TO STUDY CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND TIME OF ONSET OF SEIZURE IN TERM AND PRETERM NEONATES AND THE BIOCHEMICALABNORMALITY IN SEIZURES IN TERM AND PRETERM NEONATES.

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-19
Author(s):  
Ashwini Kumar Singh ◽  
Gaurav Choudhary ◽  
Akhilesh Patel
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Neonatal Seizures ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Seizure Episode ◽  
Biochemical Abnormalities

INTRODUCTION: Seizure is dened as paroxysmal involuntary disturbance of brain function. It may manifest as impairment or loss of consciousness, abnormal motor activity, behavioural abnormality, sensory disturbance or autonomic dysfunction. Any abnormal, repetitive and stereotypic behaviour in neonates should be evaluated as possible seizure. Neonatal seizures is a common neurological problem with a frequency range from 0.95 to 3.5/1000 live births. AIMS & OBJECTIVES:To assess the importance of biochemical abnormalities in neonatal seizures and to evaluate clinical presentation & time of onset of seizures in term and preterm neonates. MATERIAL & METHODS: A total of 90 neonates presenting with seizures admitted to NICU of National Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Jaipur from conducted from 1st January 2019 till 30 th June 2020 were enrolled in the study. Detailed antenatal, natal, postnatal history along with detailed examination was done. Baseline characteristics of convulsing neonate including sex, gestational age, birth weight, head circumference & length were recorded at admission. Clinical details of each seizure episode reported by the mother and subsequently observed by the resident doctors on duty were recorded i.e. age at onset of seizures, duration of seizure, number and type of seizure. Relevant investigations including biochemical parameters were done immediately after baby had seizures and before instituting any specic treatment. Etiology of neonatal seizures and associated biochemical abnormalities were diagnosed. RESULTS: In the present study, out of 90 neonates studied, 64 were full term of which 49(76.5%) were AGAand 15(23.5%) were SGA, whereas 26 cases were preterm. The male: female ratio is 1.3:1. Most neonatal seizures occur in rst 3 days of life, i.e. 60 %. Most of them occurred on rst day of life (34%). Birth asphyxia was the cause of neonatal seizures in 82 % neonates who developed seizures on day-1 of life. Birth asphyxia and septicemia are common cause of neonatal seizures in our study, followed by pure metabolic disturbances 20 %. In pure metabolic seizures, hypoglycemia (47.8%) is most common more in preterm babies (55%) followed by hypocalcemia. In cases of non- metabolic seizures, which showed associated biochemical abnormalities, hypoglycemia was most common abnormality 24 of 52 cases (46.15%). 12 cases (52.1%) are associated with birth asphyxia and 11 cases (47.9%) are associated with septicemia. CONCLUSION: Biochemical abnormalities are common in neonatal seizures and often go unrecognized. These abnormalities may signicantly contribute to seizure activity correction of these abnormalities may play a signicant role in seizure control. Hence, a biochemical work up is necessary for all cases of neonatal seizures.

scholarly journals Biochemical abnormalities in neonatal seizures in term and preterm neonates

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Manoj D. ◽  
Rajesh Reddy K. ◽  
S. S. Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Early Recognition ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Neonatal Seizures ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Preterm Babies ◽  
Work Up ◽  
Biochemical Abnormalities

Background: Neonatal seizures may arise as a result of diverse etiologies and can have varied presentations. Biochemical abnormalities are commonly observed in neonates which can be either primary or secondary. Early recognition and treatment of biochemical disturbances is essential for optimal management and satisfactory long-term outcome.Methods: A total of 100 neonates presenting with seizures admitted to NICU of JJM Medical College, Davanagere, from November 2015 to April 2017 were enrolled in the study. Detailed antenatal, natal, postnatal history along with detailed examination was done along with baseline characteristics of convulsing were recorded at admission along with relevant biochemical investigations before instituting any specific treatment.Results: In the present study, out of 100 neonates studied, 64 were full term of which 49(76.5%) were AGA and 15(23.5%) were SGA, whereas 36 cases were preterm. Most neonatal seizures occurred in first 3 days of life, i.e. 59% of which majority occurred on first day of life (34%). Birth asphyxia and septicemia are common cause of neonatal seizures in present study (38 cases each), followed by pure metabolic disturbances 19%. In pure metabolic seizures, hypoglycemia (47.8%) is most common more in preterm babies (55%) followed by hypocalcemia.Conclusions: Biochemical abnormalities are common in neonatal seizures and often go unrecognized and may significantly contribute to seizure activity. Hence, a biochemical work up is necessary for all cases of neonatal seizures.

