scholarly journals Computation of Permeability of Soil using Artificial Intelligence Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-266
Author(s):  
Jitendra Khatti ◽  
◽  
Kamaldeep Singh Grover ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gaussian Process Regression ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Relevance Vector Machine ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Fine Content ◽  
Ann Models ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann

The Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Decision Tree (DT), Relevance Vector Machine (RVM), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) AI approaches are constructed in MATLAB R2020a with different hyperparameters namely, kernel function, leaf size, backpropagation algorithms, number of neurons and hidden layers to compute the permeability of soil. The present study is carried out using 158 datasets of soil. The soil dataset consists of fine content (FC), sand content (SC), liquid limit (LL), specific gravity (SG), plasticity index (PI), maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC), permeability (K). Excluding the permeability of soil, rest of properties of soil is used as input parameters of the AI models. The best architectural and optimum performance models are identified by comparing the performance of the models. Based on the performance of the AI models, the NISEK_K_GPR, 10LF_K_DT, Poly_K_RVM, and GDANN_K_10H5 models have been identified as the best architectural AI models. The comparison of performance of the best architectural models, it is observed that the NISEK_K_GPR model outperformed the other best architectural AI models. In this study, it is also observed that GPR model is outperformed ANN models because of small dataset. The performance of NISEK_K_GPR model is compared with models available in literature and it is concluded that the GPR model has better performance and least prediction error than models available in literature study.

scholarly journals STUDI LITERATUR PENCAMPURAN MATERIAL TANAH LEMPUNG DAN PASIR BATU DENGAN STEEL SLAG

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 839
Author(s):  
Stefi Kurniawan ◽  
Inda Sumarli ◽  
Ali Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
Steel Slag ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Cbr Test ◽  
Research Findings

ABSTRACTThe use of steel slag has been widely used to increase soil strength. Steel slag is solid material from the process of refining molten iron in making steel which in the process uses furnace and using fuel from the air blown. The steel slag must be utilized cautiously because this material is categorized as B3 which is dangerous and toxic. The application that will be discussed in this research is “Literature Study of Mixing Clay and Sandstone with Steel Slag”. This analysis will be conducted by comparison of the data from research findings. The data used are primary and secondary. For primary data, the mixing of steel slag material is fulfilled by sandstone while this material is mixed with clay for secondary data. The experimet carried out from the data obtained are the CBR test, optimum moisture content (OMC), spesific gravity, maximum dry density, and atterberg limit. The results of data comparison; in addition of certain steel slag consist of a maximum number increase of CBR value. In addition, the growth of steel slag content can also increase spesific gravity of soil, and reduce plasticity, liquid limit and moisture content.ABSTRAKPenggunaan limbah baja telah banyak digunakan untuk peningkatan kekuatan tanah. Limbah terak baja merupakan limbah padat dari proses pemurnian besi cair dalam pembuatan baja yang dalam prosesnya memakai tungku dapur dan menggunakan bahan bakar dari udara yang ditiupkan. Limbah baja ini harus dimanfaatkan sebaik-baiknya karena bahan ini termasuk kedalam limbah B3 yang Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun. Pemanfaatan yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini adalah Studi Literatur Pencampuran Material Tanah Lempung dan Pasir batu dengan Steel Slag. Di dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan dengan perbandingan data-data dari hasil penelitian. Data-data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan sekunder. Untuk data primer, pencampuran material limbah baja dilakukan dengan pasir batu sedangkan untuk data sekunder material ini dicampurkan dengan tanah lempung. Pengujian yang dilakukan dari data-data yang didapat adalah pengujian CBR, kadar air optimum, berat jenis butir, berat jenis tanah, dan batas-batas atterberg. Hasil dari perbandingan beberapa data yang didapat, pada penambahan kadar steel slag tertentu terdapat pertambahan nilai CBR paling maksimum. Selain itu, pertambahan kadar slag juga dapat meningkatkan berat jenis butir, dan mengurangi plastisitas, batas cair, dan kadar air.

