Production of papaya seedlings and initial growth produced in different polyethylene recipients

The objective of this study was to evaluate the vegetative and productive performance of papaya seedlings in response to different volumes of containers. The experiment was conducted in a seedling production nursery at the State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Campus de Nova Mutum - MT, using a completely randomized design with five replications, in which four sizes of polyethylene bags were tested in the production of seedlings: 10 x 16 cm, 15 x 21 cm, 17 x 27 cm and 20 x 21 The plots were composed of 3 plants. The parameters evaluated at 70 days after sowing were: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, root length, green matter mass and percentage of dry weight of the stem, leaves and roots. The container 17 x 27 cm stood out from the other containers, except for the characteristics of the length of the stem, percentage of dry mass of the stem and leaves where it was equivalent to the container 20 x 21 cm and the percentage of dry mass where all containers were equivalent. The experiment showed that the 17 x 27 cm container is the most recommended for the cultivation of papaya seedlings cultivar Sunrise Solo.

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Trichoderma Contributes to the Germination and Seedling Development of Açaí Palm

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture10100456 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 456

Author(s):

Bruno Fróes Campos ◽

Anselmo Junior Corrêa Araújo ◽

Cristina Aledi Felsemburgh ◽

Thiago Almeida Vieira ◽

Denise Castro Lustosa

Keyword(s):

Dry Mass ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Trichoderma Isolate ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Collar Diameter ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Set Up ◽

Root Size ◽

Trichoderma Isolates

The application of Trichoderma fungus can be used to obtain seedlings of higher quality for plantations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma isolates on the germination and initial growth of açaí seedlings. Two trials were set up. In the laboratory, the seeds were inoculated in suspensions prepared with each of the isolates for 24 h, and they were arranged in trays containing filter paper in a completely randomized design with five replicates containing 50 seeds each. For the control, the seeds were submerged only in water. Part of the seedlings resulting from seeds treated and not treated with Trichoderma were transferred to bags containing forest soil and were submitted to seven modes of application of Trichoderma and kept in a nursery. The speed of germination and hypocotyl were not influenced by the biological treatment. The application of the different Trichoderma isolates positively influenced the height, collar diameter, number of leaves, root size, leaf area and root, and aerial part dry mass of the açaí seedlings. The application of the Trichoderma isolate TAM01 on the preplanting substrate and biweekly applications on the postplanting substrate was the combination that most positively influenced the development of açai seedlings.

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Levels of Shading and Reflective Material in Benches for Schizolobium amazonicum Seedlings

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v11n5p485 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 485

Author(s):

Roberto Kennedy Mortate ◽

Edilson Costa ◽

Gustavo Haralampidou da Costa Vieira ◽

Heitor Franco de Sousa ◽

Renato Silva Borges ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Mass ◽

Joint Analysis ◽

State University ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Absolute Growth ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Commercial Forest ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Mato Grosso Do Sul

High quality forest seedlings are essential for the implementation of a commercial forest system, and it is therefore necessary to study their development in different environments, seeking to identify the most favorable environment for their production. In view of the above, the purpose of this essay was to evaluate the production of quamwood seedlings in different environments and workbenches with reflective material. The study was conducted at the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul-Cassilândia-MS from August to November 2017, in a completely randomized design within each environment and the environments compared by the joint analysis of the data. At the opportunity, produced quamwood seedlings under shade levels of 0% (full sun), 30% under sombrite, 35% under thermo-reflective screen and the agricultural greenhouse with thermo-reflective screen under the film with 42/50% shading. In the interior of each environment the seedlings were placed on cultivation benches with reflective material (aluminum paper) and without reflective material. The environments were compared by the joint analysis, and the results of molt height and lap diameter were measured at 30, 55 and 72 days after transplanting. The experiment was completed at 72 days after transplanting and the destructive analysis of the seedlings was performed, subjecting them to drying in a forced ventilation oven until reaching a constant dry mass. Based on the results obtained, the total dry mass, height and diameter ratio, root dry mass ratio and dry mass root system, absolute growth rate and Dickson quality index were calculated. The protected environments were favorable to the formation of paricá seedlings. The environment in full sun formed small, but more rustic seedlings. The use of reflective material had a positive effect only in the plastic coverage environment with 42/50% shading screen.

