scholarly journals Frequency of Electrocardiographic Changes in Trained Athletes in the Republic of Macedonia

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 708-713
Author(s):  
Ivanka Karagjozova ◽  
Suncica Petrovska ◽  
Slobodan Nikolic ◽  
Vesela Maleska-Ivanovska ◽  
Ljubica Georgievska-Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Screening Program ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Ecg Changes ◽  
Sports Activity ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Electrocardiographic Changes ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Cost

BACKGROUND: The use of a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) in the screening of young athletes still has some controversies regarding the cost-benefit of the procedure.AIM: We wanted to identify types and frequency of ECG changes in athletes in the Republic of Macedonia as well as its relation to age, gender, duration, frequency and type of sports.METHODS: The study population included 256 trained amateur athletes who were prospectively examined.RESULTS: The 12-lead ECG patterns were considered normal in 19.9% of athletes, with common training-related changes found in 48.8%, while abnormal and borderline ECG changes were present in 6.6% and 24.6% of athletes respectively. ECG changes were more frequent in males than in females without significant difference regarding the age of athletes. There was a significant correlation between more pronounced ECG changes and longer duration of sports engagement, higher duration of sports activity and type of sport practised.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of abnormal ECG patterns in athletes in RM which could indicate structural cardiac disease and greater risk of sudden cardiac death exist in a proportion that should implicate mandatory 12-lead ECG in the pre-participation screening program and further on the regular annual basis.

scholarly journals High Incidence of Congenital Hypothyroidism in One Region of the Republic of Macedonia

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Anastasovska ◽  
Koviloska R. ◽  
Kocova M.
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Thyroid Screening ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Screening Coverage ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Neonatal Thyroid Screening

Abstract Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common preventable cause of mental retardation in children. Diagnosis is difficult at birth without neonatal screening. Neonatal thyroid screening was established in Prilep, Republic of Macedonia as an integral part of the nationwide screening program. To estimate the prevalence of CH in this region, neonatal thyroid screening was performed on 9757 newborns, during the period 2002-2011. The DELFIA method was applied to measure the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration in dried blood spot samples on standard filter paper taken 48 hours after birth by heel-stick. The TSH cut-off level was 10 mU/L. The neonatal thyroid screening coverage was 93.4%. Eight newborns with CH were detected, with an incidence of 1:1220 live births, significantly higher compared to the nationwide results 1:2602. The TSH level was not significantly dependent on the gender of the newborn. There was a statistically significant difference between the TSH level and the timing of newborn screening sampling (p <0.05) and between the TSH level and the newborn birth weight (p = 0.01). One point ninety-two percent of newborns with TSH levels above 5 mU/L indicated an iodine sufficiency in Prilep. The incidence of CH in Prilep, which is higher when compared with that reported in surrounding countries, might be a consequence of the higher percentage of the Romany population in this region. Further analysis of this population in other regions is warranted.

scholarly journals Comparison of yield and relative costs of different screening algorithms for tuberculosis in active case-finding: a cross-section study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Zhao ◽  
Canyou Zhang ◽  
Chongguang Yang ◽  
Yinyin Xia ◽  
Jin Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Finding ◽  
Active Case Finding ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Active Case ◽  
Symptom Screening ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
National Tuberculosis ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background Part of tuberculosis (TB) patients were missed if symptomatic screening was based on the main TB likely symptoms. This study conducted to compare the yield and relative costs of different TB screening algorithms in active case-finding in the whole population in China. Methods The study population was screened based on the TB likely symptoms through a face-to-face interview in selected 27 communities from 10 counties of 10 provinces in China. If the individuals had any of the enhanced TB likely symptoms, both chest X-ray and sputum tests were carried out for them furtherly. We used the McNemar test to analyze the difference in TB detection among four algorithms in active case-finding. Of four algorithms, two were from WHO recommendations including 1a/1c, one from China National Tuberculosis Program, and one from this study with the enhanced TB likely symptoms. Furthermore, a two-way ANOVA analysis was performed to analyze the cost difference in the performance of active case-finding adjusted by different demographic and health characteristics among different algorithms. Results Algorithm with the enhanced TB likely symptoms defined in this study could increase the yield of TB detection in active case-finding, compared with algorithms recommended by WHO (p < 0.01, Kappa 95% CI: 0. 93–0.99) and China NTP (p = 0.03, Kappa 95% CI: 0.96–1.00). There was a significant difference in the total costs among different three algorithms WHO 1c/2/3 (F = 59.13, p < 0.01). No significant difference in the average costs for one active TB case screened and diagnosed through the process among Algorithms 1c/2/3 was evident (F = 2.78, p = 0.07). The average costs for one bacteriological positive case through algorithm WHO 1a was about two times as much as the costs for one active TB case through algorithms WHO 1c/2/3. Conclusions Active case-finding based on the enhanced symptom screening is meaningful for TB case-finding and it could identify more active TB cases in time. The findings indicated that this enhanced screening approach cost more compared to algorithms recommend by WHO and China NTP, but the increased yield resulted in comparative costs per patient. And it cost much more that only smear/bacteriological-positive TB cases are screened in active case-finding.

