Estimation of Plant Biomass Lignin Content using Thioglycolic Acid (TGA)

Author(s):  
Lavanya Dampanaboina ◽  
Ning Yuan ◽  
Venugopal Mendu
BioResources ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 344-355
Author(s):  
J. Jesús Vargas Radillo ◽  
Mario A. Ruiz-López ◽  
Ramón Rodríguez Macías ◽  
Lucía Barrientos Ramírez ◽  
Pedro M. García-López ◽  
...  

It is of general interest to produce fermentable carbohydrates from plant biomass. However, obtaining monosaccharides requires some effort, due to the intricate structure of the cell wall lignocellulosic complex. The aim of this study was to apply a simple two-stage hydrolysis process, using only concentrated hydrochloric acid, to generate fermentable carbohydrates from L. rotundiflorus biomass. First and second stage acid concentrations were 32% and 42.6%. Total monosaccharide yields with respect to dry matter after the first stage, second stage, and the overall process, were 27.5%, 21.0% and 48.4%, respectively. Xylose was the main first stage carbohydrate in the hydrolysate, followed by glucose, arabinose, and galactose. After the second stage only glucose and a small amount of xylose were detected. The polysaccharide hydrolysis was eased by overall low lignin content. Some advantages of this method were the use of a single hydrolyzing agent and that most of the polysaccharides were hydrolyzed in reasonably high yields. The acceptable yield, relative simplicity, the use of most of the biomass along with the wide availability, low cost of the chemicals, and the ample supply of lupines, would facilitate the scaling of these laboratory studies to pilot and industrial levels.


Author(s):  
А.А. Спицын ◽  
И.И. Белоусов ◽  
Т.Б. Турсунов ◽  
В.А. Хен

Рассмотрены аппарат уплотнения с частичной химической переработкой сырья и инновационная технология получения гранулированного активированного углеродсодержащего продукта и жидкого биотоплива методом уплотнения (пеллетирования) предварительно измельченного сырья, ускоренного гидролиза, пиролиза, с последующей активацией. Приведены результаты апробации технологии на стендовых установках и аппаратах. Показано, что по- лученные гранулы соответствуют основным показателям отечественных и за- рубежных стандартов на пеллеты из растительного сырья. В процессе произ- водства протекает химическая модификация исходного сырья, на что указывает повышенное значение содержания лигнина в образцах. При проведении пиро- лиза полученных пеллет производятся гранулированный углистый остаток, жидкое биотопливо и горючая парогазовая смесь. Из гранулированного угли- стого остатка получены активированные угли, имеющие адсорбционную активность по йоду, сравнимую с древесным углем марки ДАК. Одним из направлений дальнейших исследований является подбор различных добавок в сырье перед проведением уплотнения и грануляции для улучшения свойств пеллет, в частности повышения теплотворной способности и уменьшения зольности. Однако наиболее интересное направление использования уплотненных отходов растительной биомассы в виде пеллет – в качестве сырья для термохи- мической переработки с целью получения энергетически плотных продуктов, в частности пиролиза. Исследование показало целесообразность разработки единой автономной технологии переработки отходов растительной биомассы с по- лучением конкурентно-способных товарных продуктов: гранулированных активированных углей, жидкого биотоплива, а также парогазовой смеси с достаточной теплотворной способностью для обеспечения работы специальных топочных устройств. The paper deals with the sealing machine with partial chemical processing of raw materials and the innovative technology for obtaining granular activated carbon- containing product and liquid biofuel by the method of compaction (pelletizing) of pre-crushed raw materials, accelerated hydrolysis, pyrolysis and subsequent activation. The results of approbation of the technology on bench installations and devices are presented. It is shown that the obtained pellets correspond to the main indicators of domestic and foreign standards for pellets from vegetable raw materials. In the production process, a chemical modification of the feedstock takes place, as indicat- ed by the increased value of lignin content in the samples. When pyrolysis of the pellets is produced, a granular carbonaceous residue, liquid biofuel, and a combustible gas-vapor mixture are produced. From the granular carbonaceous residue, activated carbons with an adsorption activity of iodine comparable to charcoal of the DAK brand were obtained. One of the directions of further research is the selection of various additives into the raw material before compaction and granulation to improve the properties of pellets, in particular, to increase the calorific value and to reduce ash content. However, the most interesting direction of using compacted biomass res- idue in the form of pellets is to use as a raw material for thermochemical processing in order to obtain energetically dense products, in particular pyrolysis. The work showed the expediency of developing a single autonomous technology for plant biomass residues processing with the production of competitive commodity products: granular activated carbons, liquid biofuel, as well as steam-gas sweep with sufficient calorific value to ensure the operation of special combustion devices.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiaki Hori ◽  
Naoki Takata ◽  
Pui Ying Lam ◽  
Yuki Tobimatsu ◽  
Soichiro Nagano ◽  
...  

