Intellectual Disability (ID)

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Rejani Thudalikunnil Gopalan
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Etiological Factors ◽  
Social Abilities ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Mind

Intellectual disability (ID, also known as mental retardation) is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind. ID is especially characterized by impairment of skills manifested during the developmental period, which contribute to the overall level of intelligence (i.e., cognitive, language, motor, and social abilities). The understanding about intellectual disability, mainly its features, causes and intervention has a long history. Researches on causes of intellectual disability lead to finding of multiple etiological factors which reflected well on its improved management techniques. The changes in terminology used describe intellectual disability also reflected our understanding about it different dimensions including social stigma. This chapter focused to give an overall view about its history, changes in terminology, classification, epidemiology, etiology, comorbidities, and management. Over the years, there are many changes and findings that have happened, yet many questions are unanswered related to this condition.

Intellectual Disability (ID)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Rejani Thudalikunnil Gopalan
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Etiological Factors ◽  
Social Abilities ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Mind

Intellectual disability (ID, also known as mental retardation) is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind. ID is especially characterized by impairment of skills manifested during the developmental period, which contribute to the overall level of intelligence (i.e., cognitive, language, motor, and social abilities). The understanding about intellectual disability, mainly its features, causes and intervention has a long history. Researches on causes of intellectual disability lead to finding of multiple etiological factors which reflected well on its improved management techniques. The changes in terminology used describe intellectual disability also reflected our understanding about it different dimensions including social stigma. This chapter focused to give an overall view about its history, changes in terminology, classification, epidemiology, etiology, comorbidities, and management. Over the years, there are many changes and findings that have happened, yet many questions are unanswered related to this condition.

Intellectual Disability

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rejani Thudalikunnil Gopalan
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Social Abilities ◽  
The Mind

Intellectual Disability (ID, also known as mental retardation) is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind. ID is especially characterized by impairment of skills manifested during the developmental period, which contribute to the overall level of intelligence, i.e. cognitive, language, motor, and social abilities. This chapter focused to give an overall view about its history, changes in terminology, classification, epidemiology, etiology, comorbidities and management. Current understanding and latest trends and issues were highlighted.

Genetics of mental retardation

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-20
Author(s):  
И.В. Анисимова
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Diagnostic Efficiency ◽  
Etiological Factors

Умственная отсталость (УО) встречается примерно у 1% населения. Нарушения интеллекта могут быть обусловлены различными этиологическими факторами. Около 40% случаев УО обусловлено генетическими причинами. Целями обзора являются отражение исторических этапов изучения природы нарушений интеллекта и оценка динамики эффективности диагностики генетических форм УО при внедрении современных методов исследований. Источники для обзора были отобраны в базах данных PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar и др. во временном интервале с 1972 по 2020 гг. Эффективность диагностики генетических форм УО за последние десятки лет возросла с 3,7% до 42%. Несмотря на совершенствование методов диагностики генетических форм нарушений интеллекта, в большинстве случаев этиология УО остается неясной. Mental retardation (MR) is found in about 1% of the population. Intellectual disability can be caused by various etiological factors. About 40% of cases MR are associated with genetic factors. The review aims are reflection of historical stages of studying the nature of intellectual disability and evaluation of dynamics of diagnostic efficiency of genetic forms of MR with the introduction modern research methods. The sources for the review were collected in the databases PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar etc. in the period from 1943 to 2020. Diagnostic efficiency of MR has increased from 3,7% to 42% over the last decades. Despite the improvement of diagnostic methods of genetic forms of intellectual disability, the etiology of MR remains unclear in most cases.

scholarly journals Having Children with Mental Retardation

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Sri Endriyani ◽  
Yunike Yunike
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Special School ◽  
Mental Function ◽  
God's Will ◽  
The Social ◽  
Need Support

Mental Retardation is a condition in which the intelegency function is under average, which began during the developmental period. Children with mentally retarded have limited mental function, communication skills, ability to maintain themselves and social skills. These conditions impact the mothes’s they responsible to train children’s ability to be independent. The purpose of this study is to explore the mothers’ experience having children with mental retardation at Special School for mentally retarded (SLB) of Karya Ibu Palembang, Indonesia. This is a qualitative research with fenomenology approach from five partisipants with indept interview. Five themes were get including can’t accept reality, burden, the social stigma,need support from relatives, worry about the future, and admitting God’s will. The Adaptation behaviors found in this study are the acceptance of children’s condition, and loving the children thoroughly.

