Staatliche Krisenpolitik in der Pandemie: ausgewählte Lehren der Ökonomik

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 569-583
Author(s):  
Lothar Funk
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
Collective Good ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Public Crisis ◽  
Societal Challenge

Zusammenfassung Gesellschaften erwarten von ihren Regierungen, dass sie die negativen Effekte eines Pandemieschocks minimieren. Dieser ist zugleich ein extremer Gesundheits-, aber auch ökonomischer und Gesellschaftsschock. Zudem beschuldigen Kritiker die Politik, individuelle Freiheit zu sehr zu beschränken, um Menschen vor Covid-19 zu schützen. Eine Pandemie wird idealtypisch in Phasen mit unterschiedlicher staatlicher Politik zur Kontrolle und Bekämpfung der Krise eingeteilt. Pandemien verursachen Kollektivgutprobleme, da temporäre Beschränkungen zur Krisenüberwindung nötig sind. Individuelle Eigenverantwortung reicht während einer Pandemie nicht aus. Ergänzend ist kollektive Selbstbegrenzung erforderlich, um Trittbrettfahrerprobleme zu überwinden. Abstract: Public Crisis Policy During a Pandemic: Selected Lessons of Economics Societies expect their governments to minimize the negative impact of the pandemic shock which represents both an extreme health as well as economic and societal challenge. At the same time, critics blame incumbent leaders often for hurting individual freedom and livelihood unpardonable in order to save lives from the covid-19 disease. The article considers ideal typical phases of a pandemic with differing public policies to control and fight the crisis. During a pandemic, space becomes a ‘collective good’ where some kind of rationing is needed if other protective measures work only insufficiently. Personal responsibility only is insufficient during a pandemic. Shared responsibility is needed also in order to avoid free riding problems.

Verantwortlichkeit bei waldtypischen Gefahren: Beispiele aus der Gerichtspraxis

2016 ◽  
Vol 167 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Michael Bütler
Keyword(s):  
Dead Wood ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Legal Case ◽  
Legal Situation ◽  
Forest Users ◽  
The One ◽  
Liability Risks

Responsibility for forest-linked dangers: examples from legal practice According to the Forest Policy 2020 of the Federal Council the share of old and dead wood should increase in Swiss forests. On the one hand, this is connected to positive ecological effects but on the other, to dangers, responsibilities and liability risks. Recent court and administrative decisions relating to accidents due to typical forest hazards such as falling trees and branches illustrate the legal situation for forest owners and enterprises as well as for forestry professionals. In the wooded environment near buildings and equipment there are obligations for the safety of traffic and passers-by. However, these obligations are limited by the reasonableness of protective measures and the personal responsibility of forest users. In this paper, the liability issue is illustrated by three legal case studies. The cases are assessed by the author, and the essential legal basis for liability is briefly summarized.

scholarly journals Direct and indirect losses determining the harmfulness of mushrooms p. Fusarium – fusariosis causes wheat speak and grain

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-67
Author(s):  
Yu. K. Shashko ◽  
A. L. Dolgova ◽  
M. N. Shashko
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Wheat Diseases ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Fusarium Pathogens ◽  
Flour Yield ◽  
Indirect Losses

Fungi p. Fusarium is one of the most harmful pathogens of wheat diseases. Their harmfulness is caused both by direct losses due to decrease in yield, and indirect as a result of infection of the obtained products with mycotoxins and decrease in process, baking and sowing parameters of grain. Due to high potential losses, analysis of quantitative parameters of harmfulness of fusarium pathogens of spike and grain is relevant. The paper presents data showing the harmfulness of Fusarium of spike and wheat grain. The causes of direct and indirect losses in case of damage to wheat spike by fungi of p. Fusarium. Direct losses of crop yield are shown in the natural conditions of Minsk region and with the epiphytotic development of the disease in case of artificial infection, which can reach over 50 %. The effect of Fusaria on baking properties of wheat is analyzed. It was determined that grain damage causes decrease in weight of 1000 grains and the flour yield when it is used in the milling industry, as well as deterioration in its quality due to decrease in protein and crude gluten level. The effect of pathogens on sowing parameters of grain is determined. It is concluded that for use as seeds in terms of laboratory germination capacity, batches of grain infected with Fusarium only up to 15 % can be accepted. The data obtained will allow us to adapt protective measures against Fusarium of spike and grain and reduce its negative impact on crop yield and quality of the products obtained.

scholarly journals Critical Analysis of Athlete Retirement from Sport

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Milda Treigienė ◽  
Saulius Šukys
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Athletic Identity ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Scientific Practical ◽  
Career Termination

