PHYTOTOXICITY OF WASTEWATER CONTAINING CADMIUM (Cd) USING OLEANDER

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1231-1238
Author(s):  
Zeki & Ridha

This study was aimed to investigate the ability of N.oleander to remove Cadmium (Cd) from wastewater. A prolonged toxicity test was performed in a single exposure and run for 65 days with various concentrations of Cd. Plants were grown in sand medium and irrigated with simulated wastewater contaminated with Cd, using different concentrations (0, 10, 25, 50, 75 mg/L), which were chosen based on previous preliminary test. The results of physical observation of the plants didn’t show any withering symptoms. The Cd concentration in plants increased, while in water decreased. The results of plant analysis showed that Cd concentration in plant shoots (stems and leaves) was higher than that in roots for almost all exposure doses along the test duration. The concentration of Cd in water decreased significantly from the first week of the test and become (0 mg/l) on day-35 for 10 and 25 mg/l exposure doses, while exceeded the permissible limits for 50 and 75 mg/l exposure doses and were 0.14 and 0.91 mg/l, respectively. Wet weight and dry weight of Oleander decreased with increasing Cd concentration level except for 10 mg/l exposure dose where the plant wet weight and dry weight increased at the end of the test. Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and Translocation Factor (TF) was found to be greater than 1, indicating that Oleander is a successful hyperaccumulator for Cd.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-114
Author(s):  
Putu Suwardike ◽  
Putu Sri Wahyuni ◽  
I Made Artika

Abstract. The study aimed at finding out the EM4 fermented chicken manure dosage, the concentration of cow biourine, and the interaction between the two which gave the best growth and yield of Japanese spinach were carried out in Candikuning Village, Baturiti District, Tabanan Regency, at altitude of 1,500 m asl. The trial lasted 45 days, starting from Mid April - May 2019, using a Randomized Group Design (RBD), consisting of two factors. The first factor is the chicken manure dose EM-4 fermented (A), with 4 levels, namely: (A0) without chicken manure (control), (A1) chicken manure dose of 10 tons.ha-1 or 480 grams / plot, (A2) chicken manure dose of 20 ton.ha-1 or 960 gram / plot, and (A3) chicken manure dose of 30 ton.ha-1 or 1440 gram / plot. The second factor is the concentration of bovine biourine (B), with 4 levels, namely: (B0) without bovine biourine (control), (B1) concentration of 100 ml.l-1 bovine biourine solution or 10%, (B2) 200 ml bovine biourine concentration. l-1 solution or 20%, (B3) 300 ml.l-1 concentration of beef biourine solution or 30%. The results of the analysis showed that the EM4 fermented chicken manure had a significant effect on almost all variables observed, except plant height per plant aged 17 days and oven dry weight of leaves per plant. The EM4 fermented chicken manure dose of 20 ton.ha-1 gave the highest total wet weight per plant, which was 228.74 g and the highest total oven dry weight per plant, ie 115.37 g. The optimal dose of fermented chicken manure EM-4 is 18.40 ton.ha-1 with a total oven dry weight per plant maximum = 135.21 g. The concentration of 200 ml.l-1 biourine cattle gave the highest total wet weight per plant, which was 238.01 g and the highest total oven dry weight, which was 121.51 g. The optimal concentration of beef biourine is 176.69 ml.l-1 with a total oven dry weight per plant maximum = 135.44 g. The interaction between EM4 fermented chicken manure doses and cattle biourine concentration only significantly affected the number of leaves per plant aged 45 days.Keywords. Chicken manure, Biourine cow, Japanese spinachAbstrak. Penelitian yang betujuan untuk mengetahui dosis pupuk kandang ayam difermentasi EM4, konsentrasi biourine sapi, dan interaksi antara keduanya yang memberikan pertumbuhan dan hasil bayam Jepang terbaik telah dilakukan di Desa Candikuning, Kecamatan Baturiti, Kabupaten Tabanan, pada ketinggian tempat  1.500 m dpl. Percobaan berlangsung selama 45 hari, mulai dari Pertengahan April – Mei 2019, menggunaan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK), terdiri dari dua faktor.  Faktor pertama dosis pupuk kandang kandang ayam difermentasi EM-4 (A), dengan 4 taraf yaitu : (A0) tanpa pupuk kandang ayam (kontrol), (A1) pupuk kandang ayam dosis 10 ton.ha-1 atau 480 gram/petak, (A2) pupuk kandang ayam dosis 20 ton.ha-1 atau 960 gram/petak, dan (A3) pupuk kandang ayam dosis 30 ton.ha-1 atau 1440 gram/petak. Faktor kedua kensentrasi biourine sapi (B), dengan 4 taraf yaitu : (B0) tanpa biourine sapi (kontrol), (B1) konsentrasi biourine sapi 100 ml.l-1larutan atau 10%, (B2) konsentrasi biourine sapi 200 ml.l-1larutan atau 20%, (B3) konsentrasi biourine sapi 300 ml.l-1larutan atau 30%.  Hasil analisis ragam menunjukan dosis pupuk kandang ayam yang difermentasi EM4 berpengaruh nyata sampai sangat nyata terhadap hampir semua variabel yang diamati, kecuali tinggi tanaman per tanaman umur 17 hst dan berat kering oven daun per tanaman. Dosis pupuk kandang ayam yang difermentasi EM4 20 ton.ha-1 memberikan  berat basah total per tanaman tertinggi, yaitu 228,74 g dan berat kering oven total per tanaman tertinggi, yaitu 115,37 g. Dosis optimal pupuk kandang ayam yang difermentasi EM-4 yaitu18,40 ton.ha-1dengan berat kering oven total per tanaman maksimum =  135,21 g. Konsentrasi biourine sapi 200 ml.l-1 larutan memberikan berat basah total per tanaman tertinggi, yaitu 238,01 g   dan berat kering oven total tertinggi, yaitu 121,51 g. Konsentrasi optimal biourine sapi yaitu 176,69 ml.l-1 dengan berat kering oven total per tanaman maksimum = 135,44 g. Interaksi antara dosis pupuk kandang ayam yang difermentasi EM4 dan konsentrasi biourine sapi hanya berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah daun per tanaman umur 45 hst.Kata kunci: Pupuk kandang ayam, Biourine sapi, Bayam jepang