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Production of eggplant from seedlings produced in different environments, containers and substrates

Horticultura Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-05362013000100022 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 139-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Edilson Costa ◽

Lucas Gustavo Y Durante ◽

Adriano dos Santos ◽

Cleber R Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Cattle Manure ◽

Plant Performance ◽

Joint Analysis ◽

State University ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Light Diffuser ◽

Mato Grosso Do Sul ◽

Growth Of Seedlings

The seedling quality affects the plant performance in the field and proper techniques can increase the productivity of vegetables. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production of eggplant seedlings, cultivar Embu, under protected environments, containers and substrates, and its development in the field at the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, in Aquidauana, Brazil. For seedlings production, each environment was considered an experiment, which was carried out in a completely randomized design, in split-plot scheme (containers x substrates), with eight replications. Subsequently we realized joint analysis of the experiments to compare the environments. In the field, the design was in randomized blocks using four replications. The seedlings were grown in the protected environments: greenhouse covered with polyethylene film, light diffuser, 150 micron, and nursery monofilament screen with 50% of shading (Sombrite®). Inside environments, polystyrene trays with 72 cells and 128 cells were tested. The containers were filled with six substrates, from the combination of cattle manure and cassava stems. In the field were distributed 24 treatments generated from combinations of three factors. In both environments, the best seedlings are formed in trays with 72 cells. For two trays the best seedlings are formed in the greenhouse. In greenhouse, the substrate with 80% cattle manure and 20% of cassava stems promoted better growth of seedlings. In the screened, beyond this substrate, seedlings produced in the substrate with 100% manure showed higher vigor. For all substrates, the best seedlings are formed in tray with 72 cells inside the greenhouse. In the field the combination, "greenhouse + 72 cell tray + 80% manure and 20% cassava stems" was where the plants had better growth and productivity.

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Okra seedlings production in protected environment, testing substrates and producing fruits in field

Horticultura Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-05362013000100002 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 08-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Edilson Costa ◽

Taynara G de Souza ◽

Gleciane de L Benteo ◽

Katiane SS Benett ◽

Cleiton GS Benett

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Joint Analysis ◽

State University ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Hot Weather ◽

Favorable Conditions ◽

Mato Grosso Do Sul

The okra grows well in hot weather, finding favorable conditions for development in Brazil. We evaluated the production of okra seedlings and productivity. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, in Aquidauana. In the seedling phase we tested substrates (100% triturated cassava stems, 75% triturated cassava stems and 25% vermiculite, 50% triturated cassava stems and 50% vermiculite, 25% triturated cassava stems and 75% vermiculite and 100% vermiculite). These substrates were placed in two protected environments (nursery with black screen, 50% of shading, and aluminized screen, 50% of shading). Each environment was considered an experiment conducted in completely randomized design with eight replications. After that we realized joint analysis. In the field, a total of 10 treatments generated from combinations of environments and substrates (2 environments x 5 substrates) were distributed in a randomized block design with four replications. The average proportions of cassava stems and vermiculite may be suitable for okra seedlings. The results of shoot and total dry phytomass indicate that the aluminized screen can be recommended for okra seedlings production when the substrate with a 1:1 ratio is used. Seedlings grown on higher percentages of vermiculite anticipate production, while seedlings produced only in cassava stems tend to slow it down. The aluminized screen tends to increase the yield of okra seedlings. Average proportions of vermiculite and cassava stems for seedling production under aluminized screen, provide more fruits and yield of okra in Aquidauana.

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Perlakuan Berbagai Dosis Pupuk ZA Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Bayam Merah (Amaranthus gangeticus)

Jurnal Agrinika : Jurnal Agroteknologi dan Agribisnis ◽

10.30737/agrinika.v5i2.1946 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 180

Author(s):

Edy Kustiani ◽

Mariyono Mariyono ◽

Bela Citra Ayuningtyas

Keyword(s):

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Environmental Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Dose Treatment ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