scholarly journals The Ilioinguinal Approach versus the Anterior Intrapelvic Approach to the Acetabulum: A Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
Ilir Hasani ◽  
Igor Kaftandziev ◽  
Simon Trpeski ◽  
Ljupco Nikolov ◽  
Alek Saveski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complication Rate ◽  
Day Surgery ◽  
Acetabular Fractures ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Ilioinguinal Approach ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Golden Standard ◽  
The Republic

The ilioinguinal approach (IIA) to the acetabulum has been used as a golden standard for fifty years to treat “anterior” acetabular fractures. Since its introduction by Hirvensalo and Cole, the anterior intrapelvic approach (AIPA) has been adopted by some surgeons, whilst others remain devoted to the IIA. IIA is routinely used in the Republic of Macedonia. The aim of this study is to present a review of literature for two different anterior approaches for the treatment of acetabular fractures used in modern day surgery, focussing on AIPA and its priorities and comparing it to IIA.We performed a search, mainly electronically, and retrospective analysis of existing literature. We have identified and selected two representative and well-systematized papers for IIA, and six for AIPA. We presented the advantages and disadvantages, priorities and weaknesses of both approaches separately, comparing complications, risks and results. Based on the facts presented regarding the advantages of AIPA with a focus on visualization, accessibility and biomechanical justification, the approach should be implemented in our everyday practice and we are comfortable in stating this preference, especially due to the fact that upon comparison of the complication rate there is no significant difference between the two approaches.

scholarly journals A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Prenatal Screening for Toxoplasmosis

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vic S Sahai ◽  
Heather Onyett
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Prenatal Screening ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Congenital Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Preventive Therapy ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Therapy Program ◽  
The Cost

The objective of this study was to examine critically the validity of a toxoplasma prenatal screening program, in the context of a cost-benefit analysis, as it relates to the Canadian experience. Recently, studies have suggested that early treatment of infected infants with a combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine is effective in reducing the sequelae of toxoplasmosis. It was concluded that a carefully planned screening program for detecting and treating infants infected withToxoplasma gondiiduring pregnancy is cost beneficial. The cost of delivering a screening and treatment program is less than half of what it would cost to provide comprehensive long term medical, educational and other social services for the estimated 1000 children born each year with congenital toxoplasmosis. Even if an incidence as low as two infected infants per 1000 pregnancies is assumed and only 400 children were affected, the screening and preventive therapy program would be justified.

Health Economic Analysis of the Neonatal Screening Program in Japan

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinori Hisashige
Keyword(s):  
Mass Screening ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Screening System ◽  
Health Economic Analysis ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mass Screening System

AbstractIn Japan, a nationwide mass screening system for neonatal metabolic diseases was established in 1977. This system consisted of screening programs for five main congenital metabolic diseases, including phenylketonuria (PKU). To evaluate the efficiency of the mass screening system, a costbenefit analysis of the screening program for PKU (as a typical case in Japan) was carried out. The costs of the detection and the treatment program were compared with the projected benefit (avoided costs) that results from prevention of the mental retardation associated with the disorders due to PKU. Costs and benefits were discounted at an annual rate of 7%. Assuming that the incidence of PKU was 1/80,500 and the total number of infants screened was 1.2 million, net benefits for the screening program were $283,000, and the cost-benefit ratio was 1:2.5. The sensitivity analysis for the incidence of PKU showed that the cost-benefit ratios exceeded one.

