Polish and Hungarian Poets on the Holocaust

Holocaust Poetry ◽

Nelly Sachs ◽

Second World ◽

Large Corpus

WHEN discussing Holocaust poetry two names usually spring to mind: Paul Celan and Nelly Sachs. There is, however, a large corpus of poems on the subject from two eastern European countries, both of which had large Jewish communities before the Second World War: Poland and Hungary. In what follows I shall discuss the best poetry on the Holocaust from both countries, excluding that written in Yiddish....

English in Slovenia: status, functions, and features

English Today ◽

10.1017/s0266078409990423 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 28-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Špela MeŽek

Keyword(s):

Eastern Bloc ◽

Eastern European ◽

World Language ◽

Slovene Language ◽

Science And Education ◽

The Media ◽

The Cold War ◽

Education Science ◽

ABSTRACTSlovenia, like many former Eastern bloc countries, is now coming to terms with the increasing popularity of English.Today English is the most widely used foreign language in Europe. It is used in business, education, science, the media, advertisements, music, graffiti, and in many other places, although its greatest use can be found in commerce, culture, science and education (Phillipson, 2003). The presence of English is felt more in some parts of Europe than in others, however. In the Scandinavian countries, for example, English manifests itself in all parts of society and the knowledge of English is so high that some consider it a second language (McArthur, 1996). In Eastern Europe, the acquisition and use of English has traditionally not been as widespread, although in recent years, the picture has changed greatly, as English has become more and more popular in what were formerly Eastern bloc countries.In many ways Slovenia has been following the trends in other Central and Eastern European countries. The influence of English has been growing since the Second World War and in particular after the end of the Cold War. Its influence has intensified even more after Slovenia became an independent country. Today, Slovenes feel both cautious and enthusiastic about English. There is extensive legislation to protect the Slovene language, while at the same time there is a ‘certain enthusiasm for both “western” ideas and the world language, English’ (Schlick, 2003: 4).

The Galician Paradigm? Post-war Voices of German-Speaking Polish Jewish Survivors1

The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book ◽

10.1093/leobaeck/ybz004 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Natalia Aleksiun

Keyword(s):

Cultural Identity ◽

Eastern European ◽

German Culture ◽

The Holocaust ◽

German Speaking ◽

Historical Commissions ◽

Post War ◽

Personal Accounts ◽

Jewish Survivors ◽

Abstract This paper examines the experience of Galician-Jewish survivors who were fluent in German and who had developed close ties to German culture before the Second World War. It suggests that looking through the German linguistic lens highlights the multilayered nature of Jewish cultural identity in Galicia and offers an important critical tool with which to understand the distinct ways in which Galician Jews experienced the Holocaust. Using personal accounts, this article analyzes the ways in which complex cultural biographies of Galician Jews shaped their identities as eastern European Jews, Polish citizens, and Holocaust survivors. On the basis of testimonies included in early accounts for the Jewish historical commissions, statements by Jewish witnesses in post-war trials, oral interviews, and memoirs, this article discusses the ways in which Galician Jews remembered their relationship with German culture and how their complex cultural identity shaped their personal trajectories after the liberation.

The essence of public property commercialization

Vestnik of Kazan state agrarin university ◽

10.12737/1326 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 38-40

Author(s):

Семенова ◽

Olesya Semenova

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Sector ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

Eastern European ◽

Public Enterprises ◽

Public Deficit ◽

Public Property ◽

Money Economy ◽

The Subject ◽

State Subsidies

Commercialization is one of the main ways to privatize public property in the countryside. The author considered the experience of commercialization of several Eastern and Eastern European countries. This article provides the implementation mechanism of the process of commercialization of public property in the agricultural sector. Having analyzed a number of legislative acts of the Russian Federation, having studied the scientific works of many scientists in the economic sphere, the author examined the effects of commercialization of public property and came to the following conclusions. We can say that the process of commercialization of public enterprises of agrarian and industrial complex is the process of separating enterprises on effective and ineffective, because it enables us to identify non-viable enterprises, that will be the subject to privatize. Commercialization results in the reduction of public deficit and of inflation as well as in the recovery of money economy in the country. This is due to either the reduction or the elimination of state subsidies and investments in commercialized companies. The commercialization process has to go to the next method of denationalisation of property that is to privatization. Therefore, it can be considered to be a transitional step towards privatization.