scholarly journals A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON SEIZURES AMONG PEDIATRIC AGE GROUP IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-64
Author(s):  
Srenivas. A ◽  
Sathiya Suresh
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Neonatal Seizures ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Female Male Female ◽  
A Prospective Study

Seizures represent signal of neurological disease in the newborn period and these convulsive phenomena are the most frequent of the overt manifestation of neonatal neurological disorders.. The objective of this study was to study the incidence of pediatrics (0-12 years) seizures. To study the etiology and pattern of seizures. Methods: 200 Subjects who had seizures were included in the study. Relevant history was ascertained from a patient’s parents or a reliable relative or attendant, medical records and the referring physicians note, specifically from mother in case of neonatal seizures i.e. age at onset of seizures, seizure activity with special emphasis on occurrence of 1st seizures, duration of seizures, number and type of seizures, associated autonomic changes, medications required to control seizures, response time to medications, and possible causes for determination of etiology. A detailed antenatal, natal and postnatal history was taken. Results: Out of 200 study subjects 35.89% were in neonatal age group, of which 64.10% and 35.90% were male and female respectively and 64.11%. out of neonatal seizures, 64.10% neonates were male and 35.90% were female. Male: Female ratio was 1.79:1. The seizures were common in male neonates. Subtle seizures were the commonest type of seizures observed both in term and preterm neonates. Conclusions: The various types of seizure were compared with the preterm and term neonates and it was found statistically significant

scholarly journals Prevalence of Biochemical Abnormalities in Neonatal Seizures in Term and Preterm Neonates

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
K. M. Vinay ◽  
Goutham Shankargoud Patil ◽  
S. S. Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Neonatal Seizures ◽  
Biochemical Abnormalities

Background: The most vulnerable period of life to develop seizures is the neonatal period. These events very often signify serious damage or malfunction of the immature developing central nervous system. Neonatal seizures may arise as a result of diverse etiologies and can have varied presentations. Biochemical abnormalities are commonly observed in neonates who are admitted in neonatal intensive care unit with seizures. Early recognition and treatment of biochemical disturbances is essential for optimal management and satisfactory long-term outcome. Objective: To assess clinical types and importance of biochemical abnormalities in neonatal seizures and to evaluate clinical type & time of onset of seizures in term and preterm neonates. Methods: A prospective observational study, where 100 neonates presenting with seizures admitted to neonatal intensive care unit of Jagadguru Jayadeva Murugarajendra Medical College, Davangere, from September 2015 to August 2017 were enrolled in the study. The detailed history along with clinical examination, baseline characteristics of convulsing neonate were recorded at admission. Clinical details of each seizure episode reported by the mother and subsequently observed by the resident doctors on duty were recorded. The relevant biochemical investigations were done immediately after baby had seizures and before instituting any specific treatment. The descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables, frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical variables. The association between gestational age and other categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square test of independence. The comparison of mean of various quantitative variables was analyzed using ANOVA test. Etiology of neonatal seizures and associated biochemical abnormalities were diagnosed. Results: In the present study, out of 100 neonates studied, 64 were full term of which 49(76.5%) were appropriate for gestational age and 15(23.5%) were small gestational age, whereas 36 cases were preterm. Most neonatal seizures occur in first 3 days of life, i.e. 59%. Most of them occurred on first day of life (34%). Birth asphyxia was the cause of neonatal seizures in 82.35% neonates who developed seizures on day-1 of life. Birth asphyxia and septicemia are common cause of neonatal seizures in our study (38 cases each), followed by pure metabolic disturbances 19%. In pure metabolic seizures, hypoglycemia (47.8%) is most common more in preterm babies (55%) followed by hypocalcemia. In cases of non- metabolic seizures, which showed associated biochemical abnormalities, hypoglycemia was most common abnormality 23 of 52 cases (44.2%). 12 cases (52.1%) are associated with birth asphyxia and 11 cases (47.9%) are associated with septicemia. Subtle seizures were most common type of seizures in our study, followed by focal clonic, multifocal clonic, generalized tonic, subtle with GTC and subtle with clonic. Conclusion: Biochemical abnormalities are common in neonatal seizures and often go unorganized. These abnormalities may significantly contribute to seizure activity correction of these abnormalities work up is necessary for all cases of neonatal seizures.

scholarly journals Study of Clinical Profile of Neonatal Seizures in Level III NICU