The Ideal

Red spinach (Amaranthus gangeticus) is one of the most popular vegetables because of its high nutritional value and easy cultivation. Efforts to increase the production of red spinach are to fertilize to meet the needs of both macro and micronutrients. This study aimed to determine the effect of ZA fertilizer dose on the growth and yield of red spinach. The environmental design used was a non-factorial, completely randomized design with four replications. The factors tested were the dose of ZA fertilizer which consisted of 6 levels, namely: without ZA fertilizer (D0); 0.4 gr/polybag (D1); 0.8 gr/polybag (D2); 1.2 gr/polybag (D3); 1.6 gr/polybag (D4); 2 gr/polybag (D5). The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance, and if the results were significantly different, the BNT test was continued at a 5% level. The growth and yield of red spinach showed significant differences due to the ZA fertilizer dose treatment. The ZA fertilizer dose treatment of 1.2 g/polybag (D3) resulted in the highest plant height, the number of leaves, and leaf area of red spinach at 14, 21, and 28 days after planting. The ZA fertilizer dose treatment of 1.2 g/polybag (D3) resulted in the highest wet and dry weight plants of 49.15 and 4.38 grams, respectively. The ZA 1.2 gr/polybag dose is the ideal dose to increase the productivity of red spinach.Bayam merah (Amaranthus gangeticus) termasuk sayuran penting yang disukai masyarakat karena bernilai gizi tinggi dan mudah pembudidayaannya. Upaya peningkatan hasil bayam merah salah satunya dengan pemupukan untuk menambah nutrisi yang dibutuhkan tanaman. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari respon pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman bayam merah pada perlakuan dosis pupuk ZA. Pelaksanaan penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) satu faktor. Faktor yang diujikan adalah dosis pupuk ZA, terdiri 6 taraf, yaitu: tanpa pupuk ZA (D0); 0.4 gr/polybag (D1); 0.8 gr/polybag (D2); 1.2 gr/polybag (D3); 1.6 gr/polybag (D4); 2 gr /polybag (D5). Percobaan dilakukan dengan ulangan sebanyak 4 kali. Analisis data menggunakan analysis of variance (ANOVA), apabila berbeda nyata dilanjutkan uji Beda Nyata Terkecil (BNT) taraf 5%. Perlakuan dosis pupuk ZA berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman bayam merah. Perlakuan dosis pupuk ZA 1.2 gr/polybag (D3) menghasilkan tinggi, jumlah dan luas daun tanaman bayam merah tertinggi pada pengamatan umur 14, 21, dan 28 HST. Dosis pupuk ZA 1.2 gr/polybag (D3) juga menunjukkan berat basah dan berat kering tanaman tertinggi sebesar 49.15 dan 4.38 gram. Dosis ZA 1.2 gr/polybag merupakan dosis ideal untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman bayam merah.

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EMISSÃO DE ÓXIDO NITROSO ASSOCIADO AO USO DE UREIA NO CULTIVO DE MELÃO AMARELO

Nativa ◽

10.31413/nativa.v6i6.5459 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 600

Author(s):

Vanessa Cláudia Vasconcelos Segundo ◽

Renato Innecco ◽

Ebenézer De Oliveira Silva

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Aerial Part ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽

Root Part ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Brazilian Northeast ◽

Total Soil Nitrogen

O meloeiro tem grande importância econômica para o Nordeste brasileiro. Entretanto, em seu cultivo utiliza-se insumos que podem prejudicar o ambiente; como, os fertilizantes nitrogenados. Objetivou-se avaliar a emissão de N2O em cultivo de meloeiro amarelo ‘Goldex’. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram: 0 (controle), 1,0; 1,5 e 2 vezes a quantidade de nitrogênio recomendada para cada estádio. Foi analisado o fluxo de N2O, área foliar, número de folhas, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca dos frutos, massa seca da parte radicular, nitrogênio total do solo, das plantas e N (NH4+ e NO3-) do solo. O fluxo de N2O teve comportamento temporal irregular durante a fase de plântulas e crescente na floração. Os tratamentos afetaram significativamente a área foliar, número de folhas, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca da parte radicular, nitrogênio da parte aérea e parte radicular das plantas e do solo. A aplicação de nitrogênio, em dosagens superiores à recomendada, não aumentou a produção do meloeiro. E o cálculo do fator de emissão mostrou que a emissão do N2O não atingiu valores prejudiciais ao ambiente.Palavras-chave: fator de emissão, efeito estufa e nitrogênio. NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION ASSOCIATED WITH UREA USE THE YELLOW MELON CROP ABSTRACT: The melon has great economic importance for the Brazilian Northeast. However, in its cultivation uses inputs that can harm the environment; Such as nitrogen fertilizers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the emission of N2O in yellow 'Goldex' cultivar. The experiment was installed in a completely randomized design with five replications. The treatments were: 0 (control), 1.0; 1.5 and 2 times the amount of nitrogen recommended for each stage. N2O flux, leaf area, leaf number, shoot dry mass, fruit dry mass, dry mass of the root portion, total soil nitrogen, of the plants and N (NH4 + and NO3 -) of the soil were analyzed. The flow of N2O had irregular temporal behavior during the seedling phase and increased in flowering. The treatments affected significantly the leaf area, number of leaves, dry mass of the aerial part, dry mass of the root part, nitrogen of the aerial part and root part of the plants and the soil. The application of nitrogen, in dosages higher than the recommended one, did not increase the production of the melon. And the calculation of the emission factor showed that the emission of N2O did not reach values harmful to the environment.Keywords: emission fator, greenhouse and nitrogen.