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-114
Author(s):  
Putu Suwardike ◽  
Putu Sri Wahyuni ◽  
I Made Artika

Abstract. The study aimed at finding out the EM4 fermented chicken manure dosage, the concentration of cow biourine, and the interaction between the two which gave the best growth and yield of Japanese spinach were carried out in Candikuning Village, Baturiti District, Tabanan Regency, at altitude of 1,500 m asl. The trial lasted 45 days, starting from Mid April - May 2019, using a Randomized Group Design (RBD), consisting of two factors. The first factor is the chicken manure dose EM-4 fermented (A), with 4 levels, namely: (A0) without chicken manure (control), (A1) chicken manure dose of 10 tons.ha-1 or 480 grams / plot, (A2) chicken manure dose of 20 ton.ha-1 or 960 gram / plot, and (A3) chicken manure dose of 30 ton.ha-1 or 1440 gram / plot. The second factor is the concentration of bovine biourine (B), with 4 levels, namely: (B0) without bovine biourine (control), (B1) concentration of 100 ml.l-1 bovine biourine solution or 10%, (B2) 200 ml bovine biourine concentration. l-1 solution or 20%, (B3) 300 ml.l-1 concentration of beef biourine solution or 30%. The results of the analysis showed that the EM4 fermented chicken manure had a significant effect on almost all variables observed, except plant height per plant aged 17 days and oven dry weight of leaves per plant. The EM4 fermented chicken manure dose of 20 ton.ha-1 gave the highest total wet weight per plant, which was 228.74 g and the highest total oven dry weight per plant, ie 115.37 g. The optimal dose of fermented chicken manure EM-4 is 18.40 ton.ha-1 with a total oven dry weight per plant maximum = 135.21 g. The concentration of 200 ml.l-1 biourine cattle gave the highest total wet weight per plant, which was 238.01 g and the highest total oven dry weight, which was 121.51 g. The optimal concentration of beef biourine is 176.69 ml.l-1 with a total oven dry weight per plant maximum = 135.44 g. The interaction between EM4 fermented chicken manure doses and cattle biourine concentration only significantly affected the number of leaves per plant aged 45 days.Keywords. Chicken manure, Biourine cow, Japanese spinachAbstrak. Penelitian yang betujuan untuk mengetahui dosis pupuk kandang ayam difermentasi EM4, konsentrasi biourine sapi, dan interaksi antara keduanya yang memberikan pertumbuhan dan hasil bayam Jepang terbaik telah dilakukan di Desa Candikuning, Kecamatan Baturiti, Kabupaten Tabanan, pada ketinggian tempat  1.500 m dpl. Percobaan berlangsung selama 45 hari, mulai dari Pertengahan April – Mei 2019, menggunaan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK), terdiri dari dua faktor.  Faktor pertama dosis pupuk kandang kandang ayam difermentasi EM-4 (A), dengan 4 taraf yaitu : (A0) tanpa pupuk kandang ayam (kontrol), (A1) pupuk kandang ayam dosis 10 ton.ha-1 atau 480 gram/petak, (A2) pupuk kandang ayam dosis 20 ton.ha-1 atau 960 gram/petak, dan (A3) pupuk kandang ayam dosis 30 ton.ha-1 atau 1440 gram/petak. Faktor kedua kensentrasi biourine sapi (B), dengan 4 taraf yaitu : (B0) tanpa biourine sapi (kontrol), (B1) konsentrasi biourine sapi 100 ml.l-1larutan atau 10%, (B2) konsentrasi biourine sapi 200 ml.l-1larutan atau 20%, (B3) konsentrasi biourine sapi 300 ml.l-1larutan atau 30%.  Hasil analisis ragam menunjukan dosis pupuk kandang ayam yang difermentasi EM4 berpengaruh nyata sampai sangat nyata terhadap hampir semua variabel yang diamati, kecuali tinggi tanaman per tanaman umur 17 hst dan berat kering oven daun per tanaman. Dosis pupuk kandang ayam yang difermentasi EM4 20 ton.ha-1 memberikan  berat basah total per tanaman tertinggi, yaitu 228,74 g dan berat kering oven total per tanaman tertinggi, yaitu 115,37 g. Dosis optimal pupuk kandang ayam yang difermentasi EM-4 yaitu18,40 ton.ha-1dengan berat kering oven total per tanaman maksimum =  135,21 g. Konsentrasi biourine sapi 200 ml.l-1 larutan memberikan berat basah total per tanaman tertinggi, yaitu 238,01 g   dan berat kering oven total tertinggi, yaitu 121,51 g. Konsentrasi optimal biourine sapi yaitu 176,69 ml.l-1 dengan berat kering oven total per tanaman maksimum = 135,44 g. Interaksi antara dosis pupuk kandang ayam yang difermentasi EM4 dan konsentrasi biourine sapi hanya berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah daun per tanaman umur 45 hst.Kata kunci: Pupuk kandang ayam, Biourine sapi, Bayam jepang