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
P. Anil Kumar ◽  
V. Ramgopal Rao
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Perinatal Care ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Neonatal Seizures ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Clonic Seizures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Comprehensive History

Background: During the neonatal age, seizures are the most distinctive sign of neurological disease. Convulsive symptoms are the most promi- nent forms of neonatal neurological disorders. The goal of this research was to have a better view of the epidemiology, etiology, incidence, forms and mortality of neonatal seizures in our hospital. This research was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence, forms of neonatal seizures, etiology, occurrence period and correlation with etiology, and to establish the mortality correlated with neonatal seizures. For research the etiology and its etiological connection, the occurrence of neonatal seizures. Subjects and Methods: A comprehensive history was collected for the antenatal, natal, postnatal and family history. Age of initiation, form, duration and amount of seizures, consciousness before and after the seizures were taken. Comprehensive neonate examination was performed after detailed history. Relevant investigations were carried out depending upon clinical presentation. Results: In our analysis of 200 neonatal seizures, 194 had one of the four classically identified neonatal seizures. Multifocal clonic seizures were among the most common type of seizures 36% (72 cases) followed by subtle 27% (54 cases), GTS 26% (52 cases), Myoclonic 7% (15 cases), mixed type of seizures 3% (6 cases) and focal clonic seizures 1% (2 cases). Conclusion: Because neonatal seizures are most frequently due to birth asphyxia, better antenatal and perinatal care reduces birth asphyxia and if mothers are identified as high-risk. The impact of neonatal seizures is thereby minimized. Subtle seizures are the most frequent form of psychiatric seizure; thus, close monitoring of newborns at risk is important.

scholarly journals NEONATAL SEIZURES;

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (05) ◽  
pp. 1048-1053
Author(s):  
Arshad Mahmood ◽  
Syed Qamar Zaman ◽  
Shahid Mahmud
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcome ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Neonatal Seizures ◽  
Inborn Errors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Normal Delivery ◽  
Female Ratio

Objective: To study the types, etiology and long term neurodevelopmentaloutcome in neonates with seizures. Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Placeand Duration of Study: PNS Shifa Naval hospital Karachi from Jan 2011 to Feb 2014. StudyPopulation: Ninety six neonates of either gender presented with seizures at NICU PNS ShifaNaval hospital Karachi were studied. Method: All neonates with seizures were evaluated.The seizures were classified according to the simiology. They were investigated according toNICU protocol to confirm the underlying diagnosis and timely management. The patients afterdischarge were regularly followed up for one year to assess the long term neurodevelopmentaloutcome. Results: A total of 96 neonates with seizures were studied and it was observedthat 60 (62.5%) were male babies and 56 (58.33%) were term with a male to female ratio of1.6:1. Majority of the neonatal seizures were seen in 1stweek of life (85%). The most commontype of seizures was clonic 40 (41.67%) followed by subtle 20 (20.84%), mixed 16 (16.67%),tonic 10 (10.41%), myoclonic 5 (5.20%) and unclassified 5 (5.20%). Antiepileptics were usedin 82 (85.41%) patients. Phenobarbitone 49 (59.76%) was most commonly prescribed drug.The most common cause of seizures was birth asphyxia 48 (50%) followed by metabolic 16(16.68%), sepsis 10 (10.41%), intracranial hemorrhage 6 (6.25%), bilirubin encephalopathy 4(4.16%), inborn errors of metabolism 2 (2.08%), birth trauma 2 (2.08%) and unknown etiology 5(5.20%). 25 (26.04%) patients develop adverse neurodevelopmental outcome i.e. cerebral palsywith epilepsy 10 (40%) and cerebral palsy without epilepsy 05 (20%), developmental delay 10(40%). Mortality in the study was 12 (12.5%). Conclusions: Clonic seizures are commonestin neonates apart from infants and children who have GTCS. The most common etiology ofseizures in neonates is birth asphyxia. Phenobarbitone is still the most commonly prescribedantiepileptic. Quick assessment, timely diagnosis and aggressive management according tothe etiology are necessary to prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with neonatalseizures. Long term neurodevelopmental outcome is worse in patients with birth asphyxiaespecially with low Apgar score at 5 minutes. Normal delivery and birth asphyxia were the majorrisk factors for cerebral palsy

scholarly journals Clinico- Biochemical Profile of Neonatal Seizure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
GS Shah ◽  
MK Singh ◽  
S Budhathoki ◽  
BK Kalakheti ◽  
DD Baral
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Etiological Factor ◽  
Neonatal Seizure ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Neonatal Seizures ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Multiparous Women ◽  
Biochemical Abnormalities

