The Role of Teaching Materials in Cognitive Development Focusing on the “Emergence of Symbolic Functioning” and Behaviour Issues

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-97
Author(s):  
Eiko Tatematsu
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Cognitive Profiles ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Teaching Device ◽  
Symbolic Functioning

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the role of teaching materials focusing on the “Emergence of Symbolic Functioning” and latent behaviour issues. First, a literature review is performed on the behaviour issues associated with intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Three kinds of assessment tools used in this study are described with underlying developmental meanings. Especially, one of those tools, a teaching device named “Tamahimo” is introduced as a practical assessment tool to visualize participants' cognitive conditions. Three cases, two adolescents and one young adult with ID, are discussed, with their autism-like behaviours and characteristic cognitive profiles evaluated using the assessment tools. All cognitive development is judged as corresponding to the “Emergence of Symbolic Functioning,” that is, the qualitative transition phase from non-symbolic to the explicit existence of a symbolic functioning stage. Factors preventing social adaptation are discussed as they relate to unstable cognitive conditions.

Effects of Tangible Teaching Materials According to Evaluation of Cognitive Development

2019 ◽  
pp. 132-159
Author(s):  
Eiko Tatematsu
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Behavior Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Teaching Aids ◽  
Severe Intellectual Disability ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Informal Assessment

Students who have difficulty communicating with others verbally may be referred to as “individuals in the learning process of concept formation” rather than individuals with severe intellectual disability (SID) and/or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Insufficient understanding of these individuals makes it more difficult to deal with comorbid behavior disorders. This chapter introduces an original evaluation battery using “Ohta Staging” and “Task of Birds” as tools to measure cognitive development. Four cases of individuals who grew up with strong behavior disorders will be described by employing the battery. Cognitive features of each case are detailed through original handmade tangible teaching materials (OHTTMs). The chapter will discuss the effects of object-based communication using OHTTMs, as it relates to the cognitive development measured by the battery, in terms of reducing behavior disorders. OHTTMs will be evaluated as communication and informal assessment tools rather than teaching aids.

scholarly journals Self Assessment Tools (SAT) as One of the Basic Tools for Performance Management: A Critique

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Thomas Alama Etalong
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Performance Management ◽  
State Government ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
Permanent Staff

The alignment of employees to the organizational goal, vision and mission is very imperative and cannot be emphasize enough. As such, there is need for organizations to deliberately bring their workforce on board to achieve this set goals or targets. It is also important for employees to assess themselves from time to time to ascertain that they are up-to- date with the vision, goal and mission of the organization, this literally translate into self-assessment- a process of keeping self in proper check to ascertain correctness and alignment with organizational objective. The central theme of this article is to examine the role of Self-Assessment Tool (SAT) in performance management, the article also examine the shortfall of this tool developed by Bureau for Public Service Reform (BPSR). The method adopted for this study is survey method using questionnaires, one hundred questionnaires were administered among forty (40) junior, thirty (30) senior staff in the Office of the Secretary to the State Government (SSG), Enugu State, twenty (20) contract staff and ten (10) permanent staff of First Bank Plc, presidential road, Enugu. The results from the analysis shows that, the results from Self-Assessment Tool (SAT) are not made public and it gives preferences to government agencies at the detriment of private sector. The paper further X-ray the importance of performance management, ranging from reduced costs in the organization, aligns the organization directly between its employees and the strategic goals and stop project overruns. The paper concludes by noting that the result of the assessment may be made public, to guide policy making process and finally, the private sector should also be incorporated into the tool.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of the Suicide Behaviours Questionnaire – Autism Spectrum Conditions in Autistic, Possibly Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Cassidy ◽  
Louise Bradley ◽  
Heather Cogger-Ward ◽  
Jacqui Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Measurement Properties ◽  
Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Autistic Adults ◽  
Development And Validation

