scholarly journals Penerapan Sanksi Pelanggaran Administratif Pemilu bagi Penyelenggara Pemilu

PLENO JURE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-142
Author(s):  
Asbudi Dwi Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Election Administration ◽  
The Law ◽  
Research Type

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas penerapan sanksi pelanggaran administrasi pemilu bagi penyelenggara pemilu, karena penting diketahui tingkat penegakan hukumnya dimana hal tersebut dapat mempengaruhi jumlah suara perolehan pemilu. Artikel ini dibangun dengan tipe penelitian hukuym secara kualitatif dan menggunakan pendekatan penelitian hukum secara empiris. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa memahami penyelenggaraan pemilu butuh energi besar untuk benar-benar memahami agar dalam penyelenggaraannya tidak terjadi kesalahan. Anggaapan bahwa pemilu merupakan pesta rakyat biasa menyebabkan masyarakat melupakan bahwa konsekuensi dari kesalahan akan berdampak panjang hingga 5 tahun kedepan secara kongkrit. Hal ini juga mempengaruhi bahwa sanksi pelanggaran pemilu yang dianggap sebagai motivator untuk masyarakat dalam menaati hukum tidak berjalan sebagaimana diharapkan. Pada akhirnya artikel ini memperlihatkan penerapan sanksi Pelanggaran administrasi pemilu bagi penyelenggara pemilu tidak efektif karena sanksi yang dapat dijatuhkan bagi penyelanggara pemilu yang terbukti melakukan pelanggaran administratif pemilu hanya berupa teguran tertulis, tidak menimbulkan efek jera dan sanksi tersebut tidak berfungsi sebagai pencegahan agar penyelengara pemilu bekerja sesuai norma dan aturan yang berlaku.  Abstract. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the application of sanctions for election administration violations for election organizers because it is important to know the level of law enforcement where it can affect the number of votes obtained in the election. This article was built with a qualitative legal research type and uses an empirical legal research approach. The research results show that understanding election administration requires a lot of energy to really understand so that there are no mistakes in the implementation. The assumption that elections are a party of ordinary people causes people to forget that the consequences of mistakes will have a concrete impact for the next 5 years. This also affects the sanctions for election violations that are considered as a motivator for the community to obey the law do not work as expected. In the end, this article shows that the application of sanctions for Election administration violations for election administrators is ineffective because the sanctions that can be imposed on election administrators who are proven to have committed an election administrative violation are only in the form of a written warning, do not cause a deterrent effect and these sanctions do not serve as a deterrent so that the election administrators work accordingly. prevailing norms and rules.

scholarly journals Konstitusionalitas Masa Tunggu Eksekusi bagi Terpidana Mati dalam Sistem Pemidanaan

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
Roni Efendi
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Evolutionary Approach ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Global Approach ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
System Perspective ◽  
Waiting Period ◽  
Legal Uncertainty ◽  
The Law

Pasal 10 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana menempatkan pidana mati sebagai salah satu pidana pokok. Pidana mati secara filosofis berorientasi pembalasan dan general prevention. Namun penerapannya memperlihatkan inkonsistensi dalam sistem pemidanaan, diktum putusan pengadilan memvonis pidana mati, melainkan eksekusinya adalah pidana penjara seumur hidup. Praktik penerapan hukum demikian menimbulkan ketidakadilan dan ketidakpastian hukum. Urgensi penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji bagaimana konstitusionalitas kedudukan hukum masa tunggu eksekusi bagi terpidana mati dalam perspektif sistem pemidanaan? Untuk menjawab pernyataan penelitian, Peneliti menggunakan jenis penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan doctrinal legal research, maka hukum harus dipandang secara komprehensif seperti asas, norma dan meta norma. Konstitusionalitas masa tunggu eksekusi bagi terpidana mati tidak diatur dalam undang-undang, secara yuridis terdapat beberapa faktor untuk menunda eksekusi, di luar faktor-faktor tersebut penundaan eksekusi merupakan inskonstitusional. Ketidakpastian hukum terhadap masa tunggu eksekusi merupakan disharmonisasi antara hukum materil dan hukum formil dan berdampak tidak tercapainya deterrent effect, keadilan serta kemanfaatan hukum. Sehingga perlu pembaruan hukum pidana dengan salah satu metode evolutionary approach, global approach dan compromise approach sebagai pedoman eksekusi pidana mati.The article 10 of Criminal Code put death penalties as one of the principal crimes. Philosophically, the death penalty is meant to be retaliatory and general prevention. However, its application shows inconsistencies in the criminal system. Decision of the court is a death penalty, but the execution is a life imprisonment. The practice of implementing such laws creates injustice and legal uncertainty. The urgency of this research was to examine how constitutionality of execution waiting period for the death penalty in the punisment system perspective. To answer the research question, researcher used a type of normative juridical research with a doctrinal legal research approach, so, the law must be viewed comprehensively as principles, norms and meta norms. The constitutionality of the waiting period for the execution of convicted death is not regulated by law. Juridically, there were several factors delaying execution. Apart from these factors, the delaying in execution is unconstitutional. Legal uncertainty over the waiting period for execution is a disharmony between material law and formal law. That has an impact on not achieving deterrent effects, justice and the benefits of the law. Therefore, it is necessary to reform criminal law with one method of evolutionary approach, global approach and compromise approach as a guideline for execution of death penalty.