Non-Market Economies' Accessions to the WTO: Evolution of the Approach and Implications for the Organization

The Hague Journal of Diplomacy ◽

10.1163/187119109x394322 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 61-81

Author(s):

Chieh Huang

Keyword(s):

Free Market ◽

Second World War ◽

Eastern European ◽

World War ◽

Market Economies ◽

Market Structures ◽

Multilateral Trade ◽

Rules And Principles ◽

AbstractThe General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the Word Trade Organization (WTO), have been the main forum of international trade since the end of the Second World War. The regime is unquestionably based on free-market rules and principles. Yet in the last two decades, formerly planned economies — including Eastern European countries, former Soviet countries and China — have attempted to join the GATT/WTO. To encourage their transition under the influence of free-market principles, and to be a truly global trade organization, the GATT/WTO has accepted applicants with a reforming planned economy. This article studies the evolution of the GATT/WTO's approaches to integrate non-market economies and shows that the approach to integrate non-market economies during the WTO era is significantly different than during the GATT. While special mechanisms were provided in GATT accession protocols to bridge different market structures, WTO accessions require non-market economies to convert their own market structures. This article holds that this intolerance of different market structures in the WTO reflects the collapse of embedded liberalism and the rise of coercive trade diplomacy. Multilateral trade diplomacy has therefore become a means of imposing a domestic restructuring of economic structures rather than providing a negotiation forum for trade liberalization.

Local spatial policy in Ukraine and Poland

Studia z Polityki Publicznej ◽

10.33119/kszpp/2021.3.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3(31)) ◽

pp. 11-27

Author(s):

Maciej J. Nowak ◽

Roman M. Lozynskyy ◽

Viktoriya Pantyley

Keyword(s):

Spatial Planning ◽

Union Member ◽

European Union Member State ◽

Management Systems ◽

Eastern European ◽

Spatial Management ◽

Spatial Policy ◽

The Subject ◽

Similarities And Differences ◽

Eastern European Countries

The article aims to compare the local tools of Ukrainian and Polish spatial policy. It includes legal solutions (with a particular emphasis on the basics of development restrictions) and problems related to their application diagnosed in the literature on the subject. Based on the analysis of the spatial management systems of both countries, the similarities and differences were determined, referring them to the international discussion and suggesting directions for further research (on the spatial management systems of Central and Eastern European countries). Ukraine and Poland were selected for analysis in terms of similarities (partially similar historical conditions, location) and differences (status of a European Union Member State, spatial planning traditions).

A Real Witcher—Slavic or Universal; from a Book, a Game or a TV Series? In the Circle of Multimedia Adaptations of a Fantasy Series of Novels “The Witcher” by A. Sapkowski

Arts ◽

10.3390/arts9040102 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 102

Author(s):

Sławomir Gawroński ◽

Kinga Bajorek

Keyword(s):

Popular Culture ◽

Mass Culture ◽

Computer Games ◽

Point Of View ◽

Eastern European ◽

Literature Analysis ◽

National Pride ◽

Polish People ◽

The Subject ◽

Eastern European Countries

A series of novels about a witcher, written by Andrzej Sapkowski almost thirty years ago, has now become an inspiration for the creation of mass productions of mainstream popular culture—film and multimedia adaptations for use in computer games. It is one of the few examples of global messages of mass culture being based on Polish creativity. The recognition of “The Witcher”, due to the Netflix production, soon contributed to building the national pride of Polish people, and at the same time sparked a discussion in Central and Eastern European countries on the consequences of the multimedia adaptation of Andrzej Sapkowski’s prose. Questions about the dissonance between the Slavic and universal dimensions of “The Witcher” in relation to the original novels and their adaptations are a part of the traditional discourse on the adaptability of literature and its consequences for the reception by the audience. This article tries to capture the specific character of the adaptations of Andrzej Sapkowski’s literature from the point of view of typology, known from the literature of the subject, as well as to answer the question about the consequences of the discrepancy between the original book and its adaptations in the form of a film, a TV series, and computer games. The considerations in the article were based on the literature analysis and the research based on the existing sources.