2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Husnul Khotimah

ABSTRACT Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is one of horticulture crop that contain high nutrition. Growth and yield of this crop determined by genetic and environment factor especially water. The objective of this research was to know the effect of drought stress toward growth and yield of several okra genetypes. This research was undertaken in plastic house, Batu Kuta village Sub regency of Narmada using Split Plot design with drought stress as main plot and genotype as sub plot. Main plot consist of drought stress and without drought stress. Sub plot consist of Dompu genotype, Hybrid genotype, Red genotype and Long genotype. Every treatment combination was replicated three times. Result of this study showed that interaction between treatment and genotype of okra effected on canopy wet weight, canopy dry weight, plant height at 60 days after planting, number of leaf at 30, 60 and 90 days after planting, number of flower becoming fruit and number of good fruit. Treatment of okra genotype effected on almost all parameters except wet weight of root, dry weight of root and diameter of stem 30 days after planting. While, treatment of drought stress only effected on canopy wet weight and plant height at 60 and 90 days after planting. Long genotype had the best growth on the condition of drought. Red genotype had the best number of good fruit on the condition of drought stress and without drought stress.


1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Nicoll

ABSTRACT The response of the pigeon crop-sac to systemically acting prolactin (injected subcutaneously) was evaluated by measuring the wet weight of the responsive lateral lobes of the organ and by determining the dry weight of a 4 cm diameter disc of mucosal epithelium taken from one hemicrop. Of several different injection schedules tested, administration of prolactin in four daily injections was found to yield optimal responses. When compared with a graded series of prolactin doses, measurement of the mucosal dry weight proved to be a better method of response quantification than determination of the crop-sac wet weight with respect to both assay sensitivity and precision. The submucosal tissue of the crop-sac was estimated to constitute about 64 % of the total dry weight of the unstimulated organ and it was found to be relatively unresponsive to prolactin stimulation in comparison with the mucosa. The lipid content of the mucosal epithelium was determined using unstimulated crop-sacs or tissues which showed varying degrees of prolactin-induced proliferation. The fat content of the mucosal epithelial cells increased only slightly more rapidly than the dry weight or the defatted dry weight of the mucosa. Suggestions are made for the further improvement of the systemic crop-sac assay for prolactin.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Adam

