scholarly journals PDSTD - The Portsmouth Dynamic Spontaneous Tears Database

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Küster ◽  
Marc Baker ◽  
Eva G. Krumhuber
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Experience ◽  
General Linear ◽  
Discrete Emotions ◽  
Initial Validation ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Mixed Modelling ◽  
Stimulus Materials ◽  
Random Variance

AbstractThe vast majority of research on human emotional tears has relied on posed and static stimulus materials. In this paper, we introduce the Portsmouth Dynamic Spontaneous Tears Database (PDSTD), a free resource comprising video recordings of 24 female encoders depicting a balanced representation of sadness stimuli with and without tears. Encoders watched a neutral film and a self-selected sad film and reported their emotional experience for 9 emotions. Extending this initial validation, we obtained norming data from an independent sample of naïve observers (N = 91, 45 females) who watched videos of the encoders during three time phases (neutral, pre-sadness, sadness), yielding a total of 72 validated recordings. Observers rated the expressions during each phase on 7 discrete emotions, negative and positive valence, arousal, and genuineness. All data were analyzed by means of general linear mixed modelling (GLMM) to account for sources of random variance. Our results confirm the successful elicitation of sadness, and demonstrate the presence of a tear effect, i.e., a substantial increase in perceived sadness for spontaneous dynamic weeping. To our knowledge, the PDSTD is the first database of spontaneously elicited dynamic tears and sadness that is openly available to researchers. The stimuli can be accessed free of charge via OSF from https://osf.io/uyjeg/?view_only=24474ec8d75949ccb9a8243651db0abf.

scholarly journals PDSTD - The Portsmouth Dynamic Spontaneous Tears Database

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Küster ◽  
Marc Baker ◽  
Eva Krumhuber
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Experience ◽  
General Linear ◽  
Discrete Emotions ◽  
Initial Validation ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Free Resource ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Mixed Modelling ◽  
Stimulus Materials ◽  
Random Variance

The vast majority of research on human emotional tears has relied on posed and static stimulus materials. In this paper, we introduce the Portsmouth Dynamic Spontaneous Tears Database (PDSTD), a free resource comprising video recordings of 24 female encoders depicting a balanced representation of sadness stimuli with and without tears. Encoders watched a neutral film and a self-selected sad film and reported their emotional experience for 9 emotions. Extending this initial validation, we obtained norming data from an independent sample of naïve observers (N = 91, 45 females) who watched videos of the encoders during three time phases (neutral, pre-sadness, sadness), yielding a total of 72 validated recordings. Observers rated the expressions during each phase on 7 discrete emotions, negative and positive valence, arousal, and genuineness. All data were analyzed by means of general linear mixed modelling (GLMM) to account for sources of random variance. Our results confirm the successful elicitation of sadness, and demonstrate the presence of a tear effect, i.e., a substantial increase in perceived sadness for spontaneous dynamic weeping. To our knowledge, the PDSTD is the first database of spontaneously elicited dynamic tears and sadness that is openly available to researchers. The stimuli can be accessed free of charge via OSF from https://osf.io/uyjeg/?view_only=24474ec8d75949ccb9a8243651db0abf.

American Archive of Public Broadcasting

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Warren Bareiss ◽  
Lizah Ismail
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Broadcasting ◽  
Library Of Congress ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Entire Collection ◽  
Online Streaming ◽  
User Friendly

The American Archive of Public Broadcasting (AAPB) features almost 40,000 hours of audio and video recordings produced among noncommercial broadcasting stations across the United States from the late 1940s to the 2010s. All 40,000 hours of broadcasts are accessible at WGBH in Boston and at the Library of Congress. A large portion of those hours—about 7,000 programs—is directly available via online streaming at no cost via <<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://americanarchive.org/">https://americanarchive.org/</ext-link>>. Data pertaining to the entire collection is also accessible via the website. AAPB offers a wealth of audio and video programs for teaching, scholarship, and entertainment in a user-friendly interface that makes browsing and searching AAPB relatively easy for novice and expert searchers.

scholarly journals Recognition and assessment of pain in animals

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 409-419
Author(s):  
Jelena Aleksic ◽  
Slavoljub Jovic
Keyword(s):  
International Association ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Animal Abuse ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Applied Dose ◽  
And Control

Pain is a complex physiological phenomenon, it is hard to define in a satisfactory manner in human beings, and it is extremely difficult to recognize and interpret in animals. According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain is an important aspect of life and its prevention and decrease are important as a goal to achieve the well-being of animals. The task of scientists is to recognize the language of pain interpretation which animals use to seek help. For an objective evaluation of pain, it is essential to possess a good knowledge of physiology, etiology and clinical diagnosis. We are obliged to do this also because of the ethic principles to defend the well-being of animals and to eliminate any factor which can cause feelings of pain or suffering. The recognition of pain and its manifestation is especially important in cases of animal abuse, when it could be the only symptom. Animals can be quiet and instinctively hide the presence of pain, which makes the symptoms more subtle, but does not make their injuries any less painful. It is also important to have knowledge of manifestations of pain that appear during different surgical procedures performed by the veterinarinarian in spite of the applied dose of analgetic. Pain significantly contributes to the suffering of animals and in such cases it is important to collect relevant documents, in the form of video recordings or in photodocumentation form, because it is important information in the processing of cases of animal abuse. Veterinary experts have the responsibility to recognize, evaluate, and prevent pain and to relieve animals from the pain, which should be the fourth vital sign, following temperature, pulse and breathing, and participate in the evaluation of the condition of the animal during an examination. Due to all the above mentioned, it is essential to secure efficacious prevention and control of pain, which is reflected in the recognition of pain, making a diagnosis, developing a plan of therapy, and adapting the therapy over a longer time period, especially in cases of chronic pain.