scholarly journals THE OVERCOMING OF ILLEGAL LOGGING IN CENTRAL SULAWESI

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnny Salam
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Illegal Logging ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Community Crime Prevention ◽  
The Law ◽  
Central Sulawesi

Abstract This study aimed to understand the effectiveness of crime prevention and illegal logging in Central Sulawesi , and factors - factors affecting the crime prevention efforts of illegal logging in the area is , as well as how participation and cultural ' differences community crime prevention efforts against illegal logging in Central Sulawesi . The singer research approach using socio- legal research methods . Results Singer discovered Implementation crime prevention of illegal logging in the region of Central Sulawesi province , as far as Singer Not Operate Effectively Walk ; As well as optimal NOT illegal logging crime prevention efforts in the region of Central Sulawesi province , at least influenced by three factors ; ( 1 ) low capacity of Human Resources , ( 2 ) There has been used to support the inadequacy of the law enforcement process . ( 3 ) the low level of awareness of the law society. Alpha Keywords: Overcoming,  Illegal Loggin, Central Sulawesi

scholarly journals PERLINDUNGAN DAN PELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN LAUT MENURUT HUKUM INTERNASIONAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Dewa Gede Sudika Mangku
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Environmental Monitoring ◽  
International Law ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
The State ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Research Results ◽  
The Law

Issues relating to the protection of the marine environtment are of concern, including by international law. This research discusses the prtection and preservation of the marine environment according to international law. This research is a normative legal research. The approach used is the statutory approach. The research results show that the protection and preservation of the marine environment receives serious attention by international law, especially through regulation through the 1982 Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) which fully regulates the protection and preservation of the marine environment in a Chapter, namely Chapter XII which consists of 45 articles (192-237). In this Chapter there are several important aspects relating to the protection and preservation of the marine environment, namely the existence of general obligations of countries in terms of protecting the marine environment (Articles 192-160), obligations of the state in terms of pollution (Articles 194-196), global cooperation and in the framework of protecting the marine environment (Articles 197-201), technical assistance (Articles 202-203), environmental monitoring and analysis (Articles 204-206), making laws and regulations and accompanying law enforcement (Articles 207-234), responsibilities and compensation obligations (Article 235), immunity rights (Article 236), obligations under other conventions concerning the protection of the marine environment (Article 237). Persoalan berkaitan perlindungan lingkungan laut menjadi perhatian, termasuk oleh hukum internasional. Penelitian ini membahas perlindungan dan pelestarian lingkungan laut menurut hukum internasional. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan perundangan-undangan. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan hasil bahwa perlindungan dan pelestarian lingkungan laut mendapatkan perhatian serius oleh hukum internasional, terutama melalui pengaturan melalui Nations Convention on The Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 yang secara lengkap mengatur mengenai perlindungan dan pelestarian lingkungan laut dalam suatu Bab, yaitu Bab XII yang terdiri atas 45 pasal (192- 237). Dalam Bab tersebut terdapat beberapa aspek penting yang berkaitan dengan perlindungan dan pelestarian lingkungan laut, yaitu adanya kewajiban umum negara-negara dalam hal perlindungan lingkungan laut (Pasal 192- 193), kewajiban negara dalam hal pencemaran (Pasal 194-196), kerjasama global dan regional dalam rangka perlindungan lingkungan laut (Pasal 197- 201), bantuan teknik (Pasal 202-203), monitoring dan analisa lingkungan (Pasal 204-206), pembuatan peraturan perundang-undang disertai penegakan hukumnya (Pasal 207-234), tanggung jawab dan kewajiban ganti rugi (Pasal 235), hak kekebalan (Pasal 236), kewajiban-kewajiban berdasarkan konvensi lain mengenai perlindungan lingkungan laut (Pasal 237).

