scholarly journals Design o f Wireless Ad Hoc System u sing Adaptive Multi Hop Link State Optimal Routing Protocol

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Nayan S. Jambhulkar ◽  
◽  
Dr. Shailesh Kumar ◽  
Dr. Krushnadeo T. Belerao ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shortest Path ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Adaptive Method ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Large Power ◽  
Specific Location ◽  
Link State ◽  
Radio Signals ◽  
Link Cost

Now a days for the radio network communication multi-hop routing is used. This multi-hop routing technique covers larger coverage area. Therefore to reach at specific location data is transferred in form of packets from one node to other node. But for the transmission of radio signals over the large distance, large number of transreceivers are required and these transreceivers requires large power to operate. As a result, multi-hop routing can saves energy over separate routing. Therefore it is necessity to design a cost effective multi-hop routing technique for successful transmission of ratio packet data. In this paper a hop by hop adaptive link state optional routing (HALO) is explained. It is the first packet transmitting solution with hop by hop and link state routing, which reduces the cost of transporting data across a packet switch network[3]. The triple model is designed for multi hop packet routing. In this work each node of network iteratively and separately improves the small part of traffic bound. This algorithm finds the shortest path of specific location for every iteration and it is calculated by the marginal cost of the various links of network. The marginal link cost is used to calculate the shortest path between the node and the destination location. This marginal link cost is gathered from link state updates. The various networks changes are automatically identified by the adaptive method which is used in this paper. Due to this the exchange between the packets on wrong node is reduced over the overhead traffic. To validate these theoretical results the experimental evaluations and mathematical calculations are also reported in this work. Net beans java is the programmed use in this proposed project.

scholarly journals Integrating Mobile Ad Hoc Networks with the Internet Based on OLSR

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Mohammad Al mojamed
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Integration Scheme ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Gateway Node ◽  
Link State ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

Although a standalone and isolated mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is practical in many scenarios, integration with the Internet is much more advantageous. The integration of a MANET with the Internet provides MANET users with Internet access and hence increases the scope of the MANET application. In addition, the Internet can benefit from this integration by an extension of the network coverage area. However, the integration of heterogeneous networks raises many issues. To overcome the incompatibilities between different architectures, gateways are used. This paper proposes a lightweight integration scheme for a MANET and the wider Internet, based on the optimized link state routing (OLSR). OLSR routing messages are reengineered and optimized to meet the needs of integration without involving additional routing messages for gateway discovery. The compulsory registration of a MANET node with a gateway node in a traditional integration is not required in the proposed approach, meaning that nodes can move freely within the local MANET with no disruption in the connection to another node in the external network. The proposed system is evaluated using the OMNET++ network simulator and is compared to another existing system. The simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.

Worldview-2 and Landsat 8 Satellite Data for Seaweed Mapping along Karachi Coast

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Danish Siddiqui ◽  
Arjumand Z Zaidi
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Marine Plant

<span>Seaweed is a marine plant or algae which has economic value in many parts of the world. The purpose of <span>this study is to evaluate different satellite sensors such as high-resolution WorldView-2 (WV2) satellite <span>data and Landsat 8 30-meter resolution satellite data for mapping seaweed resources along the coastal<br /><span>waters of Karachi. The continuous monitoring and mapping of this precious marine plant and their <span>breeding sites may not be very efficient and cost effective using traditional survey techniques. Remote <span>Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) can provide economical and more efficient <span>solutions for mapping and monitoring coastal resources quantitatively as well as qualitatively at both <span>temporal and spatial scales. Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI) along with the image <span>enhancement techniques were used to delineate seaweed patches in the study area. The coverage area of <span>seaweed estimated with WV-2 and Landsat 8 are presented as GIS maps. A more precise area estimation <span>wasachieved with WV-2 data that shows 15.5Ha (0.155 Km<span>2<span>)of seaweed cover along Karachi coast that is <span>more representative of the field observed data. A much larger area wasestimated with Landsat 8 image <span>(71.28Ha or 0.7128 Km<span>2<span>) that was mainly due to the mixing of seaweed pixels with water pixels. The <span>WV-2 data, due to its better spatial resolution than Landsat 8, have proven to be more useful than Landsat<br /><span>8 in mapping seaweed patches</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span>

scholarly journals Using Aerial and Vehicular NFV Infrastructures to Agilely Create Vertical Services

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1342
Author(s):  
Borja Nogales ◽  
Miguel Silva ◽  
Ivan Vidal ◽  
Miguel Luís ◽  
Francisco Valera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Network Services ◽  
Network Function Virtualization ◽  
Mobile Environments ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
The Public ◽  
Network Function ◽  
And Performance

5G communications have become an enabler for the creation of new and more complex networking scenarios, bringing together different vertical ecosystems. Such behavior has been fostered by the network function virtualization (NFV) concept, where the orchestration and virtualization capabilities allow the possibility of dynamically supplying network resources according to its needs. Nevertheless, the integration and performance of heterogeneous network environments, each one supported by a different provider, and with specific characteristics and requirements, in a single NFV framework is not straightforward. In this work we propose an NFV-based framework capable of supporting the flexible, cost-effective deployment of vertical services, through the integration of two distinguished mobile environments and their networks: small sized unmanned aerial vehicles (SUAVs), supporting a flying ad hoc network (FANET) and vehicles, promoting a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). In this context, a use case involving the public safety vertical will be used as an illustrative example to showcase the potential of this framework. This work also includes the technical implementation details of the framework proposed, allowing to analyse and discuss the delays on the network services deployment process. The results show that the deployment times can be significantly reduced through a distributed VNF configuration function based on the publish–subscribe model.

