scholarly journals Mental representation of autobiographical memories along the sagittal mental timeline: Evidence from spatiotemporal interference

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Teghil ◽  
Isabel Beatrice Marc ◽  
Maddalena Boccia
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Temporal Coding ◽  
Spatial Compatibility ◽  
Autobiographical Memories ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Response Code ◽  
The Past ◽  
Compatible Condition ◽  
Autonoetic Consciousness

AbstractTime is usually conceived of in terms of space: many natural languages refer to time according to a back-to-front axis. Indeed, whereas the past is usually conceived to be “behind us”, the future is considered to be “in front of us.” Despite temporal coding is pivotal for the development of autonoetic consciousness, little is known about the organization of autobiographical memories along this axis. Here we developed a spatial compatibility task (SCT) to test the organization of autobiographical memories along the sagittal plane, using spatiotemporal interference. Twenty-one participants were asked to recall both episodic and semantic autobiographical memories (EAM and SAM, respectively) to be used in the SCT. Then, during the SCT, they were asked to decide whether each event occurred before or after the event presented right before, using a response code that could be compatible with the back-to-front axis (future in front) or not (future at back). We found that performance was significantly worse during the non-compatible condition, especially for EAM. The results are discussed in light of the evidence for spatiotemporal encoding of episodic autobiographical memories, taking into account possible mechanisms explaining compatibility effects.

Exploring the Boundaries of the Number–Temporal Order Association

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Ganor-Stern
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Negative Number ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Negative Numbers ◽  
The Past

Past research has shown that numbers are associated with order in time such that performance in a numerical comparison task is enhanced when number pairs appear in ascending order, when the larger number follows the smaller one. This was found in the past for the integers 1–9 ( Ben-Meir, Ganor-Stern, & Tzelgov, 2013 ; Müller & Schwarz, 2008 ). In the present study we explored whether the advantage for processing numbers in ascending order exists also for fractions and negative numbers. The results demonstrate this advantage for fraction pairs and for integer-fraction pairs. However, the opposite advantage for descending order was found for negative numbers and for positive-negative number pairs. These findings are interpreted in the context of embodied cognition approaches and current theories on the mental representation of fractions and negative numbers.

scholarly journals The heterogeneity of mental representation: Ending the imagery debate

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (33) ◽  
pp. 10089-10092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Pearson ◽  
Stephen M. Kosslyn
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Imagery Debate ◽  
Propositional Language

The possible ways that information can be represented mentally have been discussed often over the past thousand years. However, this issue could not be addressed rigorously until late in the 20th century. Initial empirical findings spurred a debate about the heterogeneity of mental representation: Is all information stored in propositional, language-like, symbolic internal representations, or can humans use at least two different types of representations (and possibly many more)? Here, in historical context, we describe recent evidence that humans do not always rely on propositional internal representations but, instead, can also rely on at least one other format: depictive representation. We propose that the debate should now move on to characterizing all of the different forms of human mental representation.

scholarly journals Conjunctive representation of what and when in monkey hippocampus and lateral prefrontal cortex during an associative memory task

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathanael A. Cruzado ◽  
Zoran Tiganj ◽  
Scott L. Brincat ◽  
Earl K. Miller ◽  
Marc W. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Associative Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Neural Recording ◽  
Temporal Coding ◽  
Adaptive Memory ◽  
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Numbers

AbstractAdaptive memory requires the organism to form associations that bridge between events separated in time. Many studies show interactions between hippocampus (HPC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) during formation of such associations. We analyze neural recording from monkey HPC and PFC during a memory task that requires the monkey to associate stimuli separated by about a second in time. After the first stimulus was presented, large numbers of units in both HPC and PFC fired in sequence. Many units fired only when a particular stimulus was presented at a particular time in the past. These results indicate that both HPC and PFC maintain a temporal record of events that could be used to form associations across time. This temporal record of the past is a key component of the temporal coding hypothesis, a hypothesis in psychology that memory not only encodes what happened, but when it happened.

Artificial Languages

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Reed Libert
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
A Priori ◽  
International Communication ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Personal Projects ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Artificial Languages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mixed Languages

Artificial languages—languages which have been consciously designed—have been created for more than 900 years, although the number of them has increased considerably in recent decades, and by the early 21st century the total figure probably was in the thousands. There have been several goals behind their creation; the traditional one (which applies to some of the best-known artificial languages, including Esperanto) is to make international communication easier. Some other well-known artificial languages, such as Klingon, have been designed in connection with works of fiction. Still others are simply personal projects. A traditional way of classifying artificial languages involves the extent to which they make use of material from natural languages. Those artificial languages which are created mainly by taking material from one or more natural languages are called a posteriori languages (which again include well-known languages such as Esperanto), while those which do not use natural languages as sources are a priori languages (although many a posteriori languages have a limited amount of a priori material, and some a priori languages have a small number of a posteriori components). Between these two extremes are the mixed languages, which have large amounts of both a priori and a posteriori material. Artificial languages can also be classified typologically (as natural languages are) and by how and how much they have been used. Many linguists seem to be biased against research on artificial languages, although some major linguists of the past have been interested in them.

scholarly journals SPINAL RANGE OF MOTION AND BACK PAIN IN FEMALE ARTISTIC GYMNASTS DURING BACK WALKOVERS AND BACK HANDSPRINGS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0022
Author(s):  
Emily A Sweeney ◽  
Morgan N Potter ◽  
Richard E Pimentel ◽  
James J Carollo ◽  
David R Howell
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Balance Beam ◽  
Spinal Motion ◽  
The Past ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
History Of