The Law Enforcement Weakness of Songs and Musics Copyright Crimes

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
Edi Tuahta Putra Saragih ◽  
Muhammad Citra Ramadhan ◽  
Isnaini Isnaini
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Copyright Infringement ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
Cultural Factor ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Law ◽  
Real Picture

This research aimed to: (a) obtain the forms of copyright infringement of songs and/or music (with or without lyrics); (b) understand the role of the police, in this case the Police Precinct, in the law enforcement; (c) identify the factors that influenced the law enforcement. The research method used the normative-empirical legal research, with the initial stages of specifying norms in order to get the proper picture, and then specifying empirical events in order to get the real picture. The research results showed several matters: 1) The forms of copyright infringement of songs and/or music (with or without lyrics) found included: the distribution of the works or the copies, the performances of the works, and the announcements of the works; 2) Police Precinct did notultimately carry out their role as a law enforcer for the copyright infringement of songs and/or music (with or without lyrics); and 3) The factors that influenced the law enforcement on the copyright infringement of songs and/or music (with or without lyrics), namely: legislation factor, in the matter of complaint offenses; law enforcement factor, in terms of the capacity of members; less supportive factor of facilities and infrastructure; legal awareness factor, in the problem of the lack of legal counseling; and cultural factor, related to the differences in norms in the copyright law between those in society and those in regulations. 

scholarly journals JUDGE'S JUDGMENT ON CRIMINAL OFFENSE AGAINST PERPETRATORS OF CRIMINAL EXTORTION WITH THE VIOLENCE AGAINST OTHER PEOPLE'S MOTORCYCLES (Verdict Study Number: 237/Pid. B/2018/PN Kla)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Oktasari Putri Pramisela ◽  
Yulia Hesti
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Attorney General ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
District Court ◽  
Criminal Offence ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Violent Criminal ◽  
The Law

A crime or criminal act, usually perpetrators of criminals because of an encouragement based on the importance of fulfilling the necessities of life that is relatively difficult to fulfill. In principle the crime problem does not stand alone, but it relates to other issues such as social, economic, political and cultural which is as a phenomenon that affects each other. To tackle crimes and criminal acts such a thorough enforcement and anticipation policy is required. One of the most common criminal acts in the community is the violence of violent blackmail. Perpetrators can be assessed by the community, therefore it is necessary to be handled by the law enforcement officers intensively with the severity of the criminal that was dropped. The problem in this study is how the judge's consideration in dropping a criminal against perpetrators of criminal offenses with violence against motorcycles belonging to others, what are some factors causing perpetrators of criminal extortion with violence. The method of study used is the normative juridical approach and empirical approach obtained directly at the District Court of Kls II Kalianda, state Attorney of South Lampung. Based on the results of the study can be concluded that the judge's judgment in the criminal offence against the perpetrator of violent criminal offence is in accordance with the element contained in article 368 paragraph (1) of the criminal CODE and was sentenced to 2 years imprisonment. Factors affecting the cause of perpetrators of criminal extortion in violence are environmental factors, economic factors on society, the law enforcement. The advice given is to be expected to the Tribunal, the attorney general and the police in providing or establishing the article can be in accordance with its elements and actions, to the rationing punishment against the defendant is considered fair and give a deterrent effect so that the defendant can not repeat it again. There is cooperation between law enforcement and the community in minimizing the crimes that occurred.

scholarly journals Law Enforcement of Criminal Forests and Land Fire in Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir, Province of Riau

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Rizana
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Rare Phenomenon ◽  
The Law ◽  
Article 50