Application of Meta-Models (MPMR and ELM) for Determining OMC, MDD and Soaked CBR Value of Soil

2016 ◽  
pp. 454-482
Author(s):  
Vishal Shreyans Shah ◽  
Henyl Rakesh Shah ◽  
Pijush Samui
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Plastic Limit ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
Ann Models ◽  
Minimax Probability Machine Regression ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Learning Machine

This chapter examines the capability of Minimax Probability Machine Regression (MPMR) and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) for prediction of Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and Soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of soil. These algorithms can analyse data and recognize patterns and are proved to be very useful for problems pertaining to classification and regression analysis. These regression models are used for prediction of OMC and MDD using Liquid limit (LL) and Plastic limit (PL) as input parameters. Whereas Soaked CBR is predicted using Liquid limit, Plastic limit, OMC and MDD as input parameters. The predicted values obtained from the MPMR and ELM models have been compared with that obtained from Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The accuracy of MPMR and ELM models, their performance and their reliability with respect to ANN models has also been evaluated.

scholarly journals An investigation into the cause of road failure along Sagamu-Papalanto highway southwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ubido Oyem Emmanuel ◽  
Igwe Ogbonnaya ◽  
Ukah Bernadette Uche
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Low Resistivity ◽  
The Road ◽  
Cause Of Failure

AbstractInvestigation into the cause of road failure has been carried out along a 60 km long Sagamu –Papalanto highway southwestern Nigeria. Geochemical, mineralogical, geotechnical and geophysical analyses were conducted to evaluate the cause of failure along the study area. The results of the laboratory tests showed that the percentage amount of fines ranges from 12 to 61.3%, natural moisture content from 6.8 to 19.7%, liquid limit in the range of 25.1–52.2%, linear shrinkage between 3.96 to 12.71%, plastic limit ranges from 18.2–35%, plasticity index ranges from 5.2 to 24.6%, free swell in the range from 5.17–43.9%, maximum dry density ranges from 1.51–1.74 g /cm3, specific gravity ranges from 2.52–2.64 and CBR between 3 and 12%. The Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT) shows a resistance value of 20–138 kgf/cm2. The major clay mineral that is predominant in the studied soil is kaolinite. The major oxides present are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, Na2O, MgO and CaO. The result of the 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging revealed a low resistivity values for profile 2 and 3 ranging from 100 Ωm – 300 Ωm, between a distance of 20 m – 240 m along the profile to a depth of 7.60 m and a low resistivity value ranging from 50 Ωm – 111Ωm, between a distance of 80 m − 120 m along the profile to a depth of 15 m. It was concluded that the low CBR, low MDD and the class of subsoils namely A-26, A-7, A-2-7 (clayey soils) which were identified are responsible for the cause of failure experienced in the study area. These makes the soils unsuitable as road construction materials and hence, there is need for stabilization during the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the road.

scholarly journals Geotechnical properties of reinforced clayey soil using nylons carry’s bags by products

2018 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 01020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahla Salim ◽  
Kawther Al-Soudany ◽  
Nora Jajjawi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Ground Improvement ◽  
Soft Soil ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Waste Material ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Replacement Technique

All structures built on soft soil may experience uncontrollable settlement and critical bearing capacity. This may not meet the design requirements for the geotechnical engineer. Soil stabilization is the change of these undesirable properties in order to meet the requirements. Traditional methods of stabilizing or through in-situ ground improvement such as compaction or replacement technique is usually costly. Now a safe and economic disposal of industrial wastes and development of economically feasible ground improvement techniques are the important challenges being faced by the engineering community. This work focuses on improving the soft soil brought from Baghdad by utilizing the local waste material for stabilization of soil, such as by using “Nylon carry bag’s by product” with the different percentage and corresponding to 1 %, 3% and 5% (the portion of stabilizer matters to soil net weight) of dried soil. The results indicated that as Nylon’s fiber content increases, the liquid limit decreases while the plastic limit increases, so the plasticity index decreases. Furthermore, the maximum dry density decreases while, the optimum moisture content increases as the Nylon’s fiber percentage increases. The compression index (decreases as the Nylon’s fiber increases and provides a maximum of 43% reduction by adding 5% nylon waste material. In addition, the results indicated that, the undrained shear strength increases as the nylon fiber increases.

scholarly journals Technical and Environmental Impacts of Coal Waste Used as a Soil Stabilizer in Construction Projects of Forest Roads

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Mansouri ◽  
Mehran Nasiri ◽  
Amir Modarres
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Analysis ◽  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Coal Waste ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Soil Stabilizer

Many pozzolans are waste products from industrial processes. Every year a huge amount of coal waste is gathered from the coal washing plant in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. These materials can be used for soil stabilization in construction and maintenance projects of forest roads. This paper aims to (a) investigate the role of coal waste (CW) as a soil stabilizer and (b) determine the changes in soil specification regarding the environmental pollution in different combinations of materials (soil, lime (4 and 6%) and CW (3, 6, 9 and 12%)). For this purpose, different technical and environmental analysis and laboratory tests were performed. Technical tests showed that the soil liquid limit and maximum dry density decreased with an increase in lime and CW contents. Addition of CW could increase the soil CBR, UCS and OMC. According to XRD test, the addition of CW and lime can increase the size of crystals in stabilized soil samples. Environmental analysis showed that the use of stabilizer significantly reduced the concentration of heavy metals such as Cd, Cr and Pb. Also, all of the metal concentrations leached from samples satisfied the required criteria, but the addition of lime and CW increased the concentration of N, P, and K. These changes can increase the invasive species consistent with calcareous soil conditions along the roads. According to the results, the combination of coal waste and lime can be one of the best methods for in situ remediation. It would, however, be better to use a minimum amount of stabilizer in pavement layers of access roads due to environmental sensitivity.