Writing Nothing: Negation and Subjectivity in the Holocaust Poetry of Paul Celan and Dan Pagis

Comparative Literature ◽

10.1215/00104124-2823874 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 438-458

Author(s):

D. Feldman

Keyword(s):

Paul Celan ◽

The Holocaust ◽

Holocaust Poetry

Migration between States and Markets

International Migration Review ◽

10.1111/j.1747-7379.2002.tb00094.x ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 593-596 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marco Martiniello

Keyword(s):

Industrial Structure ◽

Local Politics ◽

Mining Industry ◽

Second World War ◽

Eastern European ◽

Intercultural Encounters ◽

Refugees And Asylum Seekers ◽

The City ◽

Liège has always been a city of passage, of migration, of intercultural encounters. Due to its location at the core of Europe and to its economic and industrial structure, Liège has for decades attracted immigrants. In the nineteenth century, migrants were coming mainly from Flanders, which at the time was an underdeveloped rural area. In the interwar period, many migrants from Poland and other Eastern European countries settled in the region. Right after the Second World War, the mining industry needed an additional labor force. It came from Italy and later from Morocco and other countries. Nowadays, refugees and asylum-seekers from Africa and Asia live in the city and in the region. Liège is a multicultural, multiethnic and multiracial society with a long tradition of integration and toleration. Of course, Liège is no paradise. In this changing city, there are serious social and economic problems that sometimes find an expression in the field of ethnicity. But, contrary to other Belgian cities, racist and fascist political parties do not play a significant role in local politics.

Druga wojna światowa a pozycja ustrojowa europejskich monarchów

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia ◽

10.17951/sil.2020.29.4.251-278 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 251

Author(s):

Maciej Rakowski

Keyword(s):

Armed Forces ◽

Second World War ◽

Eastern European ◽

World War ◽

Royal Authority ◽

Fascist Regime ◽

Political Model ◽

Sphere Of Influence ◽

<p>The Second World War brought significant political changes to European monarchies. Immediately after the war, six kingdoms ceased to exist and became republics. This concerned Eastern European countries in the Soviet sphere of influence, as well as Italy, where Victor Emmanuel III had to pay for years of cooperation with the fascist regime. Before the outbreak of the war, at least three European monarchies had considerable power, holding the most important prerogatives in their hands: this was the case in Romania, Bulgaria and Albania. Such a political model failed to survive the war, as after 1945 the kings and princes of the Old Continent only “reigned, but did not rule” (only Louis II, Prince of Monaco kept a stronger position until the end of the 1950s). It used to happen during the war that in countries with an established parliamentary system the monarch played a greater role than during the years of peace (the most prominent example being Wilhelmina, the Queen of the Netherlands). The article also presents other issues important to the royal authority – the functioning of monarchs in exile, the threat to their lives, the exercise of sovereignty (usually only in a ceremonial capacity) over the armed forces, and abdications forced by the circumstances.</p>

Accusing Russia of Fascism

Russia in Global Affairs ◽

10.31278/1810-6374-2020-18-4-100-123 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 100-123

Author(s):

Marlene Laruelle

Keyword(s):

Soviet Union ◽

Central And Eastern Europe ◽

Second World War ◽

Eastern European ◽

World War ◽

The West ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

Second World ◽

With Memory

With memory wars between Central and Eastern European states and Russia, the Second World War has become a useable past instrumentalized as a currency for legitimacy on the international scene. These memory wars focus on who was fascist and who colluded with Nazism—the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1941 or the collaborationist forces in Central and Eastern Europe? And, subsequently, who are the new fascists advancing a revisionist interpretation of the Second World War today: Putin’s Russia or Central and Eastern European countries? What is at stake here is the recognition of Russia as having a legitimate say in European affairs because of the Soviet victory, or its exclusion for refusing to repent of its role in dividing Europe and occupying a part thereof. This article debunks the accusation of fascism attributed to Putin’s regime and offers to look at the label of fascism as a mirror game between the West and Russia in defining what Europe should be like and Russia’s inclusion or exclusion.