scholarly journals fMRI as an outcome measure in clinical trials: A systematic review in clinicaltrials.gov

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaleh Sadraee ◽  
Martin P. Paulus ◽  
Hamed Ekhtiari
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Cue Reactivity ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Sensorimotor Systems ◽  
Monetary Incentive Delay ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Validation Of Results

AbstractBackgroundFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is quickly becoming a significant outcome measure for clinical trials and as more than one thousand trials with fMRI as an outcome measure were registered in clinicaltrials.gov at the time of writing this article. However, 93% of these registered trials are still not completed with published results and there is no picture available about methodological dimensions of these ongoing trials with fMRI as an outcome measure.MethodsWe collected trials that use fMRI as an outcome measure by searching “fMRI” in the ClinicalTrials.gov registry on October 13 2018 and reviewing each trial’s record entry. Eligible trials’ characteristics were extracted and summarized.ResultsIn total, 1386 clinical trials were identified that reported fMRI in their outcome measures with fMRI as the only primary outcome in 33% of them. 82% of fMRI trials were started after 2011. The most frequent intervention was drug (29%). 57% of trials had parallel assignment design and 20% were designed for cross over assignment. For task-based fMRI, cognitive systems (46%) based on RDoC was the most frequent domain of tasks, followed by positive valence systems (19%), systems for social processing (10%) and sensorimotor systems (5%). Less than one-third of trials (28%) registered at least one region of interest for their analysis. Food cue reactivity task, pain perception task, n-back task and monetary incentive delay task were recruited in more than 25 registered trials.ConclusionThe number of fMRI trials (fMRI as an outcome measure) with both task and rest protocols is growing rapidly. Different RDoC domains are covered by various tasks in fMRI trials. However, our study suggests the need of greater harmony and better standardization for registration of fMRI details on both methods and analysis which would allow for more effective comparison across studies in systematic reviews and also help the validation of results towards having fMRI as a biomarker in the future.

Influence of Core Affect in the Differential Efficacy of a Personality Disorder Intervention Program

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan M. Ramos ◽  
Juan M. Sendra ◽  
Aintzane Sánchez ◽  
Ana Mena
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Program ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Affective Style ◽  
Core Affect ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe usual emotional experience of the person (affective style) is an influential factor in therapeutic assimilation. Based on a dynamic model of affect shaped dimensionally by the valence and arousal axes (core affect) that fluctuate over time according to the specific context of the individual, its relationship with different variables was investigated and the changes after a 6-month intervention in a specialized hospital unit (N = 103) were observed. The orthogonal structure of core-affect was confirmed. Emotional valence appeared to be positively related to social skills (r = .375; p < .01) and self-esteem (r = .491; p < .01) and negatively to depressive symptoms (r = –.631; p < .01), general disturbance (r = –.395; p < .01) and suicidality (r = –.490; p < .01). Emotional arousal is associated with impulsivity (r = .345; p < .01). The group of patients with an affective style characterized by negative valence and low arousal core-affect gained less therapeutic benefit compared to those with positive valence core-affect (p < .05). Throughout the treatment, valence became more positive (d = .26; IC 95%: 1.9 – 7.2; p = .001), arousal increased (d = .23; IC 95%: 0.2 – 1.7; p = .015) and variability decreased (d = –.44; IC 95%: (–2.9) – (–1.1); p = .001). Changes in the core-affect are related to therapeutic improvement. Adjusting expectations of change can reduce therapeutic frustration, which is as common as it is harmful in the treatment of severe personality disorders.

scholarly journals Increased Amygdala Activations during the Emotional Experience of Death-Related Pictures in Complicated Grief: An fMRI Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Fernández-Alcántara ◽  
Juan Verdejo-Román ◽  
Francisco Cruz-Quintana ◽  
Miguel Pérez-García ◽  
Andrés Catena-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Complicated Grief ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Lower Activation ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Image Type

Complicated grief (CG) is associated with alterations in various components of emotional processing. The main aim of this study was to identify brain activations in individuals diagnosed with CG while they were observing positive, negative, and death-related pictures. The participants included 19 individuals with CG and 19 healthy non-bereaved (NB) individuals. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were obtained during an emotional experience task. The perception of death-related pictures differed between the CG group and the NB group, with a greater activation in the former of the amygdala, putamen, hypothalamus, middle frontal gyrus, and anterior cingulate cortex. Amygdala and putamen activations were significantly correlated with Texas Revised Inventory of Grief scores in the CG group, suggesting that the higher level of grief in this group was associated with a greater activation in both brain areas while watching death-related pictures. A significant interaction between image type and group was observed in the amygdala, midbrain, periaqueductal gray, cerebellum, and hippocampus, largely driven by the greater activation of these areas in the CG group when watching death-related pictures and the lower activation when watching positive-valence pictures. In this study, individuals with CG showed significantly distinct brain activations in response to different emotional images.

