scholarly journals Assessment of Adjustments Methods in Traverse Networks for Positioning

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-364
Author(s):  
L. Hart ◽  
D.D. Basil ◽  
T. Oba
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Approximate Methods ◽  
Reliability Indicators ◽  
Adjustment Model ◽  
Least Squares Adjustment ◽  
Condition Equation ◽  
Model Adjustment

Various factors contribute to the degree of accuracy of the adjusted parameter (coordinate), one of which is the choice of adjustment model. Adjustment models seeks to eliminate (accounts) for the presence of random errors present in a given observations. The choice is critical for surveyors and other spatial analysts for optimal positioning and mapping projects since different adjustment models will yield different level of accuracy of spatial information generated irrespective of the quality of observations. For a traversing network, various adjustment models have been put forward which include; the Transit, the Bowditch, and the Crandels models. In spite of these models, internal consistency and reliability indicators of the network of positions are determined using the least squares adjustment model (observation equation and condition equation models). The aim of this work is to analyze the various traverse adjustment models. The approach deployed in this work was to compute the provisional coordinate of six traverse stations using the approximate methods of adjustment i.e., Bowditch and transit methods of traverse adjustment models. In addition, the least square adjustment models were deployed to minimize the propagation of residuals of the obtained values. The adjusted distances and directions were then compared with the observed distances and directions to obtain the residuals. The coordinate of positions was determined and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) associated with the traverse adjustment models are given as 0.128702264 and 0.008560954. Similarly, the RMSE of the adjusted values using the least square models are given as 0.007181432, and 0.005763969 for the observation and condition equation models respectively. The analysis of these results reveals that the traverse adjustment models are unique with capabilities embedded in the determination of the observables during data acquisition. However, for mapping and engineering survey of small locations, the transit method is more preferable to the Bowditch method.

Statistics and parallaxes

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 7-29
Author(s):  
T. E. Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Trigonometric Parallaxes ◽  
Systematic And Random Errors

This review paper deals with the use of statistical methods to evaluate systematic and random errors associated with trigonometric parallaxes. First, systematic errors which arise when using trigonometric parallaxes to calibrate luminosity systems are discussed. Next, determination of the external errors of parallax measurement are reviewed. Observatory corrections are discussed. Schilt’s point, that as the causes of these systematic differences between observatories are not known the computed corrections can not be applied appropriately, is emphasized. However, modern parallax work is sufficiently accurate that it is necessary to determine observatory corrections if full use is to be made of the potential precision of the data. To this end, it is suggested that a prior experimental design is required. Past experience has shown that accidental overlap of observing programs will not suffice to determine observatory corrections which are meaningful.

Least-square refinement of structure parameters from CBED integrated intensities: application to determination of temperature factors in Y BA2CU3O7

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1456-1457
Author(s):  
Kjersti Gjønnes ◽  
Jon Gjønnes
Keyword(s):  
Least Square ◽  
Measured Intensity ◽  
Structure Information ◽  
Accurate Temperature ◽  
Least Square Fit ◽  
Case Application ◽  
Integrated Intensities ◽  
Temperature Factors ◽  
Narrow Bands

Electron diffraction intensities can be obtained at large scattering angles (sinθ/λ ≥ 2.0), and thus structure information can be collected in regions of reciprocal space that are not accessable with other diffraction methods. LACBED intensities in this range can be utilized for determination of accurate temperature factors or for refinement of coordinates. Such high index reflections can usually be treated kinematically or as a pertubed two-beam case. Application to Y Ba2Cu3O7 shows that a least square refinememt based on integrated intensities can determine temperature factors or coordinates.LACBED patterns taken in the (00l) systematic row show an easily recognisable pattern of narrow bands from reflections in the range 15 < l < 40 (figure 1). Integrated intensities obtained from measured intensity profiles after subtraction of inelastic background (figure 2) were used in the least square fit for determination of temperature factors and refinement of z-coordinates for the Ba- and Cu-atoms.