AbstractDeveloping an efficient deconstruction step of woody biomass for biorefinery has been drawing considerable attention since its xylem cell walls display highly recalcitrance nature. Here, we explored transcriptional factors (TFs) that reduce wood recalcitrance and improve saccharification efficiency in Populus species. First, 33 TF genes up-regulated during poplar wood formation were selected as potential regulators of xylem cell wall structure. The transgenic hybrid aspens (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides) overexpressing each selected TF gene were screened for in vitro enzymatic saccharification. Of these, four transgenic seedlings overexpressing previously uncharacterized TF genes increased total glucan hydrolysis on average compared to control. The best performing lines overexpressing Pt × tERF123 and Pt × tZHD14 were further grown to form mature xylem in the greenhouse. Notably, the xylem cell walls exhibited significantly increased total xylan hydrolysis as well as initial hydrolysis rates of glucan. The increased saccharification of Pt × tERF123-overexpressing lines could reflect the improved balance of cell wall components, i.e., high cellulose and low xylan and lignin content, which could be caused by upregulation of cellulose synthase genes upon the expression of Pt × tERF123. Overall, we successfully identified Pt × tERF123 and Pt × tZHD14 as effective targets for reducing cell wall recalcitrance and improving the enzymatic degradation of woody plant biomass.


Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 1157-1167
Author(s):  
Elena M. Ben’ko ◽  
Dmitriy G. Chukhchin ◽  
Valeriy V. Lunin

AbstractTreatment of plant biomass with ozone is a promising delignification method. It was shown that lignin removal from the cell wall during ozonation was limited by topochemical reactions and toke place in the secondary rather in the primary cell wall. The separation of cellulose microfibrils, the loss of cell wall stiffness and complete removal of intercellular substance during the delignification process were visualized by SEM. The dependence of the average diameter of the cellulose microfibril aggregates in the cell wall of ozonized straw on ozone consumption was studied. Lignin removal caused an increase of size of cellulose microfibrils aggregates. It was demonstrated that there was an optimal degree of delignification, at which cellulose became more accessible to enzymes in the subsequent bioconversion processes. The data on the ozone consumption, residual lignin content, and sugars yield in the enzymatic hydrolysis of ozonized wheat straw were obtained. It was also found that the optimum delignification degree for sugars yield was ≈10% of residual lignin content and optimum ozone consumption was 2 mol·О3/mol C9PPU (phenylpropane structural unit) of lignin in raw straw.


2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 130-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Виталий Харьков ◽  
Vitaliy Har'kov ◽  
Денис Тунцев ◽  
Denis Tuncev ◽  
Максим Кузнецов ◽  
...  

The article discusses the study of the process of thermochemical processing of sunflower husk into liquid, solid and gaseous products. According to the statistics provided by Rosstat, sunflower is the traditional largest agricultural oil crop in Russia. To date, the gross seed collection of about 12 million tons per year. In the process of industrial production of sunflower oil during the entire production cycle, a large amount of plant waste, including husk seeds. Currently, there are many areas for the use of sunflower husk, the main of which is the production of feed additives for cattle. However, the presented areas of industrial application do not allow to fully process this valuable resource into cost-effective products, which leads to its accumulation. Analysis of the physical properties of sunflower husk showed a high calorific value of this biomass due to the high lignin content. Sunflower husk has a low ash content. These facts indicate the possibility of effectively using the husks as raw materials for the production of coal briquettes, liquid biofuels and gaseous products by the thermochemical method. Using standard techniques, the properties and chemical composition of selected samples of sunflower husk were determined. In order to identify the optimal parameters for the maximum yield of liquid and solid products of pyrolysis of sunflower husk, the experimental ways were determined dependences of the yield of products on the temperature of thermal decomposition. The study of the thermal decomposition of sunflower husk was carried out in isothermal conditions at temperatures of 450, 500, 550 and 600 ° C. The experiments were carried out in a periodic pyrolysis reactor of plant biomass. The results of studies on the yield of process products from the temperature of thermal decomposition of sunflower husk showed that the maximum yield of liquid product up to 43% occurs at a temperature of 550 ° C, and that of a solid product up to 35% at a temperature of 450 ° C. A further increase in the temperature of the pyrolysis process leads to an increase in the yield of the gaseous product.