Objectives: The present study was undertaken to study the incidence, etiological factor, and days of onset, clinical types and biochemical abnormalities in babies having neonatal seizures. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective, observational hospital based study. Ninety neonates, who developed seizures before 28 days of life and admitted to neonatal intensive care unit and nursery with neonatal seizure, were evaluated for incidence, etiological factor, clinical types and biochemical abnormalities found in neonatal seizure. The variables were analysed using Chi- Square and student t- test. Results: The incidence of neonatal seizure was 10.3/ 1000 live births. The seizures were common in male babies. 65 (72.2%) neonates were born to multiparous women while 35 (38%) were born to primigravidas. In birth asphyxia (n= 40), the most common type of seizure observed was subtle seizure 20 (50%), followed by focal clonic 10 (25%) and multifocal clonic 5 (12.5%). Tonic type of seizure was observed in 3 (7.5%) and myoclonic in 2 (5%). Meningitis and septicaemia was the second most common cause of neonatal seizure observed in our study. Among metabolic abnormalities hypoglycaemia was found in 20 (22%) and hypocalcaemia in 10 (11%). Conclusion: The commonest cause of seizure was birth asphyxia presenting within 72 hours of life. Among infection septicaemia and meningitis was the most common cause leading to neonatal seizure. Among biochemical abnormalities the most common cause of seizure observed in our study was hypoglycaemia and hypocalcaemia. Subtle seizures were the commonest type of seizure observed in this study. Key words: Neonatal seizure, biochemical disturbances in seizure.    DOI = 10.3126/jnps.v28i1.1398   J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol.28(1) p.7-9

scholarly journals ETIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF NEONATAL SEIZURES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BIOCHEMICAL ABNORMALITIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurdeep Singh Dhanjal ◽  
Vikramjot Singh ◽  
Gurnoor Singh
Keyword(s):  
Seizure Activity ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Neurological Dysfunction ◽  
Neonatal Seizure ◽  
Neonatal Seizures ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Biochemical Abnormalities

Introduction: Neonatal seizure are the most frequent manifestation of neurological dysfunction in a neonate.  Detection of seizure and its etiology is important for guiding therapy. In the presence of biochemical abnormalities, it is difficult to control seizures and there is a risk of further brain damage. Early recognition and treatment of biochemical abnormalities are essential for optimal management and satisfactory long term outcome. The aim was to determine the etiology of neonatal seizures and to study the biochemical abnormalities. Material and Methods: The present study included 70 inborn neonates presenting with seizures admitted to the neonatal unit in MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India over a period of one and a half years. A detailed history was taken and clinical examination of the neonate was done. Etiological causes and various biochemical parameters were evaluated. Results:  Neonatal seizures occurred more commonly in males. The most common cause of neonatal seizures was birth asphyxia seen in 26 (37.1%) neonates followed by sepsis in 24 (34.3%) neonates. The Primary Biochemical abnormalities were seen in 12 (17.1%) neonates with seizures. Among these neonates, hypoglycemia was most commonly seen in 4 (33.3%) neonates followed by hypocalcemia seen in 3 (25%) neonates. Conclusion: Biochemical abnormalities are common in neonatal seizures and often go unrecognized. These abnormalities may significantly contribute to seizure activity and hence a biochemical workup is necessary for all cases of neonatal seizures.

scholarly journals Study of seizures among pediatric age group (0-12 years) in tertiary health care center of a district of Maharashtra, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 512
Author(s):  
Saleem Hussain Miyan Tambe ◽  
Ismail Ali Farukh Ali Inamdar ◽  
Nasir Abdul Bari ◽  
Arvind Nilkanthrao Chavan
Keyword(s):  
Care Center ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Neonatal Seizures ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
Health Care Center ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Female Male Female

