scholarly journals Basic Concept of Ophthalmology and Visual Disorder

2022 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-189
Author(s):  
Liliyanti Fauzi ◽  
Tiara Bunga
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Secondary Effect ◽  
Protective Structure ◽  
Lens System ◽  
Visual Dysfunction ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Visual Disturbances

The eye is a complex sensory organ that is responsible for vision. Within the protective sheath, each eye has receptors, a lens system for focusing light on receptors, and a nervous system for transmitting impulses from the receptors to the brain. Visual dysfunction can be caused by abnormal eye movements or changes in visual acuity, refraction, color vision, or accommodation. Visual dysfunction may also be a secondary effect of other neurological disorders. This narrative review aims to describe the structure of the eye in general and visual disturbances caused by the aging process and disorders of the protective structure of the eye.

scholarly journals Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2): Confusing Roles in the Pathophysiology of Neurological Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuqi Chen ◽  
Wenmei Lu ◽  
Danhong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

As a type of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylases, sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is predominantly found in the cytoplasm of cells in the central nervous system (CNS), suggesting its potential role in neurological disorders. Though SIRT2 is generally acknowledged to accelerate the development of neurological pathologies, it protects the brain from deterioration in certain circumstances. This review summarized the complex roles SIRT2 plays in the pathophysiology of diverse neurological disorders, compared and analyzed the discrete roles of SIRT2 in different conditions, and provided possible explanations for its paradoxical functions. In the future, the rapid growth in SIRT2 research may clarify its impacts on neurological disorders and develop therapeutic strategies targeting this protein.

Sirtuin3 in Neurological Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhath Sherin ◽  
S. Gomathy ◽  
Shanish Antony
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Disease Models ◽  
Predominant Role ◽  
The Brain

Abstract:: Sirtuins are NAD+ dependent enzymes that have a predominant role in neurodegenerative disorders and also regulate the inflammatory process, protein aggregation, etc. The relation between Sirtuins with that of the nervous system and neurodegeneration are widely studied consequently. Sirtuins have a strong role in metabolic syndrome in mitochondria also. The activities of Sirtuins can be altered by using small molecules that would be developed into drugs and it is proven that manipulation of SIRT1 activity influences neurodegenerative disease models. They are especially thrilling since using small molecules, which would be developed into a drug, it is feasible to alter the activities of sirtuins. Different functions of Sirtuins are depended upon their subcellular localization. In this review paper, we are discussing different Sirtuins, differential expression of sirtuins, and expression of sirtuin in the brain and briefly about sirtuin3 (SIRT3).

scholarly journals Autoimmune Disorders of the Nervous System: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satyakam Bhagavati
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Autoimmune Disorders ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Self Tolerance ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Remarkable discoveries over the last two decades have elucidated the autoimmune basis of several, previously poorly understood, neurological disorders. Autoimmune disorders of the nervous system may affect any part of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system, CNS) and also the peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction and skeletal muscle (peripheral nervous system, PNS). This comprehensive overview of this rapidly evolving field presents the factors which may trigger breakdown of self-tolerance and development of autoimmune disease in some individuals. Then the pathophysiological basis and clinical features of autoimmune diseases of the nervous system are outlined, with an emphasis on the features which are important to recognize for accurate clinical diagnosis. Finally the latest therapies for autoimmune CNS and PNS disorders and their mechanisms of action and the most promising research avenues for targeted immunotherapy are discussed.

scholarly journals Restriction of Manganese Intake Prevents the Onset of Brain Manganese Overload in Zip14−/− Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6773
Author(s):  
Yuze Wu ◽  
Guojun Wei ◽  
Ningning Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Manganese Transport ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

As a newly identified manganese transport protein, ZIP14 is highly expressed in the small intestine and liver, which are the two principal organs involved in regulating systemic manganese homeostasis. Loss of ZIP14 function leads to manganese overload in both humans and mice. Excess manganese in the body primarily affects the central nervous system, resulting in irreversible neurological disorders. Therefore, to prevent the onset of brain manganese accumulation becomes critical. In this study, we used Zip14−/− mice as a model for ZIP14 deficiency and discovered that these mice were born without manganese loading in the brain, but started to hyper-accumulate manganese within 3 weeks after birth. We demonstrated that decreasing manganese intake in Zip14−/− mice was effective in preventing manganese overload that typically occurs in these animals. Our results provide important insight into future studies that are targeted to reduce the onset of manganese accumulation associated with ZIP14 dysfunction in humans.

Neurological conditions

2018 ◽  
pp. 235-276
Author(s):  
Maria Flynn ◽  
Dave Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neurological Disorder ◽  
Nursing Practice ◽  
Specialized Area ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
Prescribed Medicines ◽  
The Brain ◽  
General Nurse

The nervous system’s central role in all human functions means that neurological disorders often directly impact on other body systems, so the management of neurological conditions is a complex and specialized area of nursing practice. People with neurological disorders will normally be cared for by specialist clinical teams working in neurological or neurosurgical units or spinal centres. However, general adult nurses will come into contact with people who have a collection of symptoms suggesting a neurological disorder, and they are highly likely to encounter people who are living with dementia. It is therefore important that general adult nurses can recognize neurological changes and communicate effectively with people who have disorders of the brain or nervous system. This chapter outlines key facts about neurological conditions which are likely to be useful to the general nurse. These include an overview of conditions, clinical examinations, and key nursing considerations. A summary of frequently prescribed medicines is also presented.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Metal-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurological Disorders

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Hong Cheng ◽  
Bobo Yang ◽  
Tao Ke ◽  
Shaojun Li ◽  
Xiaobo Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Neuronal Cell Death ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Subsequent Decrease ◽  
The Brain