Evaluation of Suitability of Red Clay from Selected Areas of Gercus Formation, Sulaimaniyah, North Iraq, for the Construction of Embankment Dams

2021 ◽  
pp. 3417-3427
Author(s):  
Amera I. Hussain Hussain ◽  
Ibraheem I. Ibraheem
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Embankment Dams ◽  
Filling Materials ◽  
The North ◽  
Geotechnical Assessment

      In this research, a geotechnical assessment was conducted for clay of the Gercus Formation to determine its suitability for embankment dams. The selected area is located in the north of Iraq. Six samples were collected from two sites in Dokan (Sulaimaniyah) and Haibat Sultan mountain (Koysinjaq), three samples each. Various geotechnical (physical, mechanical and chemical) tests were conducted based on standard specifications.      The results of the grain size test of clay samples showed their conformity with Zone C curves and their suitability for the construction of embankment dams, according to the Iraqi standard for roads and bridges.  The results of the plasticity limits test showed that the soil is made of fine, low plasticity silt (ML), and low plasticity clay (CL), according to the unified standard soil classification. The water content and plasticity limit tests (liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index) demonstrated that these clays are conformable with the limits of the Iraqi standards. The results of the modified compaction test found a maximum dry density value of 1.962 g/cm3 with an optimum moisture content of 11.5%. The results of the permeability index (K) revealed low permeability according to the Das classification and, therefore, showed the suitability of the samples as raw filling materials in the construction of dams. Chemical tests (sulfate content, organic materials content, total dissolved salts, gypsum content, and pH value) showed compatibility with the requirements for the use in dams construction under the Iraqi standard (SoRB/ R5).

scholarly journals Influence of Submergence on Stabilization of Loess in Shaanxi Province by Adding Fly Ash

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samnang Phoak ◽  
Ya-Sheng Luo ◽  
Sheng-Nan Li ◽  
Qian Yin
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Atterberg Limits ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Swell Potential

In this study, the influence of fly ash (FA) content (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) on the alteration in the physical and mechanical parameters of loess is investigated. The influences of curing time (0, 14, and 28 days) and submergence and non-submergence conditions are analyzed as well. Analysis considers the variation in Atterberg limits (liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index), compaction parameters (optimum moisture content (OMC), and maximum dry density (MDD)), unconfined compressive strength (UCS) stress, UCS strain, California bearing ratio (CBR) value, and swell potential. Results show that the application of FA-stabilized loess (FASL) is effective. Specifically, the MDD decreases and the OMC increases, the UCS stress increases and the UCS strain decreases, the CBR value improves and the swell potential declines, but Atterberg limits are insignificantly changed by the increase in the FA ratio compared with those of untreated loess. The UCS stress and CBR value are improved with the increase in curing time, whereas the UCS strain is negligible. FASL under submergence condition plays an important role in improving the effect of FA on the UCS stress and CBR value compared with that under non-submergence condition. The UCS stress and CBR value are more increased and more decreased than the UCS strain in submerged samples. Therefore, the application of FASL in flood areas is important for obtaining sustainable construction materials and ensuring environmental protection.

scholarly journals An Investigation into the Cause of Road Failure Along Sagamu-Papalanto Highway Southwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
OYEM EMMANUEL UBIDO ◽  
Igwe Ogbonnaya ◽  
Bernadette Uche Ukah
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Low Resistivity ◽  
The Road ◽  
Cause Of Failure