scholarly journals Prosthodontics Status and Treatment Needs among the Elderly in the Republic of Macedonia

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 874-878
Author(s):  
Julijana Nikolovska ◽  
Vesna Korunoska-Stevkovska ◽  
Aneta Mijoska ◽  
Lidija Popovska
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Republic

BACKGROUND: Oral health care management among the elderly differs from the rest of the population, due to some specific physiological changes and general health status related to age. We know very little about the oral health in elderly in the Republic of Macedonia, because there are only a few articles published about dental health status and edentulism of this population.AIM: The study aimed to evaluate the prosthodontic status of older adults over 65 years in the Republic of Macedonia, about their socio-economic status and individual factors.MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 8 regions, in rural and urban areas of Macedonia and a representative sample of 432 people (age > 65 years) was examined. Statistical analyses of the data were made by chi-square tests and the corresponding C-coefficient.RESULTS: Only 6% of all participants had not any prosthetic appliance, 9.5% had more than one bridge, 28.7% of examinees had partial dentures, both bridge(s) and partial denture(s) had 10.7% participants, and 45.1% of examinees were toothless. There was a significant difference between patients who visited the dentist more than once a year and those who did not (c2 = 14.2; df = 4, p < 0.01). From all of the participants, 40.3% used public dental care organisations.CONCLUSIONS: We found a high prevalence of edentulousness among older adults over 65 years in Macedonia. The study confirmed the necessity for establishing healthcare educational programs for the dental treatment of elderly in Macedonia.

scholarly journals The Costs of Using Volunteers in a COVID-19 pandemic Response Program in Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Seddighi ◽  
Ibrahim Salmani ◽  
Mehrab sharifi sedeh
Keyword(s):  
Screening Program ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Voluntary Work ◽  
Replacement Method ◽  
Iranian Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
Permanent Employees ◽  
The Cost

Abstract An intervention that Iran implemented to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic was to screen passengers during the Iranian New Year holidays (17 March to 3 April 2020). The purpose of this study is to examine the costs and benefits of using volunteers in this program for the Iranian government. Using the cost-benefit analysis method, the national data of the screening program were analyzed. A total of 83,810 volunteers worked on the project for 17 days, which cost $ 27,7811. If the Iranian government had hired permanent employees instead of using volunteers, it would have cost $ 558733 more. It is used wage replacement method for calculating cost of voluntary work using the minimum wage of workers in Iran in 2020. Volunteer Investment and Value Audit (VIVA) rate also showed that $ 2 was saved for every dollar the Iranian government spent. It can be concluded that the use of volunteers, especially in volunteer-oriented programs in times of disaster, including epidemics, can be economically beneficial to the government. At the same time, it should be noted that the use of volunteers is also costly, and the government must identify the optimal number of volunteers before implementation. Moreover, if there are several plans on the table to intervene, the Viva rate can be a measure of cost-effectiveness.

scholarly journals Farmers’ experience in adoption and usage of ICT solutions for agriculture in the Republic of Macedonia

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
László Vasa ◽  
Nikola Trendov
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Ict Infrastructure ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

The adoption of new of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in farming activities becoming crucial for developing countries in order to meet the challenges of rapidly growing populations, urbanization and arable agricultural land declination. Because of it, each farmers’ organization or farmer has to concern their agricultural products and services more towards modernized and ICT related routine. The attempt has been made to analyze the reaction of the Macedonian farmers towards ICTs as a source of reliable and timely information about e-banking, online purchasing/selling, marketing, input and output optimization, increased revenue, remote farm management process etc. Semi-structured questionnaire was used for interviewing 132 semi-experienced and experienced farmers that use ICTs as sample for the research. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistics tool like correlation and Rank Based Quotient (RBQ). The findings showed that farmers stressed the cost of ICTs, lack of training, trust level in the government institutions, and lack of ICT infrastructure are thresholds for ICTs adoption and use in agriculture. This research contributes to understand the adoption and use of ICT, identify the constraints associated with ICT use and propose recommendations towards the improvement of ICTs for agriculture in the Republic of Macedonia.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Five Turkish Rice Cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) Grown under the Environmental Conditions of the Republic of Macedonia