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Soursop seedlings: biomasses and biometric relations in different farming environments and substrates – Part II

Engenharia Agrícola ◽

10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v36n2p229-241/2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 229-241

Author(s):

Edílson Costa ◽

Adriano R. Sassaqui ◽

Anne K. da Silva ◽

Norton H. Rego ◽

Bruna G. Fina

Keyword(s):

Quality Index ◽

Low Density Polyethylene ◽

Joint Analysis ◽

State University ◽

High Quality ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Mato Grosso Do Sul

ABSTRACT The quality of seedling is critical to obtain vigorous plants in the field. The present study aimed to assess biomasses and biometric relations of soursop seedlings. We used different substrates in protected environments. The experiment was performed at the Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (State University of Mato Grosso do Sul). Five farming environments were developed in greenhouses: one covered with low-density polyethylene film (LDPE), another with with polyethylene and heat-reflective cloth under film under 50% shading in aluminized color, monofilament cloth under 50% shading in black, thermo-reflective cloth under 50% shading in aluminized color, and an environment covered with bacuri coconut straw. Substrates were made of manure, humus, cassava branches and vermiculite at different proportions. Each of them varying from 25%, 33.3%, 50% and 75% in mixture combination. Each environment was considered an experiment. A completely randomized design was adopted and later a joint analysis of them. Agricultural greenhouse covered with LDPE and thermo-reflective cloths under 50% of shading, proportionated seedlings with greater biomass. Substrates containing manure are the most suitable for soursop seedlings. High percentages of earthworm humus produce low quality soursop seedlings. Soursop seedlings had a Dickson’s quality index around 0.335. The greenhouse covered only with LDPE film did not produce high quality seedlings.

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CHARACTERIZATION OF SEEDS, SEEDLINGS AND INITIAL GROWTH OF JACARANDA MIMOSIFOLIA D. DON. (BIGNONIACEAE)

Revista Árvore ◽

10.1590/1806-90882018000400003 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Jamille Rabêlo de Oliveira ◽

Clark Alberto Souza da Costa ◽

Antonio Marcos Esmeraldo Bezerra ◽

Haynna Fernandes Abud ◽

Eliseu Marlônio Pereira de Lucena

Keyword(s):

Quality Index ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Germination Process ◽

Length Width ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Collar Diameter ◽

Jacaranda Mimosifolia

ABSTRACT This research aimed to characterize the biometry of seeds, the morphology of seedlings and to evaluate the initial growth of blue jacaranda trees (Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don.) in two environments with distinct luminosity. The biometry of 100 de-winged seeds was measured by their length, width and thickness. One hundred seeds were sown into 300 cm3 tubes and seedlings morphology was registered throughout the germination process using digital photographs disposed sequentially according to seedlings age. The initial growth analysis was performed in two environments, full sun and greenhouse, during nine periods, and arranged in a complete randomized design with subplots. The response variables were: number of leaves, plant height, collar diameter, root length, aerial and roots dry weight, and Dickson’s Quality Index (DQI). Biometry results showed seeds 7.09 - 9.26 mm long, 6.74 -9.39 mm wide, and 1.11 -1.89 mm thick. Germination is of hypogealphanerocotylar type, with first root arising six days after sown. Plants at full sun presented larger collar diameters, greater root dry weight and higher DQI as evaluation periods passed by. In conclusion, the biometry of seeds and the morphology of seedlings of blue jacaranda can be used to recognize this species in the field. Plants at full sun presented better development. Seedlings cultivated at full sun can be destined to recuperate forests and degraded areas just 36 weeks after sowed.