Law Enforcement of Criminal Forests and Land Fire in Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir, Province of Riau Forest and land fires are not a rare phenomenon in Indonesia, especially in Riau Province. This study aims to explain the law enforcement of forest and land fire crimes in Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir, Province of Riau. The method used in this research is sociological legal research. Based on Article 50 Paragraph (3) Letter d of Law Number 41 of 1999 it is stated that everyone is prohibited from burning forests. In line with that, based on Article 69 Paragraph (1) Letter h of Law Number 32 Year 2009 it is stated that everyone is prohibited from clearing land by burning. However, in 2019 there will still be forest and land fires in Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir, Province of Riau covering an area of approximately 827 Ha. The implementation of Law No. 41/1999 and Law No. 32/2009 concerning forest and land fires in Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir has not run as expected. Burning forests and land is a crime. Law enforcement against forest and land fires in Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir based on Article 78 Paragraph (3) of Law Number 41 Year 1999 states that anyone who intentionally burns a forest can be threatened with a maximum of 15 years imprisonment and a maximum fine IDR 5,000,000,000. Pursuant to Article 108 of Law Number 32 Year 2009 it is also emphasized that everyone who burns a land shall be sentenced to a maximum imprisonment of 3 (three) years and a maximum of 10 (ten) years, and a fine of at least Rp. 3,000,000,000.- (three billion rupiah) and a maximum of Rp 10,000,000,000 (ten billion rupiah).

scholarly journals PEWARISAN PADA ETNIS TIONGHOA DALAM PLURALITAS HUKUM WARIS DI INDONESIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Beatrix Benni
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Political Reform ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Inheritance Law ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Ethnic Chinese ◽  
The Law

Inheritance law in force in Indonesia is pluralistic.  Inheritance law for ethnic Chinese in Indonesia is the inheritance law Civil West . The use of inheritance law which is based on the classification of this population is not in accordance with the law of political reform era . The method used is the socio legal research with the research results , that ethnic Chinese in West Sumatera Barat wearing inheritance law Civil whereas customary inheritance can only be made during the lifetime of the testator in the form of grants and testament . Against this was not found inheritance dispute in court . Inheritance dispute settlement is done amicably and internal , and not through legal channels .Keywords: Inheritance, Tionghoa, Pluralistic, Inheritance lawHukum waris yang berlaku di Indonesia saat ini bersifat pluralistis. Hukum waris bagi Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia adalah hukum waris Perdata Barat. Pemakaian hukum waris yang berdasarkan penggolongan penduduk ini sudah tidak sesuai dengan politik hukum era reformasi. Metode yangdigunakan adalah socio legal research dengan hasil penelitian, bahwa  etnis Tionghoa di Sumatera Barat memakai hukum waris Perdata Barat sedangkan pewarisan secara adat hanya dapat dilakukan semasa hidup pewaris dengan  dalam bentuk hibah dan wasiat. Terhadap hal ini tidak ditemukan sengketa waris di pengadilan. Penyelesaian sengketa waris dilakukan secara kekeluargaan dan intern, dan tidak melalui jalur hukum.Kata Kunci: Pewarisan, Tionghoa, Pluralitas, Hukum Waris

scholarly journals THE PEOPLE AND THE STATE AUTHORITIES: THE ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION AND COOPERATION IN THE THEORETICAL LEGACY V. N. LESHKOV

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Тимур Чукаев ◽  
Timur Chukaev
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
The State ◽  
First Century ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
The People ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Law

The Article is devoted to the theoretical and legal heritage of the prominent Russian lawyer Vasily Nikolaevich Leshkov (1810–1881), his ideas about society as a subject of public administration, about the interaction of civil society and the police as subjects of the implementation of the law enforcement function. The methodological basis of the research is general scientific (historical, systemic, functional) and special (formal-legal, historical-legal, comparative-legal) methods of legal research. A theoretical legacy, V. N. Leshkov, which contemporaries did not understand, and the descendants of the forgotten, to comprehend the researchers in the twenty-first century.

scholarly journals DASAR PERTIMBANGAN HAKIM TERHADAP PUTUSAN PERCERAIAN DENGAN PEMBERIAN HAK ASUH ANAK KEPADA BAPAK

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Renita Ivana ◽  
Diana Tantri Cahyaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Child Custody ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
The Law

