scholarly journals Sidelink optimizations for layer-3 based IoT Relaying in 5G NR

Author(s):  
Subin narayanan ◽  
Dimitris Tsolkas ◽  
Nikos Passas ◽  
Andreas Höglund ◽  
Olof Liberg

<div>The effective support of 5G-Internet of Things (IoT) requires cellular service in deep coverage areas while providing long battery life for IoT devices which perform infrequent small data transmission towards the base station. Relaying is a promising solution to extend the coverage while at the same time meeting the battery life requirements of the IoT devices. Considering this, we analyze the suitability of layer-3 relaying over the 3GPP Release 16 NR-PC5 interface to support massive IoT applications. More precisely, we study the unicast connection establishment mechanism over the NR PC5 interface in a partial coverage scenario. Further, a set of optimizations on the Release 16 NR-PC5 procedure to effectively support massive IoT applications are proposed and analyzed. The obtained performance evaluation results which are presented in terms of data success probability, device power consumption, and signaling overhead, quantify how effectively the Release 16 NR-PC5 interface can support the requirement of IoT in the 5G and beyond era. The proposed sidelink small data transmission and frame-level access provides the largest gain overall and can reduce the device power consumption by an average of 68%, and signaling overhead by 15% while maintaining a data success probability of more than 90% in an IMT-2020 defined IoT traffic scenario.</div>

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subin narayanan ◽  
Dimitris Tsolkas ◽  
Nikos Passas ◽  
Andreas Höglund ◽  
Olof Liberg

<div>The effective support of 5G-Internet of Things (IoT) requires cellular service in deep coverage areas while providing long battery life for IoT devices which perform infrequent small data transmission towards the base station. Relaying is a promising solution to extend the coverage while at the same time meeting the battery life requirements of the IoT devices. Considering this, we analyze the suitability of layer-3 relaying over the 3GPP Release 16 NR-PC5 interface to support massive IoT applications. More precisely, we study the unicast connection establishment mechanism over the NR PC5 interface in a partial coverage scenario. Further, a set of optimizations on the Release 16 NR-PC5 procedure to effectively support massive IoT applications are proposed and analyzed. The obtained performance evaluation results which are presented in terms of data success probability, device power consumption, and signaling overhead, quantify how effectively the Release 16 NR-PC5 interface can support the requirement of IoT in the 5G and beyond era. The proposed sidelink small data transmission and frame-level access provides the largest gain overall and can reduce the device power consumption by an average of 68%, and signaling overhead by 15% while maintaining a data success probability of more than 90% in an IMT-2020 defined IoT traffic scenario.</div>


2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Vipin Balyan ◽  
Davinder S. Saini ◽  
Bhasker Gupta

The 3GPP standards have presented the LTE-M as one of the main technologies to provide services to Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT applications are usually short-lived applications like smart sensing, surveillance systems for home or businesses, and data uploading applications like metering. In this paper, the proposed architecture of the base station has a LTE interface which assigns resource blocks (RBs) and another 3G interface which is equipped with orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes. The IoT devices deployed ubiquitously leads to massive machine type communication, which leads to burst traffic on current cellular services. The IoT devices when assigned large resources will reduce the radio efficiency. The work in this paper assigns OVSF codes available on 3G interface to the IoT devices. The LTE resources are used for IoT devices in case of emergency or when resources of 3G interface are 100% utilized. This will solve the problem of both small data transfer and connectivity requirement of IoT devices. The IoT applications are event-driven and time-bound also, and the resources are also reserved for these applications in the proposed work. The simulations and results show that proposed work increases both network efficiency and capacity.


Internet of Things(IoT) is playing a pivotal role in our daily life as well as in various fields like Health, agriculture, industries etc. In the go, the data in the various IoT applications will be easily available to the physical dominion and thus the process of ensuringthe security of the data will be a major concern. For the extensive implementation of the numerous applications of IoT , the data security is a critical component. In our work, we have developed an encryption technique to secure the data of IoT. With the help of Merkle-Hellman encryption the data collected from the various IoT devices are first of all encrypted and then the secret message is generated with the help of Elliptic Curve Cryptography.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Tarek Frikha ◽  
Faten Chaabane ◽  
Nadhir Aouinti ◽  
Omar Cheikhrouhou ◽  
Nader Ben Amor ◽  
...  

The adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) technology across many applications, such as autonomous systems, communication, and healthcare, is driving the market’s growth at a positive rate. The emergence of advanced data analytics techniques such as blockchain for connected IoT devices has the potential to reduce the cost and increase in cloud platform adoption. Blockchain is a key technology for real-time IoT applications providing trust in distributed robotic systems running on embedded hardware without the need for certification authorities. There are many challenges in blockchain IoT applications such as the power consumption and the execution time. These specific constraints have to be carefully considered besides other constraints such as number of nodes and data security. In this paper, a novel approach is discussed based on hybrid HW/SW architecture and designed for Proof of Work (PoW) consensus which is the most used consensus mechanism in blockchain. The proposed architecture is validated using the Ethereum blockchain with the Keccak 256 and the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) ZedBoard development kit. This implementation shows improvement in execution time of 338% and minimizing power consumption of 255% compared to the use of Nvidia Maxwell GPUs.


Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 913
Author(s):  
Gilles Callebaut ◽  
Guus Leenders ◽  
Jarne Van Mulders ◽  
Geoffrey Ottoy ◽  
Lieven De Strycker ◽  
...  

Long-range wireless connectivity technologies for sensors and actuators open the door for a variety of new Internet of Things (IoT) applications. These technologies can be deployed to establish new monitoring capabilities and enhance efficiency of services in a rich diversity of domains. Low energy consumption is essential to enable battery-powered IoT nodes with a long autonomy. This paper explains the challenges posed by combining low-power and long-range connectivity. An energy breakdown demonstrates the dominance of transmit and sleep energy. The principles for achieving both low-power and wide-area are outlined, and the landscape of available networking technologies that are suited to connect remote IoT nodes is sketched. The typical anatomy of such a node is presented, and the subsystems are zoomed into. The art of designing remote IoT devices requires an application-oriented approach, where a meticulous design and smart operation are essential to grant a long battery life. In particular we demonstrate the importance of strategies such as “think before you talk” and “race to sleep”. As maintenance of IoT nodes is often cumbersome due to being deployed at hard to reach places, extending the battery life of these devices is critical. Moreover, the environmental impact of batteries further demonstrates the need for a longer battery life in order to reduce the number of batteries used.


Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 7992
Author(s):  
Solomon Ould ◽  
Nick S. Bennett

LoRaWAN has gained significant attention for Internet-of-Things (IOT) applications due to its low power consumption and long range potential for data transmission. While there is a significant body of work assessing LoRA coverage and data transmission characteristics, there is a lack of data available about commercially available LoRa prototyping boards and their power consumption, in relation to their features. It is currently difficult to estimate the power consumption of a LoRa module operating under different transmission profiles, due to a lack of manufacturer data available. In this study, power testing has been carried out on physical hardware and significant variation was found in the power consumption of competing boards, all marketed as “extremely low power”. In this paper, testing results are presented alongside an experimentally-derived power model for the lowest power LoRa module, and power requirements are compared to firmware settings. The power analysis adds to existing work showing trends in data-rate and transmission power settings effects on electrical power consumption. The model’s accuracy is experimentally verified and shows acceptable agreement to estimated values. Finally, applications for the model are presented by way of a hypothetical scenario and calculations performed in order to estimate battery life and energy consumption for varying data transmission intervals.


Author(s):  
Adil Abou El Hassan ◽  
Abdelmalek El Mehdi ◽  
Mohammed Saber

Since the emerging 5G wireless network is expected to significantly revolutionize thefield of communication, its standardization and design should regard the internet ofthings (IoT) among the main orientations. Also, emerging IoT applications introducenew requirements other than throughput to support massive machine-type commu-nication (mMTC) where small data packets are occasionally sent. Therefore, moreimportance is attached to coverage, latency, power consumption, and connection den-sity. For this purpose, the third generation partnership project (3GPP) has introducedtwo novel cellular IoT technologies supporting mMTC, known as NB-IoT and LTE-M. This paper aims to determine the system configuration and deployment required forNB-IoT and LTE-M technologies to fully meet the 5G mMTC requirements in termsof coverage, throughput, latency, battery life, and connection density. An overview ofthese technologies and their design principles is also described. A complete evalua-tion of NB-IoT and LTE-M performance against 5G mMTC requirements is presented,and it is shown that these requirements can be met but only under certain conditionsregarding system configuration and deployment. This is followed by a performancecomparative analysis, which is mainly conducted to determine the limits and suitableuse cases of each technology.


In most of the IoT applications, exchange of data among various physical and virtual IoT devices having different data flows, energy and delay constraints is a challenging task in such environments. This imposes constraints in IoT applications at the node, network and application level, and to meet such constraints, we propose an adaptive IoT system that adapts to different data flows in IoT network having different time and energy constraints. The proposed scheme consists of two algorithms viz., coarse grain transmission path algorithm for low-deadline IoT applications, where time, traffic load and energy consumption are considered as the main parameters; and a fine-grain algorithm for high-deadline situations, where low latency and power constraints are the important performance parameters. Finally, the performance of proposed strategy is evaluated by simulation. The results of the proposed scheme in this paper outperform the existing algorithms in terms of energy, power, number of alive nodes and delay. The proposed scheme is used for data transmission optimization in delay-sensitive resource-constrained IoT applications.


Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingook Jang ◽  
Donghun Lee ◽  
Jinchul Choi ◽  
Youngsung Son

The traditional Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm has evolved towards intelligent IoT applications which exploit knowledge produced by IoT devices using artificial intelligence techniques. Knowledge sharing between IoT devices is a challenging issue in this trend. In this paper, we propose a Knowledge of Things (KoT) framework which enables sharing self-taught knowledge between IoT devices which require similar or identical knowledge without help from the cloud. The proposed KoT framework allows an IoT device to effectively produce, cumulate, and share its self-taught knowledge with other devices at the edge in the vicinity. This framework can alleviate behavioral repetition in users and computational redundancy in systems in intelligent IoT applications. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed concept, we examine a smart home case study and build a prototype of the KoT framework-based smart home system. Experimental results show that the proposed KoT framework reduces the response time to use intelligent IoT devices from a user’s perspective and the power consumption for compuation from a system’s perspective.


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