Background: Back pain is a common complaint among gymnasts. Gymnastics skills require large amounts of spine flexion, extension, rotation and compression. The combination of these movements in a repetitive fashion during gymnastics may contribute to the development of back pain. Gymnasts perform unique skills on various equipment and surfaces, which makes their movements difficult to evaluate using traditional movement analysis approaches. Hypothesis/Purpose: Our purpose was to measure gymnasts’ movement patterns in their native environment using wearable sensors. Specifically, we examined spine range of motion (ROM) during back walkovers (BWO) and back handsprings (BHS) on the floor and balance beam. We hypothesized that female youth gymnasts with a recent history of back pain would have larger spine ROM compared to gymnasts without back pain when performing these skills. Methods: Female artistic gymnasts ages 8 to 18 years in the Junior Olympic USA Gymnastics program participated in the study. We grouped gymnasts into two groups: those having back pain within the past 12 months and those with no reported back pain in the past 12 months. Gymnasts performed 3 repetitions of BWO and BHS on floor and balance beam while wearing APDM Opal V2 wearable sensors. A BWO requires a controlled bridge kickover while a BHS requires the athlete to jump backwards to her hands (Figure 1). Spine kinematics were then processed via Moveo Explorer. Valid spine sagittal plane maximums, minimums, and ROM of each skill repetition were compared between groups via Kruskal Wallis analysis of variance. Results: Seventeen participants (6 with back pain) completed BWOs and BHSs with acceptable sensor data. There were no demographic differences between the two groups for age, height, weight, competition level, or years of experience (p≥0.129, Table 1). During BWO skills, gymnasts with back pain had greater peak extension and greater ROM in the sagittal plane of the spine (p≤0.032, Figure 2). There were no differences between groups in peak extension, peak flexion, or ROM during BHS skills (p≥0.054, Figure 2). Conclusion: Gymnasts with a history of back pain had increased spinal motion when performing BWO skills. To perform a BWO, gymnasts must have higher levels of shoulder, spine, and hip flexibility, which may relate to back pain. This study suggests the need for future studies to evaluate if increased spinal motion during gymnastics is a contributing factor to the development of back pain. [Figure: see text][Table: see text][Figure: see text]

Gait style as an etiology to chronic postural pain. Part II. Postural compensatory process

1993 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 615-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
HJ Dananberg
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
The Body ◽  
First Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽  
The Past ◽  
Compensatory Process ◽  
Methods Of Treatment

The body is designed to pull the center of mass over a single pivotal site formed by dorsiflexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. If this response dorsiflexion motion is blocked by functional hallux limitus, then the kinetic energy, which is created for this motion, must somehow be dissipated. The process by which this dissipation occurs creates a specific pattern of compensations which, in the past, has been seen as primary motions unrelated to sagittal plane blockade. These compensatory motions are described along with a brief section concerning the methods of treatment.

Autobiographical Memory and Identities in Organizations

2020 ◽  
pp. 373-390
Author(s):  
Roy Suddaby ◽  
Majken Schultz ◽  
Trevor Israelsen
Keyword(s):  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Organizational Memory ◽  
The Self ◽  
Life Narrative ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ongoing Effort ◽  
Narrative Constructions ◽  
Autonoetic Consciousness ◽  
Over Time

Current theories of identity in organizations assume and valorize stability of identity over time. In this chapter the authors challenge this assumption by introducing contemporary understandings of the fluidity of time in the construction of autobiographical memory. They argue that, both in individual and organizational memory, narrative constructions of the self fluidly incorporate episodes from the past, present, and future in an ongoing effort to create a coherent autobiography. They elaborate the construct of autobiographical memory as constituted by autonoetic consciousness, life narrative, and collective memory and discuss the implications for identities in organizations.

scholarly journals From foraging to autonoetic consciousness: The primal self as a consequence of embodied prospective foraging

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas T. Hills ◽  
Stephen Butterfill
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Cognitive Representation ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Selective Force ◽  
Cognitive Representations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ecological Literature ◽  
Resource Distributions ◽  
Autonoetic Consciousness

Abstract The capacity to adapt to resource distributions by modulating the frequency of exploratory and exploitative behaviors is common across metazoans and is arguably a principal selective force in the evolution of cognition. Here we (1) review recent work investigating behavioral and biological commonalities between external foraging in space and internal foraging over environments specified by cognitive representations, and (2) explore the implications of these commonalities for understanding the origins of the self. Behavioural commonalities include the capacity for what is known as area-restricted search in the ecological literature: this is search focussed around locations where resources have been found in the past, but moving away from locations where few resources are found, and capable of producing movement patterns mimicking Lévy flights. Area-restricted search shares a neural basis across metazoans, and these biological commonalities in vertebrates suggest an evolutionary homology between external and internal foraging. Internal foraging, and in particular a form we call embodied prospective foraging, makes available additional capacities for prediction based on search through a cognitive representation of the external environment, and allows predictions about outcomes of possible future actions. We demonstrate that cognitive systems that use embodied prospective foraging require a primitive sense of self, needed to distinguish actual from simulated action. This relationship has implications for understanding the evolution of autonoetic consciousness and self-awareness.

scholarly journals Progetto Aumentiamo la realtà con il QR-code

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-97
Author(s):  
Francesca Guadalupi
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Citizenship ◽  
Qr Code ◽  
Quick Response ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Response Code ◽  
The Past ◽  
Quick Response Code ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
Artistic Heritage

With reference to art. 9 of our Constitution “The Republic promotes development and scientific and technical research. Protects the landscape and the historical and artistic heritage of the nation “and art. 6 “The Republic protects linguistic minorities with special rules”, the project “Let’s increase reality with the qr-code” wanted to enhance the school as a community open to the territory in which it operates and develop skills in the field of active and democratic citizenship. Two paths have been taken: researching historical sources to learn about the country’s past and experimenting with the use of a Quick Response Code to combine the past with the present and leave a trace in the future.

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