<p>Abstract<br />This article aims to find out the basis of the judge’s consideration of the Divorce Decision with the  Provision of Child Custody to the father. This writing also includes normative legal research that is prescriptive. The research approach uses the Law approach (state approach) and case approach. Legal material collection techniques use legal material collection techniques with the study of documents or library materials (library study). The results of the study explained that judges’ consideration arose from the six divorce decisions that the authors examined was by prioritizing the best interests principle for  children, the judge giving custody of underage children to the father. This is not in accordance with the  rules of the invitation that apply because the child under the age of custody is in the hands of the mother. But because of the bad behavior of the mother, abandoning the child, forgetting her responsibilities as a mother which is all the basis of the judge’s consideration in making decisions regarding the granting of custody of minors to the father.<br />Keywords: Divorce; Consideration of Judges; Child Custody</p><p>Abstrak<br />Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dasar pertimbangan hakim terhadap Putusan Perceraian dengan  Pemberian Hak Asuh Anak kepada bapak. Penelitian hukum ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif yang bersifat preskriptif. Pendekatan penelitian menggunakan pendekatan Undang-undang (state approach) dan pendekatan kasus (case approach). Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum menggunakan teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum dengan studi dokumen atau bahan pustaka (library study). Hasil penelitian menjelaskan bahwa pertimbangan hakim yang muncul dari keenam Putusan Perceraian yang penulis teliti adalah dengan mengedepankan asas kepentingan terbaik bagi anak, hakim memberikan hak asuh anak di bawah umur kepada bapak. Hal tersebut tidak sesuai aturan Perundang-undangan yang  berlaku karena anak di bawah umur kedudukan hak asuhnya berada di tangan ibu. Namun karena perilaku ibu yang buruk, menelantarkan anak, melupakan tanggung jawabnya sebagai ibu. Sehingga menjadi dasar pertimbangan hakim dalam menjatuhkan putusan mengenai pemberian hak asuh anak di bawah umur kepada bapak.<br />Kata Kunci: Perceraian; Pertimbangan Hakim; Hak Asuh Anak</p>

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI PENEGAKAN HUKUM LINGKUNGAN PADA SEKTOR PERTAMBANGAN DI KABUPATEN KUNINGAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suwari Akhmaddhian
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Mining Sector ◽  
Regional Environment ◽  
Approach Method ◽  
Mining Law ◽  
The Law

AbstractLaw enforcement is an interesting issue to be studied because it deals with the implementation of applicable laws and regulations, enforcement of environmental law is closely related to all aspects of human life because the environment is a buffer of life on this earth. The formulation of the research that the researcher formulated is how to regulate the law enforcing environmental law enforcement in mining sector in kuningan Regency and Implementation of environmental law enforcement in mining sector in kuningan regency. The purpose of this study is to find out the legislation regulating the enforcement of environmental law in the mining sector in Kuningan Regency and To know? Implementation of environmental law enforcement in mining sector in Kuningan regency. The research approach method is empirical juridical. The result of the research is the Regional Regulation of Kuningan Regency Number 7 Year 2014 on the Management and Protection of the Regional Environment and Implementation of environmental law enforcement in mining sector in Kuningan Regency through the making of regulation related to environment and mining, law enforcement through repressive and persuasive Increasing the role of the community in accordance with the mandate of the law. The conclusion of this research is that law enforcement in mining sector is done through persuasive and repressive approach.Keywords: Implemetation, Enforcement, Law, Environment, Mining. Abstrak Penegakan hukum merupakan isu yang menarik untuk diteliti karena berkaitan dengan implementasi peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, penegakan hukum lingkungan sangat berkaitan dengan semua aspek kehidupan manusia karena lingkungan merupakan penyangga kehidupan mahluk hidup di bumi ini. Rumusan penelitian yang peneliti dirumuskan adalah Bagimana pengaturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur penegakan hukum lingkungan pada sektor pertambangan di Kabupaten Kuningan dan  Implementasi penegakan hukum lingkungan pada sektor pertambangan di Kabupaten Kuningan. Tujuan penelitian  ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur penegakan hukum lingkungan pada sektor pertambangan di Kabupaten Kuningan dan Untuk mengetahui ? Implementasi penegakan hukum lingkungan pada sektor pertambangan di Kabupaten Kuningan. Metode pendekatan  penelitian adalah yuridis empiris. Hasil penelitian yaitu adanya Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Kuningan Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 tentang Pengelolaan dan Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah dan Implementasi penegakan hukum lingkungan pada sektor pertambangan di Kabupaten Kuningan yaitu  melalui pembuatan peraturan perundangan yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan hidup dan pertambangan, penegakan hukum melalui represif dan persuasif serta peningkatan peran masyarakat sesuai dengan amanat peraturan perundangan. Kesimpulan penelitain ini adalah penegakan hukum pada sektor pertambangan dilakukan melalui pendekatan persuasif dan represif.Kata kunci : Implemetasi, Penegakan, Hukum, Lingkungan, Pertambangan.

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