scholarly journals Emotion Recognition in a Multi-Componential Framework: The Role of Physiology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maëlan Q. Menétrey ◽  
Gelareh Mohammadi ◽  
Joana Leitão ◽  
Patrik Vuilleumier
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Emotion Classification ◽  
Discrete Emotions ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTEmotions are rich and complex experiences involving various behavioral and physiological responses. While many empirical studies have focused on discrete and dimensional representations of emotions, these representations do not fully reconcile with recent neuroscience studies that increasingly suggest a multi-process mechanism underlying emotional experience. Moreover, the latter view accords with psychological theories that consider emotions as multicomponent phenomena, such as appraisal theories. Although there is no complete consensus on the specific components of emotions and fundamental principles defining their organization, the Component Process Model (CPM) is well established framework describing an emotion as a dynamic process with five major highly interrelated components: cognitive appraisal, expression, motivation, physiology and feeling. Yet, few studies have systematically investigated a range of discrete emotions through this full multi-componential view. In the present study, we therefore elicited various emotions during movie watching and measured their manifestation across these components. Our primary goal was to investigate the relationship between physiological measures and the theoretically defined components of emotions. In addition, we also investigated whether discrete emotions could be predicted from information provided by the multicomponent response patterns, as well as the specific contributions of each component in such predictions. Results suggest that physiological features are interrelated to all other components of emotion, but the least significant predictors for emotion classification. Overall, emotion prediction was significantly higher when classifiers were trained with all five components. The findings therefore support a description of emotion as a dynamic multicomponent process, in which the emergence of a conscious feeling state requires the integration of all the components.

scholarly journals Neural signatures of dynamic emotion constructs in the human brain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tijl Grootswagers ◽  
Briana L. Kennedy ◽  
Steven B. Most ◽  
Thomas A. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Discrete Emotions ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Behavioral Ratings ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Multivariate Pattern ◽  
The Brain

AbstractHow is emotion represented in the brain: is it categorical or along dimensions? In the present study, we applied multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to magnetoencephalography (MEG) to study the brain’s temporally unfolding representations of different emotion constructs. First, participants rated 525 images on the dimensions of valence and arousal and by intensity of discrete emotion categories (happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, and sadness). Thirteen new participants then viewed subsets of these images within an MEG scanner. We used Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA) to compare behavioral ratings to the unfolding neural representation of the stimuli in the brain. Ratings of valence and arousal explained significant proportions of the MEG data, even after corrections for low-level image properties. Additionally, behavioral ratings of the discrete emotions fear, disgust, and happiness significantly predicted early neural representations, whereas rating models of anger and sadness did not. Different emotion constructs also showed unique temporal signatures. Fear and disgust – both highly arousing and negative – were rapidly discriminated by the brain, but disgust was represented for an extended period of time relative to fear. Overall, our findings suggest that 1) dimensions of valence and arousal are quickly represented by the brain, as are some discrete emotions, and 2) different emotion constructs exhibit unique temporal dynamics. We discuss implications of these findings for theoretical understanding of emotion and for the interplay of discrete and dimensional aspects of emotional experience.

scholarly journals Is God Listening to My Prayers? Initial Validation of a Brief Measure of Perceived Divine Engagement and Disengagement in Response to Prayer

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Julie J. Exline ◽  
Joshua A. Wilt ◽  
Valencia A. Harriott ◽  
Kenneth I. Pargament ◽  
Todd W. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Religious Coping ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Validity Testing ◽  
God Concepts ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Initial Validation ◽  
Spiritual Struggles ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Engagement And Disengagement

Does God listen and respond to prayers? This project provided initial validation for a brief measure of perceived divine engagement and disengagement in response to prayer. As part of a larger project on religious/spiritual struggles among U.S. undergraduates, we used Sample 1 (n = 400) for exploratory factor analysis and Sample 2 (n = 413) for confirmatory factor analysis and initial validity testing. A two-factor model with four items per factor provided acceptable fit. On average, participants reported more divine engagement than disengagement. They endorsed items about God listening more than those about God responding. Divine engagement showed strong positive associations with religiousness and positive-valence variables involving God. Divine disengagement showed strong positive associations with variables suggesting divine struggle or distance. Importantly, both subscales also showed evidence of incremental validity: Divine engagement predicted positive-valence God variables (e.g., secure attachment, collaborative religious coping, gratitude to God, and awareness of God) even when controlling for religiousness and positive God concepts and attitudes. Divine disengagement predicted more spiritual struggles and more negative-valence and distance-related God variables (divine struggle, anxious and distant attachment, and self-directing religious coping) even when controlling for doubt about God’s existence, negative God images, anger/disappointment toward God, and concern about God’s disapproval. In short, this brief new measure shows promise as a tool to assess beliefs about God’s responsiveness to prayer.

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