Object of the analysis. Investigation problem. Athletes' retirement from sports activities and their life after the end of their sports career is relevant in scientific, practical and social terms. The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of scientific studies on athletes’ retirement from sport and how it relates to their life after their carrier in sports.Research methods. The analysis of scientific literature revealed that the main reasons for athletes to finish their careers in sports were trauma, health-related problems or age. Retirement can also be associated with family or family planning. Sports career termination is discussed in two ways, when one retires from sport voluntarily and when one is forced to do so. Voluntary retirement for athletes is usually a planned event and thus most often it does not have a negative impact on their future life. These athletes tend to choose a family over their sports carriers, continue their education or go to work in sports related sectors. Another important factor is athletic identity. Athletes with strong athletic identity during their sports careers tend to have better social life after their retirement. These athletes also tend to have a strong athletic identity after their careers, thus they are less likely to experience stress or depressive symptoms due to their sports career termination. Forced retirement from sports career is usually due to career-ending injuries. Such career outcome is associated with greater short-term and long-term problems in the post-sport transition period. Since athletic careers are strongly controlled by others, the unforeseen outcomes of an unexpected sports career termination results in negative consequences that are related to increased personal responsibility for their further actions. This becomes a greater problem for those athletes that have a higher level of athletic identity as it results in anxiety and depression. Therefore, forced retirement from a sports career is considered to be the most troublesome and worrying problem in the field.Outcomes and conclusions An examination of research literature focused on athlete’s retirement suggests that termination of a sports career is an important event the consequences of which depend on whether it ends by own choice or not. Since the planned retirement from the sports career is less challenging, it is important to help athletes prepare for this stage of their lives. Additionally, it is crucial to focus all efforts on creating a support system for athletes who were forced to end their athletic careers.Keywords: athletic carrier, retirement, life after sport.

The problem of sand drifts on railways

Innotrans ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Mahamajon M. Mirakhmedov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
The State ◽  
Railway Track ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Visual Monitoring ◽  
Sand Drift ◽  
Train Safety

The sand drift of the railway track and the blowing of the roadbed negatively affect the elements of the track infrastructure to such an extent that they reach the limit states at which it becomes impossible for them to continue functioning. This leads to a violation of train safety. To assess the negative impact of sand and determine the necessary protective measures, a method of visual monitoring of the state of the track is proposed.

Political and community activism in Toronto: 2000-2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Tam Goossen
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Community Activism ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Public Crisis ◽  
Community Activists ◽  
Mixed Approach ◽  
Chinese Canadian

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the significance of political and community activism in Toronto’s Chinese Canadian community between 2000 and 2016. Design/methodology/approach Adopting a mixed approach (historical, political and personal), the paper draws from both primary and secondary sources to explore three different cases – SARS in 2003, the Head Tax Redress in 2006 and Maclean’s “Too Asian?” controversy in 2010 – to illustrate discrimination against the Chinese Canadian community in Toronto during the 2000–2016 period while illuminating the importance of safeguarding human rights and dignity in the community. Findings The outbreak of SARS in early 2003 traumatized the whole city of Toronto and sparked waves of racial discrimination and bigotry directed at the Chinese Canadian community. Meanwhile, the community’s ongoing struggle to fight for justice and redress for the Chinese Head Tax seized the opportunity in 2006 to successfully challenge the Canadian government and other political parties to recognize and apologize for the racist tax and its long-term negative impact on the community. However, despite constant efforts, discrimination against Asian Canadians rose again, fueling Maclean’s controversial “Too Asian” article in 2010. Notwithstanding Canada’s positive image abroad, racial discrimination still exists. This paper urges that Canadians of all backgrounds must come together in solidarity and work hard to advocate for social and racial justice and human rights. Originality/value This paper will be of interest to community activists, journalists and scholars who are interested in the history of political and community activism in Toronto since 2000. Policymakers may also learn that an unexpected public crisis like SARS can ignite racial intolerance and negative attitudes toward Chinese Canadian and other communities.

Government Responsibility

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-168
Author(s):  
Keith Dowding
Keyword(s):  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Government Responsibility ◽  
Final Word ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
Responsibility Of Government ◽  
Policy Failures ◽  
Better Than

The final chapter summarizes the book’s evidence. Whilst citizens can rightfully be held responsible for the choices they make from the menu of alternatives available to them, it is society, and government in particular, that sets the menu. The nature and distribution of problems in all policy areas is largely the responsibility of government. Government tries to blame citizens for its own regulatory and policy failures through the cult of personal responsibility. This chapter looks at some potential criticisms of the argument. Do we really know what the effects of government regulations are? Are some problems so difficult, or ‘wicked’, that they can never be solved? What does the argument mean for individual freedom and autonomy? Shouldn’t we want government to do less, especially as it often fails? The chapter examines the view that government should not regulate and force people but provide information and nudge them to better behaviour. It asks if that is really less paternalistic or better than regulation. It examines how far the lessons of these policy areas can be extended to other issues and offers a final word on government responsibility.

scholarly journals Spreading free-riding snow sports represent a novel serious threat for wildlife

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1614) ◽  
pp. 1219-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaël Arlettaz ◽  
Patrick Patthey ◽  
Marjana Baltic ◽  
Thomas Leu ◽  
Michael Schaub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Snow Sports