Abstract Investigation into the cause of road failure has been carried out along a 60km long Sagamu –Papalanto highway southwestern Nigeria. Geochemical, mineralogical, geotechnical and geophysical analyses were conducted to evaluate the cause of failure along the study area. The results of the laboratory tests showed that the percentage amount of fines ranges from 12-61.3%, natural moisture content from 6.8 to 19.7%, liquid limit in the range of 25.1-52.2%, linear shrinkage between 3.96 to 12.71%, plastic limit ranges from 18.2-35%, plasticity index ranges from 5.2 to 24.6%, free swell in the range from 5.17 – 43.9%, maximum dry density ranges from 1.51 -1.74g /cm3, specific gravity ranges from 2.52-2.64 and CBR between 3-12%. The Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT) shows a resistance value of 20-138 kgf/cm2. The major clay mineral that is predominant in the studied soil is kaolinite. The major oxides present are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, Na2O, MgO and CaO. The result of the 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging revealed a low resistivity values for profile 2 and 3 ranging from 100 Ωm – 300 Ωm, between a distance of 20m – 240 m along the profile to a depth of 7.60m and a low resistivity value ranging from 50 Ωm – 111Ωm, between a distance of 80 m –120 m along the profile to a depth of 15m. It was concluded that the low CBR, low MDD and the class of subsoils namely A-26, A-7, A-2-7 (clayey soils) which were identified are responsible for the cause of failure experienced in the study area. These makes the soils unsuitable as road construction materials and hence, there is need for stabilization during the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the road.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Penggunaan Pasir Putih Sebagai Bahan Tambah Untuk Stabilisasi Tanah Desa Bangkuang Kabupaten Barito Selatan

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Syahdi Syahdi ◽  
Muhammad Suhaimi
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Optimum Moisture Content ◽  
Plasticity Index ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
White Sand ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
The Many

Tanah merupakan salah satu dari sekian banyak material yang bervariasi (heterogen) antara satu lokasi dengan lokasi yang lain., maka dalam penelitian ini melakukan penambahan material pasir putih yang kemudian dicampurkan dengan tanah asli yang berasal dari desa Bangkuang Kecapamatan Karau Kuala Kabupaten Barito selatan. Kegiatan penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium Geoteknik dan Transportasi Politeknik Negeri Banjarmasin meliputi beberapa metode pungujian dilakukan sesuai dengan standar penelitian yaitu: SNI 03-1965-2008, SNI 03-1964-2008, SNI 03-1967-2008, SNI 03-1965-2008,SNI 03-1743-2008 SNI 03-1738-2011, dan SNI 2828:2011.  Hasil penelitian, dengan penambahan pasir putih sangat berpengaruh terhadap perbaikan sifat – sifat tanah yang akan digunakan untuk bahan stabilisasi subgredre,   maka didapat nilai sifat-sifat tanah diberi bahan pasir putih (0%) meliputi; kadar air (W) 23,87%, berat jenis (Gs) 2,59, batas cair (LL) 33,9%, batas plastis (PL) 20,11%, plastisitas indeks (PI) 13,79%, kadar air optimum (OMC) 18,6%, kepadatan kering maksimum (dMax) 1,61 Gr/Cm3 dan CBR desain 5%. Nilai sifat-sifat tanah diberi bahan tambah pasir putih. Nilai sifat-sifat tanah diberi bahan tambah pasir putih (15%) meliputi; berat jenis gabungan (Gs) 2,62, batas cair (LL) 29,6%, batas plastis (PL) 19,52%, plastisitas indeks (PI) 10,08%, kadar air optimum (Omc) 81,5%, kepadatan kering maksimum (dMax)) 1,54 Gr/Cm3 dan CBR desain 6,1%, berat isi kering (d) 1,538 gr/cm³. Abstract Land is one of the many varied material (heterogeneous) between one site and another location., then in this research performs addition material of white sand is then blended with the native soil that comes from the village of Karau Kuala Kecapamatan District Bangkuang Barito South. Research activities carried out in the laboratory of Geotechnical and transportation State Polytechnic Banjarmasin includes several methods of pungujian conducted in accordance with the standards of research, namely: in accordance with the SNI 03-1965-2008, SNI 03-1964-2008, SNI 03-1967-2008, SNI 03-1965-2008, SNI 03-1743-2008, SNI 03-1738-2011, and SNI 2828:2011. Results of the study, with the addition of white sand is very influential towards the improvement of the nature – nature of the land to be used for subgredre stabilization materials, then obtained the value soil properties are given materials white sand (0%) include; moisture content (W) 23.87%, heavy types (Gs) 2.59, liquid limit (LL) 33.9%, limits plastis (PL) 20.11%, plasticity index (PI) 13.79%, optimum moisture content (OMC) 18.6%, maximum dry density (/dMax) 1.61 Gr/Cm3 and CBR design 5%. The value soil properties are given the added ingredient of white sand. The value soil properties are given the added ingredient of white sand (15%) include; the weight of the combined type (Gs) 2.62, liquid limit (LL) 29.6%, limits plastis (PL) 19.52%, plasticity index (PI) 10.08%, optimum moisture content (Omc) 81.5%, maximum dry density (/dMax)) 1.54 Gr/Cm3 and CBR design 6.1%, weight dry (/d) 1.538 gr/cm ³.

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