SummaryEnhancement of the resistance level in plants by rhizobacteria has been proven in several pathosystems. This study investigated the ability of four rhizobacteria strains (Pseudomonas putida BTP1 and Bacillus subtilis Bs2500, Bs2504 and Bs2508) to promote the growth in three barley genotypes and protect them against Cochliobolus sativus. Our results demonstrated that all tested rhizobacteria strains had a protective effect on barley genotypes Arabi Abiad, Banteng and WI2291. However, P. putida BTP1 and B. subtilis Bs2508 strains were the most effective as they reduced disease incidence by 53 and 38% (mean effect), respectively. On the other hand, there were significant differences among the rhizobacteria-treated genotypes on plant growth parameters, such as wet weight, dry weight, plant height and number of leaves. Pseudomonas putida BTP1 strain was the most effective as it significantly increased plant growth by 15-32%. In addition, the susceptible genotypes Arabi Abiad and WI2291 were the most responsive to rhizobacteria. This means that these genotypes have a high potential for increase of their resistance against the pathogen and enhancement of plant growth after the application of rhizobacteria. Consequently, barley seed treatment with the tested rhizobacteria could be considered as an effective biocontrol method against C. sativus.


2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Yetti Elidar

Research on the response of roots of palm sugar palm seeds (Arenga pinnata) in nurseries at doses and intervals of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer. Aims to determine the dosage, interval and combination of dosages and fertilization intervals with Nasa liquid organic fertilizer which can provide the best dry weight of the roots in the nursery. The research design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3x3 factorial experiments and each treatment was repeated 8 (eight) times, consisting of: the first factor was the treatment of POC Nasa dose in a concentration of 3 cc POC Nasa per liter of water (D) consists of 3 levels, namely: d1 = 300 ml POC Nasa, d2 = 400 ml POC Nasa, d3 = 500 ml POC Nasa, while the second factor is the treatment of POC Nasa Interval (I) consisting of 3 levels, namely: i1 = 2 once a week, i2 = once every 3 weeks, i3 = once every 4 weeks. The results of the POC Nasa dose study had a significant effect on leaf wet weight, leaf dry weight, root wet weight and root dry weight. The best dose at this level are: d2 (400 ml of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer), the interval of liquid organic fertilizer Nasa has a significant effect on leaf wet weight, leaf dry weight, root wet weight and root dry weight. The best dose at this level is: i1 (once every 2 weeks). The treatment combination has no significant effect on all parameters. 


1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad I. Abdel-Hamid

A simple microplate technique was adopted for toxicity assessment of a number of pesticides including six herbicides (Atrazine, Dichloroprop, Glyphosphate, Chlorsulfuron, MCPA, and Simazine), an insecticide (Dimethoate) and a fungicide (Propiconazol). Growth response of free and immobilized cultures of the green chlorococcal algae Selenastrum capricornumtum to different treatments of these pesticides was tested and compared. The biotests were carried out under conditions optimal for the growth of the test alga. Algal growth was exposed in terms of dry weight, and was employed as the toxicity-response parameter. Dose-response curves were used to calculate the toxicity of the tested compounds in terms of EC50. Based on EC50 values, the responses of both immobilized and free cultures were quite similar for almost all the treatments. The technique facilitated the visual detection of the lowest toxic concentration giving no detectable algal growth (EC100). The technique is quite simple, rapid, practical, accurate, and space saving. It suggested that batteries of immobilized algae could replace free cultures in studies of toxicity testing.


1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2822-2824 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Montevecchi ◽  
J. F. Piatt

We present evidence to indicate that dehydration of prey transported by seabirds from capture sites at sea to chicks at colonies inflates estimates of wet weight energy densities. These findings and a comparison of wet and dry weight energy densities reported in the literature emphasize the importance of (i) accurate measurement of the fresh weight and water content of prey, (ii) use of dry weight energy densities in comparisons among species, seasons, and regions, and (iii) cautious interpretation and extrapolation of existing data sets.