Metals are actively involved in multiple catalytic physiological activities. However, metal overload may result in neurotoxicity as it increases formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and elevates oxidative stress in the nervous system. Mitochondria are a key target of metal-induced toxicity, given their role in energy production. As the brain consumes a large amount of energy, mitochondrial dysfunction and the subsequent decrease in levels of ATP may significantly disrupt brain function, resulting in neuronal cell death and ensuing neurological disorders. Here, we address contemporary studies on metal-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and its impact on the nervous system.

scholarly journals Dysregulation of the Gut-Brain Axis, Dysbiosis and Influence of Numerous Factors on Gut Microbiota Associated Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gagandeep Kaur ◽  
Tapan Behl ◽  
Simona Bungau ◽  
Arun Kumar ◽  
Md Sahab Uddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been one of the substantial social, medical concern and, burdens of the present time. PD is a gradually devastating neurodegenerative disorder of the neurological function marked with αsynucleinopathy affecting numerous regions of the brain-gut axis, as well as the central, enteric, and autonomic nervous system. Its etiology is a widely disputed topic. Objective: This review emphasizes to find out the correlation among the microbial composition and the observable disturbances in the metabolites of the microbial species and its impact on the immune response, which may have a concrete implication on the occurrence, persistence and, pathophysiology of PD via the gut-brain axis. Methods: An in-depth research and the database was developed from the available peer reviewed articles till date (March 2020) utilizing numerous search engines like PubMed, MEDLINE and, other internet sources. Results: Progressively increasing shreds of evidence have proved the fact that dysbiosis in the gut microbiome plays a central role in many neurological disorders, such as PD. Indeed, a disordered microbiome-gut-brain axis in PD could be focused on gastrointestinal afflictions that manifest primarily several years prior to the diagnosis, authenticating a concept wherein the pathological pathway progresses from the intestine reaching the brain. Conclusion: The microbiota greatly affects the bidirectional interaction between the brain and the gut via synchronized neurological, immunological, and neuroendocrine mechanisms. It can be concluded that a multitude of factors discussed in this review steadily induce the onset of dysbacteriosis that may exacerbate the etiologic mechanism of Parkinson’s disease.

scholarly journals TRPM3 in Brain (Patho)Physiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Held ◽  
Balázs István Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Ion Channel ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Trp Channels ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Already for centuries, humankind is driven to understand the physiological and pathological mechanisms that occur in our brains. Today, we know that ion channels play an essential role in the regulation of neural processes and control many functions of the central nervous system. Ion channels present a diverse group of membrane-spanning proteins that allow ions to penetrate the insulating cell membrane upon opening of their channel pores. This regulated ion permeation results in different electrical and chemical signals that are necessary to maintain physiological excitatory and inhibitory processes in the brain. Therefore, it is no surprise that disturbances in the functions of cerebral ion channels can result in a plethora of neurological disorders, which present a tremendous health care burden for our current society. The identification of ion channel-related brain disorders also fuel the research into the roles of ion channel proteins in various brain states. In the last decade, mounting evidence has been collected that indicates a pivotal role for transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels in the development and various physiological functions of the central nervous system. For instance, TRP channels modulate neurite growth, synaptic plasticity and integration, and are required for neuronal survival. Moreover, TRP channels are involved in numerous neurological disorders. TRPM3 belongs to the melastatin subfamily of TRP channels and represents a non-selective cation channel that can be activated by several different stimuli, including the neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate, osmotic pressures and heat. The channel is best known as a peripheral nociceptive ion channel that participates in heat sensation. However, recent research identifies TRPM3 as an emerging new player in the brain. In this review, we summarize the available data regarding the roles of TRPM3 in the brain, and correlate these data with the neuropathological processes in which this ion channel may be involved.

Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: New Therapeutic Opportunities

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 477-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitríona Long-Smith ◽  
Kenneth J. O'Riordan ◽  
Gerard Clarke ◽  
Catherine Stanton ◽  
Timothy G. Dinan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Drug Side Effects ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Pharmacology And Toxicology ◽  
Traditional Fields ◽  
The Brain

The traditional fields of pharmacology and toxicology are beginning to consider the substantial impact our gut microbiota has on host physiology. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is emerging as a particular area of interest and a potential new therapeutic target for effective treatment of central nervous system disorders, in addition to being a potential cause of drug side effects. Microbiota-gut-brain axis signaling can occur via several pathways, including via the immune system, recruitment of host neurochemical signaling, direct enteric nervous system routes and the vagus nerve, and the production of bacterial metabolites. Altered gut microbial profiles have been described in several psychiatric and neurological disorders. Psychobiotics, live biotherapeutics or substances whose beneficial effects on the brain are bacterially mediated, are currently being investigated as direct and/or adjunctive therapies for psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and possibly for neurodegenerative disease, and they may emerge as new therapeutic options in the clinical management of brain disorders.

scholarly journals Data Mining Techniques as a Tool in Neurological Disorders Diagnosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Zdrodowska ◽  
Agnieszka Dardzińska ◽  
Monika Chorąży ◽  
Alina Kułakowska
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Data Mining Techniques ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
Mining Methods ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Neurological disorders are diseases of the brain, spine and the nerves that connect them. There are more than 600 diseases of the nervous system, such as epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, brain tumors, and stroke as well as less familiar ones such as multiple sclerosis or frontotemporal dementia. The increasing capabilities of neurotechnologies are generating massive volumes of complex data at a rapid pace. Evaluating and diagnosing disorders of the nervous system is a complicated and complex task. Many of the same or similar symptoms happen in different combinations among the different disorders. This paper provides a survey of developed selected data mining methods in the area of neurological diseases diagnosis. This review will help experts to gain an understanding of how data mining techniques can assist them in neurological diseases diagnosis and patients treatment.

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