What's in a Name?

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc J. Tassé
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
The World ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) is in the process of developing the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD–11). Part of this process includes replacing mental retardation with a more acceptable term to identify the condition. The current international consensus appears to be replacing mental retardation with intellectual disability. This article briefly presents some of the issues involved in changing terminology and the constraints and conventions that are specific to the ICD.

scholarly journals Experimental Study of the Features of Moral Concepts and Moral Regulation of Behavior of Children with Intellectual Disability

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-228
Author(s):  
A.M. Shcherbakova ◽  
N.S. Lykova
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Moral Choice ◽  
Moral Regulation ◽  
Moral Position ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Children With Intellectual Disability

The article focuses on the problem of development of moral sphere of personality of children with intellectual disability (mild mental retardation) in the context of development of their life competence. Personal outcomes are considered as one of the most important indicators of the formation of life competence. Particular attention is paid to the moral development of children with intellectual disability. The results of an experimental study of the characteristics of moral perceptions and behavior of younger students with mental retardation of 9-10 years old brought up in different conditions - family and institutional are presented. Students of a comprehensive school with a normotypic development were also involved. The sample was 76 people. A study was made of the moral position, and on this basis the prediction of one's own behavior and the behavior of others in solving moral dilemmas, as well as the actual behavior of the child in a situation of moral choice.

scholarly journals FMRP Levels in Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes Correlates with Intellectual Disability

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1780
Author(s):  
Mark Roth ◽  
Lucienne Ronco ◽  
Diego Cadavid ◽  
Blythe Durbin-Johnson ◽  
Randi J. Hagerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Fragile X ◽  
Repeat Expansion ◽  
Repeat Number ◽  
Cgg Repeat ◽  
Fragile X Mental Retardation ◽  
Cgg Repeats ◽  
Fmr1 Mrna

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability. FXS is an X-linked, neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of the Fragile X Mental Retardation gene, FMR1. Greater than 200 CGG repeats results in epigenetic silencing of the gene leading to the deficiency or absence of Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). The loss of FMRP is considered the root cause of FXS. The relationship between neurological function and FMRP expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) has not been well established. Assays to detect and measure FMR1 and FMRP have been described; however, none are sufficiently sensitive, precise, or quantitative to properly characterize the relationships between cognitive ability and CGG repeat number, FMR1 mRNA expression, or FMRP expression measured in PBMCs. To address these limitations, two novel immunoassays were developed and optimized, an electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay and a multiparameter flow cytometry assay. Both assays were performed on PMBCs isolated from 27 study participants with FMR1 CGG repeats ranging from normal to full mutation. After correcting for methylation, a significant positive correlation between CGG repeat number and FMR1 mRNA expression levels and a significant negative correlation between FMRP levels and CGG repeat expansion was observed. Importantly, a high positive correlation was observed between intellectual quotient (IQ) and FMRP expression measured in PBMCs.

Mental Disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 191-202
Author(s):  
Iris Berent
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Psychiatric Disease ◽  
Core Knowledge ◽  
The Public ◽  
Social Opportunities ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mix And Match

At the “age of the brain,” one would expect the public to view psychiatric disorders as “diseases like all others.” But mental illness still carries a significant social stigma that deprives them of employment, housing, and social opportunities. Invoking the brain as the source of disease helps reduce stigma, but it elicits curious fatalistic reactions. People believe that if the disease is “in the brain,” then it is more severe, incurable, and resistant to psychotherapy. And it is not only the general public that is taken by such misconceptions. Patients believe the same, and so do even trained clinicians. Why do psychiatric disorders elicit such persistent misconceptions? No one would shun a cancer patient because she has a tumor in her breast. Why shun the sufferer of a disorder that ravages the brain? And why believe brain diseases are incurable? This chapter traces the misconceptions of brain disorders to the core knowledge of Dualism and Essentialism. Dualism prompts us to presume that the mind and matter don’t mix and match; if the disease is “in your brain matter,” then, in our intuitive psychology, ephemeral “talk therapy” won’t do. Essentialism further compels us to believe that what’s “in” our material body is innate, hence, immutable, so biology is truly destiny. Thus, the same core knowledge principles that plague our self-understanding in health also derail our reasoning about psychiatric disease.

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