Energies ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 7654-7676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassie Welker ◽  
Vimal Balasubramanian ◽  
Carloalberto Petti ◽  
Krishan Rai ◽  
Seth DeBolt ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoliang Song ◽  
Yuntao Wu

<p>Phytoliths in most terrestrial plant tissues as a result of silica biomineralization may occlude 0.1–6% of organic carbon (C). Phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) comes mainly from photosynthesis and can be stable in soil and sediment environments for several hundred to thousand years. Phytolith turnover may influence terrestrial biogeochemical C cycle either directly through phytolith C sequestration or indirectly through regulating plant biomass C composition and accumulation, and soil organic carbon (SOC) stability. Phytolith C sequestration rates in terrestrial ecosystems of China increase in the following order: grasslands < forests < croplands. Active management practices including cultivation of silicon (Si)-rich plants and amendment of Si-rich materials (e.g., basalt powder and biochar) to increase aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and Si supply can significantly increase phytolith C sequestration. The dissolved Si from silicate weathering and phytolith dissolution can decrease plant lignin content and increase the accumulation of plant biomass C through mitigating abiotic and biotic stresses and improving stoichiometry of C, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). The recovery of plant biomass C in response to Si accumulation usually exhibits an S-shaped curve under biotic stress and a bell-shaped curve under abiotic stresses. Generally, Si can recover approximately 30 to 40% of plant biomass C under abiotic and biotic stresses. Phytolith and related dissolved Si in soils can increase SOC stability through phytolith adsorption, Si and aluminum interaction, and Si and iron interaction.</p>


2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Schuetz ◽  
Carl Douglas ◽  
Lacey Samuels ◽  
Brian Ellis

Schuetz, M., Douglas, C., Samuels, L. and Ellis, B. 2014. Manipulating lignin deposition. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1043–1049. Since lignin represents one of most durable forms of fixed carbon in plant biomass, we hypothesized that increasing root lignin content for crops whose root systems remained in the soil after harvest would elevate the total amount of carbon retained in the soil in Canadian agroecosystems. The immediate goal of this Greencrop project was, therefore, to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control deposition of the lignin polymer in plant cell walls, with a view to eventually manipulating the quantity and location of lignin in crop plant root systems. To this end, we examined two classes of Arabidopsis thaliana proteins – transcription factors, which are believed to play crucial roles in regulating lignin biosynthesis, and ATP binding cassette transporters, which are putative lignin precursor transporters. These studies revealed that a complex network of interacting transcriptional regulators is involved in activating and suppressing the expression of key genes required for secondary cell wall deposition and lignification.


2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Ball ◽  
T. G. Hanlan ◽  
A. Vandenberg

Many lentil (Lens culinaris L.) cultivars currently grown in Western Canada are susceptible to lodging. The objective was to determine if plant traits associated with lodging but independent of environmental influences could be used for indirect selection of lodging resistance. For a range of canopy variation, eight genotypes were grown at three plant population densities in the field in 2001 and 2002 at five locations. Four unadapted genotypes (designated FLIP), varying in plant profile and stem stiffness, were compared with locally adapted cultivars. Lodging is a complex trait and was influenced by both genetic differences among the genotypes and environmental conditions. Large green market class cultivars had weak stems and lodged easily. As the canopy’s ability to recover from crushing increased, lodging increased due to greater plant biomass. The greater the fiber content in the plant stems, the more biomass and more lodging occurred. Genotypic ranking of stem diameter was consistent across locations, and stem diameter may be used to indirectly select for lodging resistance. From regression analysis, stem diameter and lodging were described by branch number, recovery from canopy crushing, plant density, height, stem fiber content and lignin content; branch number, plant density and plant height were the most influential terms. For screening lodging resistance in crosses made from a lodging resistant genotype and a highly lodging susceptible genotype, selection of progeny with the smallest stem diameter should be the most lodging resistant, although yields will be reduced. Selection procedures would involve seeking large diameter stems but with similar stem traits of the small-stemmed FLIP lines. Key words: Lodging, stem diameter, biomass, branch, lentil, fiber


Author(s):  
S. E. Keckler ◽  
D. M. Dabbs ◽  
N. Yao ◽  
I. A. Aksay

Cellular organic structures such as wood can be used as scaffolds for the synthesis of complex structures of organic/ceramic nanocomposites. The wood cell is a fiber-reinforced resin composite of cellulose fibers in a lignin matrix. A single cell wall, containing several layers of different fiber orientations and lignin content, is separated from its neighboring wall by the middle lamella, a lignin-rich region. In order to achieve total mineralization, deposition on and in the cell wall must be achieved. Geological fossilization of wood occurs as permineralization (filling the void spaces with mineral) and petrifaction (mineralizing the cell wall as the organic component decays) through infiltration of wood with inorganics after growth. Conversely, living plants can incorporate inorganics into their cells and in some cases into the cell walls during growth. In a recent study, we mimicked geological fossilization by infiltrating inorganic precursors into wood cells in order to enhance the properties of wood. In the current work, we use electron microscopy to examine the structure of silica formed in the cell walls after infiltration of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS).


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