Background: Seizures represent the most distinctive signal of neurological disease in the newborn period and these convulsive phenomena are the most frequent of the overt manifestation of neonatal neurological disorders. Recognition and classification of seizures remain problematic; particularly when pediatricians rely only on clinical criteria. The objective of this study was to study the incidence of pediatrics (0-12 years) seizures. To study the etiology and pattern of seizures.Methods: 326 Subjects who had seizures were included in the study. Relevant history was ascertained from a patient’s parents or a reliable relative or attendant, medical records and the referring physicians note, specifically from mother in case of neonatal seizures i.e. age at onset of seizures, seizure activity with special emphasis on occurrence of 1st seizures, duration of seizures, number and type of seizures, associated autonomic changes, medications required to control seizures, response time to medications, and possible causes for determination of etiology. A detailed antenatal, natal and postnatal history was taken.Results: Out of 326 study subjects 117 (35.89%) were in neonatal age group, of which 75 (64.10%) and 42 (35.90%) were male and female respectively and 209 (64.11%) were beyond neonatal age, out of which 125 (59.8%) were male and 84 (40.2%) female. out of 117 neonatal seizures, 75 (64.10%) neonates were male and 42 (35.90%) were female. Male: Female ratio was 1.79:1. The seizures were common in male neonates. Subtle seizures were the commonest type of seizures observed both in term and preterm neonates.Conclusions: The various types of seizure were compared with the preterm and term neonates and it was found statistically significant (X2 = 5.06 d.f. = 4, p<0.05). The various causes of seizure were compared with the preterm and term neonates and it was found statistically significant (X2= 17.42 d.f. = 6 p<0.05).

Prevalence and predictors of adverse outcomes in neonatal seizures

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
K. Famra ◽  
P. Barta ◽  
A. Aggarwal ◽  
B.D. Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Neonatal Seizures ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Inborn Errors ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Low Birth Weight Babies

OBJECTIVES: Neonatal seizures are significant cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Current study was planned to study prevalence of adverse outcomes in neonatal seizures and identify its predictors. METHODS: This observational descriptive study was carried out on 220 neonates with seizures. Neonates who succumbed to illness/ death before investigations, or whose maternal records were incomplete were excluded. Blood sugar, serum calcium, serum electrolytes, and USG skull were done in all patients. CT scan, MRI and inborn errors of metabolism profile were done as and when indicated. Adverse outcomes were defined as death, phenobarbitone non responders, or abnormal examination at discharge. Antenatal, perinatal and neonatal predictors of adverse outcomes in neonatal seizures were evaluated. RESULTS: Out of 220 neonates with seizures 76(34.5%) had adverse outcomes. Very low birth weight babies (≤1500 gm) [OR 1.27(CI 0.57–2.84)], microcephaly [OR 5.93 (CI 0.55–64.41)], Apgar score≤3 at 5 minutes [OR 11.28(CI 14.18–30.45)], seizure onset within 24 hours [OR 5.99(CI 12.43–14.78)], meningitis [OR 2.63(CI 0.08–6.39)], septicemia [OR1.22(CI 0.45–3.31)] and abnormal cranial USG [OR 7.95(CI 12.61–24.22)] were significant predictors of adverse outcomes in neonates with seizures. CONCLUSION: Prematurity, very low birth weight, birth asphyxia, meningitis, septicemia and abnormal USG could predict adverse outcomes in neonatal seizures. Improved antenatal and neonatal clinical practices may help reduce adverse outcomes in these patients.

scholarly journals Disparities between IgG4-related kidney disease and extrarenal IgG4-related disease in a case–control study based on 450 patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaozhu Zeng ◽  
Jingyuan Gao ◽  
Xinyu Zhang ◽  
Aichun Liu ◽  
Zhenfan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Imaging Finding ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
Igg4 Related Disease ◽  
Peking University ◽  
Chinese Cohort ◽  
Male To Female

AbstractWe aimed to compare the demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics between IgG4-related kidney disease (IgG4-RKD+) and extrarenal IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RKD−) in a large Chinese cohort, as well as describing the radiological and pathological features of IgG4-RKD+. We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 470 IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) patients at Peking University People’s Hospital from January 2004 to January 2020. The demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological and pathological characteristics between IgG4-RKD+ and IgG4-RKD− were compared. Twenty IgG4-RD patients who had definite etiology of renal impairment including diabetes, hypertension and etc. were excluded. Among the remained 450 IgG4-RD patients, 53 were diagnosed with IgG4-RKD+ . IgG4-RKD+ patients had older age at onset and at diagnosis. Male to female ratio of IgG4-RKD+ patients is significantly higher. In the IgG4-RKD+ group, the most commonly involved organs were salivary gland, lymph nodes and pancreas. It was found that renal function was impaired in approximately 40% of IgG4-RKD+ patients. The most common imaging finding is multiple, often bilateral, hypodense lesions. Male sex, more than three organs involved, and low serum C3 level were risk factors for IgG4-RKD+ in IgG4-RD patients. These findings indicate potential differences in pathogenesis of these two phenotypes.

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