Determination of Pyridostigmine Bromide in Presence of its Related Impurities by Four Modified Classical Least Square Based Models: A Comparative Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Ibrahim A. Naguib ◽  
Fatma F. Abdallah ◽  
Aml A. Emam ◽  
Eglal A. Abdelaleem
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Orthogonal Projection ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Projection To Latent Structures ◽  
Preprocessing Method ◽  
Spectral Residual ◽  
Latent Structures

: Quantitative determination of pyridostigmine bromide in the presence of its two related substances; impurity A and impurity B was considered as a case study to construct the comparison. Introduction: Novel manipulations of the well-known classical least squares multivariate calibration model were explained in detail as a comparative analytical study in this research work. In addition to the application of plain classical least squares model, two preprocessing steps were tried, where prior to modeling with classical least squares, first derivatization and orthogonal projection to latent structures were applied to produce two novel manipulations of the classical least square-based model. Moreover, spectral residual augmented classical least squares model is included in the present comparative study. Methods: 3 factor 4 level design was implemented constructing a training set of 16 mixtures with different concentrations of the studied components. To investigate the predictive ability of the studied models; a test set consisting of 9 mixtures was constructed. Results: The key performance indicator of this comparative study was the root mean square error of prediction for the independent test set mixtures, where it was found 1.367 when classical least squares applied with no preprocessing method, 1.352 when first derivative data was implemented, 0.2100 when orthogonal projection to latent structures preprocessing method was applied and 0.2747 when spectral residual augmented classical least squares was performed. Conclusion: Coupling of classical least squares model with orthogonal projection to latent structures preprocessing method produced significant improvement of the predictive ability of it.

scholarly journals Method of Estimating Uncertainty as a Way to Evaluate Continuity Quality of Power Supply in Hospital Devices

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 486
Author(s):  
Marek Stawowy ◽  
Adam Rosiński ◽  
Jacek Paś ◽  
Tomasz Klimczak
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Uncertainty Modeling ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Quality Models ◽  
Reliability Indicators ◽  
Electrical Devices

The article presents issues related to the determination of the continuity quality of power supply (CQoPS) for hospital electrical devices. The model describing CQoPS takes into account power redundancy. The uncertainty modeling method based on the certainty factor (CF) of the hypothesis was used to establish the single-valued CQoPS factor. CQoPS modeling takes into account multidimensional quality models and physical stages of power. The quality models take into account seven dimensions that make up CQoPS (availability, appropriate amount, power supply reliability, power quality, assurance, responsiveness, security). The model of power stages includes five of these stages (power generation, delivery to recipient, distribution by recipient, delivery to device, power-consuming device). To date, when designing hospital power systems, the applied reliability indicators revealed limitations because they do not consider all the possible factors influencing the power continuity. Estimating the supply continuity quality with the use of the uncertainty modeling proposed in this article allows for taking into account all possible factors (not just reliability factors) that may affect supply continuity. The presented modeling offers an additional advantage, namely, it allows an expanded evaluation of the hospital supply system and a description using only one indicator. This fact renders the evaluation of the supply system possible for unqualified staff. At the end of the article, some examples of calculations and simulations are presented, thus showing that the applied methods give the expected results.

A least squares method for earthquake mechanism determination using S-wave data

1964 ◽  
Vol 54 (6A) ◽  
pp. 2037-2047
Author(s):  
Agustin Udias
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Statistical Evaluation ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Numerical Approach ◽  
Focal Mechanisms ◽  
Least Square ◽  
S Wave ◽  
Double Couple ◽  
Earthquake Mechanism

abstract In this paper a numerical approach to the determination of focal mechanisms based on the observation of the polarization of the S wave at N stations is presented. Least-square methods are developed for the determination of the orientation of the single and double couple sources. The methods allow a statistical evaluation of the data and of the accuracy of the solutions.

scholarly journals ELECTROCHEMICAL AND CHEMOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF DORZOLAMIDE AND TIMOLOL IN EYE DROPS USING MODIFIED MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBE ELECTRODE

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan A.m. Hendawy ◽  
Hanan M. Elwy ◽  
Amany M. Fekry
Keyword(s):  
Modified Electrode ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Multiwall Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Multiwall Carbon

Objective: This work is focused on the construction of simple and sensitive electrochemical sensor for quantitative determination of dorzolamide (DOR) and timolol maleate (TIM). This method is based on the incorporation of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) into the carbon paste electrode which improve the characteristics of the electrode.Methods: The electrochemical response of modified electrode was based on voltammetric oxidation, using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The structural morphology of the surface modified electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Quantitative analysis for each of the two compounds in a mixture has been examined by using of chemometric tools for resolving overlapping signals. The prediction performance of the chemometric method was analyzed by principal component regression (PCR) and partial least square (PLS).Results: Fractional factorial design was constructed from set of synthetic mixtures of two drugs in concentration ranges of 0.05 to 1.6µg/ml for DOR and 1.5-20 µg/ml for TIM. Under optimum experimental conditions, DOR and TIM gave rectilinear response over the concentration range of 0.072-1.88 µg/ml and 1.16-20.84 µg/ml, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 0.098 and 1.025 µg/ml, for DOR and TIM, respectively. It found that the % of relative prediction error (RPE) was acceptable and satisfactory.Conclusion: In these work, for the first time, a new voltammetric simultaneous method developed for a rapid and efficient determination of DOR and TIM from eye dropper sample at nano modified electrode with satisfactory results. These results indicate that MWCNT holds great promise in practical application.