Stress generated by humans on wildlife by continuous development of outdoor recreational activities is of increasing concern for biodiversity conservation. Human disturbance often adds to other negative impact factors affecting the dynamics of vulnerable populations. It is not known to which extent the rapidly spreading free-riding snow sports actually elicit detrimental stress (allostatic overload) upon wildlife, nor what the potential associated fitness and survival costs are. Using a non-invasive technique, we evaluated the physiological stress response induced by free-riding snow sports on a declining bird species of Alpine ecosystems. The results of a field experiment in which radiomonitored black grouse ( Tetrao tetrix ) were actively flushed from their snow burrows once a day during four consecutive days showed an increase in the concentration of faecal stress hormone (corticosterone) metabolites after disturbance. A large-scale comparative analysis across the southwestern Swiss Alps indicated that birds had higher levels of these metabolites in human-disturbed versus undisturbed habitats. Disturbance by snow sport free-riders appears to elevate stress, which potentially represents a new serious threat for wildlife. The fitness and survival costs of allostatic adjustments have yet to be estimated.

Three Consequences of Considering Innovation as a Collective Process and Knowledge as a Collective Good

2005 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
Julien Pénin
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Collective Good ◽  
Interactive Process ◽  
Seminal Work ◽  
External Knowledge ◽  
Market Interactions ◽  
Collective Process

Following the seminal work of Arrow (1962) and Nelson (1959) innovation is traditionally viewed as an individual process involving isolated agents connected only through market interactions and the outcome of this process, knowledge, is assumed to share the properties of a public good. Once produced, knowledge is supposed to spill over, i.e., to benefit other agents in the economy instantly. Departing from this approach we adopt here the view that innovation is a collective and interactive process and that knowledge is a collective good, in the sense that it flows only within networks or clubs. This shift of vision helps to improve our understanding of several points dealing with the innovation process. In this paper, we explore three of these points: the absorption of external knowledge, firms' strategies of knowledge management (secrecy versus disclosure) and innovation public policies.

DISCUSSION: HAMPTON ON FREE RIDING

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-320
Author(s):  
Gordon G. Sollars
Keyword(s):  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Free Rider ◽  
Important Case ◽  
Collective Good ◽  
Free Rider Problem ◽  
Battle Of The Sexes ◽  
Single Production

Jean Hampton has argued that an important case of the free-rider problem has the structure of a battle-of-the-sexes game, rather than the Prisoner's Dilemma, as is often assumed. This case occurs when the collective good to be produced is a ‘step’ or ‘lumpy’ good, one that is produced in a single production step. Battle of the Sexes is a coordination game, with stronger equilibria than games such as the Prisoner's Dilemma or Chicken. Hampton argues that, because of this difference, there is good reason to think that players facing a battle-of-the-sexes game can more easily reach mutually desirable outcomes than players facing these other games. An examination of Hampton's argument, however, shows that she has failed to specify a condition that would clearly distinguish her examples of battle-of-the-sexes games from chicken games. Consequently, Hampton's claim that free riding in the provision of step goods is less tempting than other analyses have suggested because of the presence of coordination equilibria is incorrect as it stands.

scholarly journals Responsabilidad personal docente y motivación escolar

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Consuelo Cáceres ◽  
Carla Muñoz ◽  
Jorge Valenzuela
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Perceptions ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
Teacher Responsibility ◽  
The Family ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
School Learning ◽  
Educación Primaria ◽  
Discrete Moments

El artículo tiene como propósito analizar las representaciones acerca de la responsabilidad personal docente en la motivación escolar. Participaron del estudio profesores en formación y en ejercicio de Educación primaria  (n=773) de la Región de la Araucanía, Chile. A partir de un análisis de cluster se identificaron cuatro perfiles distintos, en donde esta responsabilidad se asume como propia o compartida y donde la motivación escolar es representada como algo continuo o como un momento acotado de la clase. Los resultados muestran que habría un desplazamiento de la responsabilidad docente hacia la familia, en torno a la motivación escolar, cuando se ejerce efectivamente la profesión. Además, los profesores en ejercicio tenderían concebir la motivación escolar como un momento acotado y de responsabilidad compartida; mientras que los futuros profesores participan significativamente más del perfil en donde la motivación es un proceso continuo y de responsabilidad del docente. Dado que el profesor es el agente que con mejores herramientas debería ser capaz de dar sentido y motivar el aprendizaje escolar, urge generar estrategias para que esta responsabilidad sea asumida de manera contundente por el propio profesor y como un proceso, más allá de un momento específico de la clase. This article analyzes self-reports of teacher perceptions regarding personal responsibility in school motivation. Participants were teachers-in-training and those currently working in Primary Education (n=773) in the Araucanía Region, Chile. Four different profiles were identified from cluster analysis, where responsibility was seen as personal, or shared; and where school motivation was represented as continuous, or discrete. Results show that respondents tend to place responsibility for school motivation within the family for the most effective exercise of the profession. For practicing teachers, school motivation tended to be conceived of as discrete moments, of shared responsibility; while future teachers were significantly more likely to see motivation as a continuous process, of personal (teacher) responsibility. Given that teachers have the educational tools and opportunity to most effectively motivate school learning, it is urgent to generate strategies where responsibility is robustly assumed by teachers themselves; and as a continuous process beyond a specific moment in the classroom.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document