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Dobre Andov ◽  
Danica Andreevska ◽  
Emilija Simeonovska ◽  
Trajche Dimitrovski
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Standard Cultivar

The Turkish rice cultivars 'Kiziltan', 'Gala', 'Halilbey', 'Gönen' and 'Paşali' were evaluated under typical environmental conditions and production technology of the Kochani rice producing region in the Republic of Macedonia and compared to the standard cultivar 'San Andrea'. The field trial was set up during 2013 and 2014 in randomized complete block design in 3 replications. The Turkish rice cultivars showed shorter period from seeding to flowering compared to the standard. Significantly lower plant height and panicle length in the Turkish cultivars was determined, based on 30 plants per cultivar. 'Paşali' cultivar produced the highest average number of productive tillers (586.67 m-2), while 'Gönen' the lowest (448.50 m-2), based on 3 samples. The Turkish rice cultivars achieved higher average paddy rice yield (based on 3 samples per cultivar), with significant difference between means only for 'Paşali', where the highest value was obtained (9591.78 kg ha-1). The Turkish rice cultivars generally showed better results than the standard and as such are potentially suitable for cultivation in the Republic of Macedonia.

scholarly journals Dos protocolos de superovulación en donantes de embriones en vacas mestizas en el trópico

2020 ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Freddy Zambrano ◽  
Ernesto Antonio Hurtado ◽  
Fátima Arteaga ◽  
Derlys Mendieta
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Reproductive Management ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Los Grupos

Two superovulation protocols in embryo donors in crossbred cows in the tropics El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la efectividad de dos protocolos de superovulación en vacas mestizas de la hacienda La Balda del cantón El Carmen. Se seleccionaron 10 vacas genéticamente superiores, en condiciones nutricionales y sanitarias óptimas, que fueron aleatorizadas en dos grupos de estudio (n=5). El primer grupo recibió 200mg de FSH en 8 dosis (Folltropin-V); mientras que el segundo grupo fue tratado con 140mg de FSH en 4 dosis + 400 U.I de eCG dosis única (Folltropin-V + Folligon). Las variables a medir fueron: número de cuerpos lúteos; número de embriones aptos para ser lavables; número de embriones aptos para ser transferidos y grados de calidad embrionaria. La comparación de los grupos se analizó estadísticamente a través de la prueba T-Student para muestras pareadas o relacionadas.   No se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ninguna de las variables en estudio (P˃0,05). Sin embargo, el análisis costo/ beneficio mostró que los animales del primer grupo resultaron con un tratamiento más rentable, siendo superior en 33% con respecto al segundo grupo. Los protocolos hormonales utilizados son alternativas de manejo reproductivo, con repercusión económica. Palabras clave: Reproducción; cuerpos lúteos; hormonas; bovinos; rentabilidad.  Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of two protocols of superovulation in mestizo cows from the La Balda ranch of El Carmen canton. Ten genetically superior cows were selected, under optimal nutritional and health conditions, which were randomized into two study groups (n = 5). The first group received 200mg of FSH in 8 doses (Folltropin-V); while the second group was treated with 140mg of FSH in 4 doses + 400 U.I of eCG single dose (Folltropin-V + Folligon). The variables to be measured were: number of corpora lutea; number of embryos capable of being washable; number of embryos able to be transferred and embryo quality grades. The comparison of the groups was analyzed statistically through the T-Student test for paired or related samples. No statistically significant difference was found between any of the variables under study (P˃0.05). However, the cost / benefit analysis showed that the animals of the first group resulted with a more profitable treatment, being 33% higher than the second group. The hormonal protocols used are alternatives for reproductive management, with economic repercussion. Keywords: Reproduction; corpora lutea; hormones; bovines; profitability.

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