” in the field of forensic ballistic, the development of synthetic models needs still to be improved through a validation process based on specific real caseworks. This study has been triggered by the findings observed during the autopsy performed on two victims killed in the same shooting incident, with similar wounding characteristics; namely two retained head shots with ricochet against the interior wall of the skull; both projectiles have been recovered during the autopsies after migration in the brain parenchyma. The thickness of the different tissues and structures along the bullets trajectories as well as the incident angles between the bullets paths and the skull walls have been measured and reproduced during the assemblage of the synthetic head models. Two different types of models (“open shape” and “spherical”) have been assembled using leather, polyurethane and gelatine to simulate respectively skin, bone and soft tissues. Six shots have been performed in total. The results of the models have been compared to the findings of post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) and the autopsy findings.Out of the six shots, two perforated the models and four were retained. When the projectile was retained, the use of both models allowed reproducing the wounds characteristics observed on both victims in terms of penetration and ricochet behaviour. However, the projectiles recovered from the models showed less deformation than the bullets collected during the autopsies. The “open shape” model allowed a better controlling on the shooting parameters than the “spherical” model. Finally, the difference in bullet deformation could be caused by the choice of the bone simulant, which might under-represent either the strength or the density of the human bone. In our opinion, it would be worth to develop a new, more representative material for ballistic which simulates the human bone.

scholarly journals Some remarks on the stability of the Cauchy equation and completeness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Fripertinger ◽  
Jens Schwaiger
Keyword(s):  
Normed Space ◽  
Additive Function ◽  
Functional Equations ◽  
Constant Function ◽  
Cauchy Equation ◽  
Cauchy Difference ◽  
International Conference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Given

AbstractIt was proved in Forti and Schwaiger (C R Math Acad Sci Soc R Can 11(6):215–220, 1989), Schwaiger (Aequ Math 35:120–121, 1988) and with different methods in Schwaiger (Developments in functional equations and related topics. Selected papers based on the presentations at the 16th international conference on functional equations and inequalities, ICFEI, Bȩdlewo, Poland, May 17–23, 2015, Springer, Cham, pp 275–295, 2017) that under the assumption that every function defined on suitable abelian semigroups with values in a normed space such that the norm of its Cauchy difference is bounded by a constant (function) is close to some additive function, i.e., the norm of the difference between the given function and that additive function is also bounded by a constant, the normed space must necessarily be complete. By Schwaiger (Ann Math Sil 34:151–163, 2020) this is also true in the non-archimedean case. Here we discuss the situation when the bound is a suitable non-constant function.

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