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Pengaruh Campuran Pasir dan Serat Aren pada Kailan (Brassica oleraceae) dengan Hidroponik Substrat

Agrosains: Jurnal Penelitian Agronomi ◽

10.20961/agsjpa.v16i1.18908 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Samanhudi Samanhudi ◽

Dwi Hardjoko ◽

Riandy Adhitya

Keyword(s):

Wood Fiber ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Randomized Design ◽

The Media ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Brassica Oleraceae ◽

Media Mix ◽

Leaf Greenness

Wood fiber waste of arenga produced from starch palm industry. It is not handled properly so that could be potentially cause problems for the surrounding community. Wood fiber waste of arenga is potentially used as a medium for hydroponics. The waste can be utilized to get a new composition of hydroponic media. This study aims to determine the effect of a mixture of sand with arenga fiber waste. This research was carried out by using a mixture of sand and arenga wood fiber waste as a medium. This is an experimental study using a completely randomized design. This study aims to determine the effect of a mixture of sand and arenga fiber waste for kailan growth. The results showed that the mixture of sand and arenga wood fiber waste has no effect on kailan growth. The combination of mixtures of sand and arenga fiber waste showed no interaction. Observations on plants such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf greenness levels, the fresh weight of crop stover and stover dry weight of the plant, showed a row of the highest results in the media mix washed sand, washed sand and rice husk

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Toleransi Plasma Nutfah Padi Lokal terhadap Salinitas

Buletin Plasma Nutfah ◽

10.21082/blpn.v23n1.2017.p51-58 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 51 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tintin Suhartini ◽

Try Zulchi

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Salinity Tolerance ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Gene Bank ◽

Dead Leaf ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Completely Randomized Design

AbstractThe research was aimed to screen the local rice germplasms for salinity tolerance. The 104 local rice germplasms were derived of collection of Gene Bank of Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD) were tested to salinity. The activities was carried out in greenhouse of ICABIOGRAD. The 15 day old seedlings were planted in pots soil contained NaCl 0.4%. One accession of rice was planted in 2 pots, each pot contained 4 seedlings. Observation of plant symptom was conducted after 1 month planted. The experiment was carried out in a Completely Randomized Design with 2 replications. The results of the analysis showed there were different responsses among rice accesions to the treatment. Salinity caused dry and dead leaves, there were very significant differences between the varieties for plant height, dry weight plant, number of total leaves, and number of green leaves. There were a high and negative correlation of plant height and total number of leaves with percentage of dead leaves. The result showed 21 accesions were tolerant to moderately&#8722;tolerant, while Pokkali as a tolerant check, most tolerant. There were two accessions were tolerant with dead leaf percentage <50%, i.e. Tjempo Brondol (reg. 5800) and Gembira Putih (reg. 20602), whereas Pokkali as resistant check had low dead leaf percentage (16.9%) and 19 accessions were moderately-tolerant with dead leaf percentage <70%, and 82 accesions were sensitive to highly-sensitive.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyaring plasma nutfah padi yang memiliki sifat toleran terhadap salinitas. Sejumlah 104 plasma nutfah padi lokal yang berasal dari koleksi Bank Gen BB Biogen diuji terhadap salinitas. Kegiatan dilakukan di rumah kaca BB Biogen. Bibit padi berumur &plusmn;15 hari ditanam pada pot berisi tanah yang sudah dilumpurkan dengan larutan garam NaCl 0,4% (4.000 ppm). Satu aksesi padi ditanam pada 2 pot, masing masing pot berisi 4 tanaman. Setelah berumur 4 minggu dari tanam dilakukan pengamatan meliputi tinggi tanaman, bobot kering akar, bobot kering tanaman, jumlah daun total, jumlah daun hijau, dan jumlah daun mati. Pengujian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan 2 ulangan. Hasil analisis varians menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan respons plasma nutfah padi terhadap perlakuan salin yang diberikan. Perbedaan sangat nyata terdapat pada tinggi tanaman, bobot kering tanaman, jumlah daun total, dan jumlah daun hijau. Terdapat korelasi yang tinggi dan negatif pada tinggi tanaman dan jumlah daun total dengan persentase daun mati. Hasil pengujian telah terpilih 21 aksesi plasma nutfah padi toleran hingga agak toleran, sedangkan Pokkali sebagai cek sangat toleran. Dua aksesi yang toleran dengan persentase daun mati <50%, yaitu Tjempo Brondol (reg. 5800) dan Gembira Putih (reg. 20602), Pokkali sebagai varietas kontrol dengan tingkat persentase daun mati 16,9%, sedangkan 19 aksesi termasuk kelompok agak toleran dengan persentase daun mati <70%, dan 82 aksesi termasuk kelompok peka hingga sangat peka.

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