scholarly journals Economic Development Based on a Mathematical Model: An Optimal Solution Method for the Fuel Supply of International Road Transport Activity

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2963
Author(s):  
Melinda Timea Fülöp ◽  
Miklós Gubán ◽  
György Kovács ◽  
Mihály Avornicului
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Optimal Decision ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Fuel Cost

Due to globalization and increased market competition, forwarding companies must focus on the optimization of their international transport activities and on cost reduction. The minimization of the amount and cost of fuel results in increased competition and profitability of the companies as well as the reduction of environmental damage. Nowadays, these aspects are particularly important. This research aims to develop a new optimization method for road freight transport costs in order to reduce the fuel costs and determine optimal fueling stations and to calculate the optimal quantity of fuel to refill. The mathematical method developed in this research has two phases. In the first phase the optimal, most cost-effective fuel station is determined based on the potential fuel stations. The specific fuel prices differ per fuel station, and the stations are located at different distances from the main transport way. The method developed in this study supports drivers’ decision-making regarding whether to refuel at a farther but cheaper fuel station or at a nearer but more expensive fuel station based on the more economical choice. Thereafter, it is necessary to determine the optimal fuel volume, i.e., the exact volume required including a safe amount to cover stochastic incidents (e.g., road closures). This aspect of the optimization method supports drivers’ optimal decision-making regarding optimal fuel stations and how much fuel to obtain in order to reduce the fuel cost. Therefore, the application of this new method instead of the recently applied ad-hoc individual decision-making of the drivers results in significant fuel cost savings. A case study confirmed the efficiency of the proposed method.

Route dynamics for Shortest Path First routing in mobile ad hoc networks

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangcheng Huang ◽  
G. Kannan ◽  
Saleem Bhatti ◽  
S. N. Merchant ◽  
U. B. Desai
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Shortest Path ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

scholarly journals Local kernel nonparametric discriminant analysis for adaptive extraction of complex structures

Open Physics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 270-279
Author(s):  
Quanbao Li ◽  
Fajie Wei ◽  
Shenghan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Data Structure ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Adaptive Method ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Linear Feature ◽  
Nonparametric Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Nonlinear Feature Extraction

AbstractThe linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is one of popular means for linear feature extraction. It usually performs well when the global data structure is consistent with the local data structure. Other frequently-used approaches of feature extraction usually require linear, independence, or large sample condition. However, in real world applications, these assumptions are not always satisfied or cannot be tested. In this paper, we introduce an adaptive method, local kernel nonparametric discriminant analysis (LKNDA), which integrates conventional discriminant analysis with nonparametric statistics. LKNDA is adept in identifying both complex nonlinear structures and the ad hoc rule. Six simulation cases demonstrate that LKNDA have both parametric and nonparametric algorithm advantages and higher classification accuracy. Quartic unilateral kernel function may provide better robustness of prediction than other functions. LKNDA gives an alternative solution for discriminant cases of complex nonlinear feature extraction or unknown feature extraction. At last, the application of LKNDA in the complex feature extraction of financial market activities is proposed.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Location-Aware Grid-Based Hierarchical Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Farrukh Aslam Khan ◽  
Wang-Cheol Song ◽  
Khi-Jung Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Hierarchical Routing ◽  
Link State ◽  
Location Aware ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Grid Based

In this paper, the performance analysis of a hierarchical routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) called Location-aware Grid-based Hierarchical Routing (LGHR) is performed. In LGHR, the network comprises nonoverlapping zones and each zone is further partitioned into smaller grids. Although LGHR is a location-aware routing protocol, the routing mechanism is similar to the link-state routing. The protocol overcomes some of the weaknesses of other existing location-based routing protocols such as Zone-based Hierarchical Link State (ZHLS) and GRID. A detailed analysis of the LGHR routing protocol is performed and its performance is compared with both the above-mentioned protocols. The comparison shows that LGHR works better than ZHLS in terms of storage overhead as well as communication overhead, whereas LGHR is more stable than GRID especially in scenarios where wireless nodes are moving with very high velocities.

scholarly journals Performance Enhancement of Optimized Link State Routing Protocol by Parameter Configuration for UANET

Drones ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Esmot Ara Tuli ◽  
Mohtasin Golam ◽  
Dong-Seong Kim ◽  
Jae-Min Lee
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Geographic Routing ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Link State ◽  
Parameter Configuration ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Dynamic Attributes ◽  
Optimized Link State Routing

The growing need for wireless communication has resulted in the widespread usage of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in a variety of applications. Designing a routing protocol for UAVs is paramount as well as challenging due to its dynamic attributes. The difficulty stems from features other than mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), such as aerial mobility in 3D space and frequently changing topology. This paper analyzes the performance of four topology-based routing protocols, dynamic source routing (DSR), ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), geographic routing protocol (GRP), and optimized link state routing (OLSR), by using practical simulation software OPNET 14.5. Performance evaluation carries out various metrics such as throughput, delay, and data drop rate. Moreover, the performance of the OLSR routing protocol is enhanced and named “E-OLSR” by tuning parameters and reducing holding time. The optimized E-OLSR settings provide better performance than the conventional request for comments (RFC 3626) in the experiment, making it suitable for use in UAV ad hoc network (UANET) environments. Simulation results indicate the proposed E-OLSR outperforms the existing OLSR and achieves supremacy over other protocols mentioned in this paper.

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