1954 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Hubbard

The sedimentation behavior of aqueous solutions of digitonin and of cattle rhodopsin in digitonin has been examined in the ultracentrifuge. In confirmation of earlier work, digitonin was found to sediment as a micelle (D-1) with an s20 of about 6.35 Svedberg units, and containing at least 60 molecules. The rhodopsin solutions sediment as a stoichiometric complex of rhodopsin with digitonin (RD-1) with an s20 of about 9.77 Svedberg units. The s20 of the RD-1 micelle is constant between pH 6.3 and 9.6, and in the presence of excess digitonin. RD-1 travels as a single boundary also in the electrophoresis apparatus at pH 8.5, and on filter paper at pH 8.0. The molecular weight of the RD-1 micelle lies between 260,000 and 290,000. Of this, only about 40,000 gm. are due to rhodopsin; the rest is digitonin (180 to 200 moles). Comparison of the relative concentrations of RD-1 and retinene in solutions of rhodopsin-digitonin shows that RD-1 contains only one retinene equivalent. It can therefore contain only one molecule of rhodopsin with a molecular weight of about 40,000. Cattle rhodopsin therefore contains only one chromophore consisting of a single molecule of retinene. It is likely that frog rhodopsin has a similar molecular weight and also contains only one chromophore per molecule. The molar extinction coefficient of rhodopsin is therefore identical with the extinction coefficient per mole of retinene (40,600 cm.2 per mole) and the E(1 per cent, 1 cm., 500 mµ) has a value of about 10. Rhodopsin constitutes about 14 per cent of the dry weight, and 3.7 per cent of the wet weight of cattle outer limbs. This corresponds to about 4.2 x 106 molecules of rhodopsin per outer limb. The rhodopsin content of frog outer limbs is considerably higher: about 35 per cent of the dry weight, and 10 per cent of the wet weight, corresponding to about 2.1 x 109 molecules per outer limb. Thus the frog outer limb contains about five hundred times as much rhodopsin as the cattle outer limb. But the relative volumes of these structures are such that the ratio of concentrations is only about 2.5 to 1 on a weight basis. Rhodopsin accounts for at least one-fifth of the total protein of the cattle outer limb; for the frog, this value must be higher. The extinction (K500) along its axis is about 0.037 cm.2 for the cattle outer limb, and about 0.50 cm.2 for the frog outer limb.


1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Sofie Sandberg ◽  
H. Andersson ◽  
B. Hallgren ◽  
Kristina Hasselblad ◽  
B. Isaksson ◽  
...  

1. An experimental model for the determination of dietary fibre according to the definition of Trowell et al. (1976) is described. Food was subjected to in vivo digestion in ileostomy patients, and the ileostomy contents were collected quantitatively, the polysaccharide components of which were analysed by gas–liquid chromatography and the Klason lignin by gravimetric determination. The model was used for the determination of dietary fibre in AACC (American Association of Cereal Chemists), wheat bran and for studies on the extent of hydrolysis of wheat-bran fibre in the stomach and small intestine. The effect of wheat bran on ileostomy losses of nitrogen, starch and electrolytes was also investigated.2. Nine patients with established ileostomies were studied during two periods while on a constant low-fibre diet. In the second period 16 g AACC wheat bran/d was added to the diet. The ileostomy contents and duplicate portions of the diet were subjected to determinations of wet weight, dry weight, water content, fibre components, starch, N, sodium and potassium.3. The wet weight of ileostomy contents increased by 94 g/24 h and dry weight by 10 g/24 h after consumption of bran. The dietary fibre of AACC bran, determined as the increase in polysaccharides and lignin of ileostomy contents after consumption of bran, was 280 g/kg fresh weight (310 g/kg dry matter). Direct analysis of polysaccharides and lignin in bran gave a value of 306 g/kg fresh weight. Of the added bran hemicellulose and cellulose 80–100% and 75–100% respectively were recovered in ileostomy contents. There was no significant difference between the two periods in amount of N, starch and K found in the ileostomy contents. The Na excretion increased during the ‘bran’ period and correlated well with the wet weight of ileostomy contents.4. In conclusion, it seems probable that determination of dietary fibre by in vivo digestion in ileostomy patients comes very close to the theoretical definition of dietary fibre, as the influence of bacteria in the ileum seems small. Bacterial growth should be avoided by using a technique involving the change of ileostomy bags every 2 h and immediate deep-freezing of the ileostomy contents. True dietary fibre can be determined by direct analysis of polysaccharides and lignin in the food, at least in bran. Very little digestion of hemicellulose and cellulose from bran occurs in the stomach and small bowel. The 10–20% loss in some patients may be due to digestion by the gastric juice or to bacterial fermentation in the ileum, or both. The extra amount of faecal N after consumption of bran, reported by others, is probably produced in the large bowel.


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