scholarly journals Can Job Satisfaction Mediate the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence on Teacher Performance?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Efendi Efendi ◽  
Sri Harini ◽  
Sudung Simatupang ◽  
Marto Silalahi ◽  
Acai Sudirman
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Teacher Performance ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Spiritual Intelligence ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Saturated Sample ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to analyze the role of job satisfaction in mediating the relationship between emotional intelligence and intellectual intelligence on the performance of the high school teachers. This study uses a research design with an associative quantitative approach. Data was collected through documentation and online questionnaires. This study used a sample of 39 respondents with the determination of the sample size using the saturated sample formula. Partial least square is applied to examine the relationship between teacher performance, job satisfaction, emotional intelligence and intellectual intelligence. The results of this study indicate that of the seven hypotheses developed there are two accepted hypotheses, that is, for the effect of emotional intelligence on job satisfaction, it is obtained that the results of a significant effect and the influence of spiritual intelligence on teacher performance are also obtained significant results. Meanwhile, the other 5 hypotheses developed were not significant. Through the findings of this study, it is hoped that it can provide additional information for various parties, especially the school, to pay attention to the factors that affect teacher performance and job satisfaction, so that teachers gain comfort and confidence to continue to improve their performance in implementing learning in schools.

scholarly journals Different spectrophotometric and TLC-densitometric methods for determination of olmesartan medoxomil and hydrochlorothiazide and their degradation products

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selvia Maged Adly ◽  
Maha Mohamed Abdelrahman ◽  
Nada Sayed Abdelwahab ◽  
Nourudin Wageh Ali
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Calibration ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Olmesartan Medoxomil ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Form ◽  
Calibration Models ◽  
Significant Difference

In this work, multivariate calibration models and TLC-densitometric methods have been developed and validated for quantitative determination of olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCZ) in presence of their degradation products, olmesartan (OL) and salamide (SAL), respectively. In the first method, multivariate calibration models including principal component regression (PCR) and partial least square (PLS) were applied. The wavelength range 210-343 nm was used and data was auto-scaled and mean centered as pre-processing steps for PCR and PLS models, respectively. These models were tested by application to external validation set with mean percentage recoveries 99.78, 100.01, 100.41 and 100.46% for OLM, HCZ, OL and SAL, respectively, for PLS model and also, 100.22, 100.40, 102.25 and 100.13% for them, respectively, for PCR model. The second method is TLC-densitometry at which the chromatographic separation was carried out using silica gel 60F254 TLC plates and the developing system consisted of a mixture of ethyl acetate:chloroform:methanol: formic acid:tri-ethylamine (60:40:4:4:1, by volume) with UV-scanning at 254 nm. The developed methods were successfully applied for determination of OLM and HCZ in their pharmaceutical dosage form. Also, statistical comparison was made between the developed methods and the reported method using student’s-t test and F-test and results showed that there was no significant difference between them concerning both accuracy and precision.

scholarly journals Abandoned Land Classification Using Classical Theory Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 60-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jūrate Sužiedelyte Visockiene ◽  
Egle Tumeliene
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Region Growing ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Land Classification ◽  
Information Portal ◽  
Abandoned Land ◽  
Rgb Images

According to the official statistics the areas of abandoned agricultural land in Lithuania are gradually decreasing, but very slightly. The aim of this study is to research spatial determination and abandoned land classification in the territory of Vilnius District Municipality. Vilnius District Municipality was chosen for the research because it, although located near the capital of the country and has a high population density, it is still the district having the largest percent of abandoned land plots. A fast, cost-effective and sufficiently accurate method for determination of abandoned land plots would allow to constantly monitor, to fix changes and foresee the abandoned land plots reduction possibilities. In the study there was used the multispectral RGB and NIR color Sentinel-2 satellite images, the layer of the administrative boundary of Vilnius County and layer of abandoned agriculture land, which is available in Lithuanian Spatial Information Portal (www.geoportal.lt). The data was processed by Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques using classical classification Region Growing Algorithm. The research shows that NIR image classification result is more reliable than the result from RGB images.

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