Abstract Background: Autistic people and those with high autistic traits are at high risk of experiencing suicidality. Yet, there are no suicidality assessment tools developed or validated for these groups.Methods: A widely used and validated suicidality assessment tool developed for the general population (SBQ-R), was adapted using feedback from autistic adults. The adapted tool was refined through 9 interviews, and an online survey with 251 autistic adults, to establish clarity and relevance of the items. Subsequently, 308 autistic, 113 possibly autistic, and 268 non-autistic adults completed the adapted tool online, alongside self-report measures of autistic traits (AQ), camouflaging autistic traits (CAT-Q), depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (ASA-A), thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness (INQ-15), lifetime non-suicidal self-injury, and the original version of the suicidality assessment tool (SBQ-R). Analyses explored the appropriateness and measurement properties of the adapted tool between the groups.Results: There was evidence in support of content validity, structural validity, internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity, test retest validity, sensitivity and specificity (for distinguishing those with or without lifetime experience of suicide attempt), and hypothesis testing of the adapted tool (SBQ-ASC) in each group. The structure of the SBQ-ASC was equivalent between autistic and possibly autistic adults, regardless of gender, or use of visual aids to help quantify abstract rating scales.Limitations: The samples involved in the development and validation of the adapted tool were largely female, and largely diagnosed as autistic in adulthood, which is not representative of the wider autistic population. The SBQ-ASC has been developed for use in research and is not recommended to assess risk of future suicide attempts and/or self-harm.Conclusions: The SBQ-ASC is a brief self-report suicidality assessment tool, developed and validated with and for autistic adults, without co-occurring intellectual disability. The SBQ-ASC is appropriate for use in research to identify suicidal thoughts and behaviours in autistic and possibly autistic people, and model associations with risk and protective factors.

scholarly journals Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis: The Potential Role of Romosozumab

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (02) ◽  
pp. 71-79
Author(s):  
Jacqueline So ◽  
Chi Chiu Mok
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Estimation Formula ◽  
Fracture Risk Assessment Tool ◽  
Current Therapies ◽  
Current Assessment ◽  
Dose Dependent

Glucocorticoid (GC)-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is a major problem in patients with rheumatic diseases. The deleterious effect of GC on bone turnover is rapid and dose-dependent, with a predilection on the trabecular bone, resulting in vertebral fractures. Early recognition and prompt treatment of GIOP helps prevent bone loss and reduce fractures. There are pitfalls in current assessment tools for GIOP by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) estimation formula. In this review, we evaluate different assessment methods for GIOP and summarize current therapies of GIOP, including the antiresorptive and anabolic agents. The potential role of newer anti-osteoporosis agent romosozumab, an anti-sclerostin monoclonal antibody, is also discussed.

scholarly journals Reliability and Validity of Play-Based Assessments of Motor and Cognitive Skills for Infants and Young Children: A Systematic Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. O'Grady ◽  
Stacey C. Dusing
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Measurement Properties ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Controlled Environments

Background Play is vital for development. Infants and children learn through play. Traditional standardized developmental tests measure whether a child performs individual skills within controlled environments. Play-based assessments can measure skill performance during natural, child-driven play. Purpose The purpose of this study was to systematically review reliability, validity, and responsiveness of all play-based assessments that quantify motor and cognitive skills in children from birth to 36 months of age. Data Sources Studies were identified from a literature search using PubMed, ERIC, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases and the reference lists of included papers. Study Selection Included studies investigated reliability, validity, or responsiveness of play-based assessments that measured motor and cognitive skills for children to 36 months of age. Data Extraction Two reviewers independently screened 40 studies for eligibility and inclusion. The reviewers independently extracted reliability, validity, and responsiveness data. They examined measurement properties and methodological quality of the included studies. Data Synthesis Four current play-based assessment tools were identified in 8 included studies. Each play-based assessment tool measured motor and cognitive skills in a different way during play. Interrater reliability correlations ranged from .86 to .98 for motor development and from .23 to .90 for cognitive development. Test-retest reliability correlations ranged from .88 to .95 for motor development and from .45 to .91 for cognitive development. Structural validity correlations ranged from .62 to .90 for motor development and from .42 to .93 for cognitive development. One study assessed responsiveness to change in motor development. Limitations Most studies had small and poorly described samples. Lack of transparency in data management and statistical analysis was common. Conclusions Play-based assessments have potential to be reliable and valid tools to assess cognitive and motor skills, but higher-quality research is needed. Psychometric properties should be considered for each play-based assessment before it is used in clinical and research practice.

scholarly journals Reported autism diagnosis strongly predicts psychotic-like experiences in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development cohort

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amandeep Jutla ◽  
Meghan Rose Donohue ◽  
Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele ◽  
Jennifer H. Foss-Feig
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Family History ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Cognitive Profiles ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
New Information ◽  
Lifetime Trauma ◽  
History Of ◽  
Neurocognitive Profile

AbstractAlthough the schizophrenia rate is increased in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it is difficult to identify which youth with ASD will go on to develop psychosis. We explored the relationship between ASD and emerging psychotic-like experiences in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) cohort of school-aged children. We predicted that ASD would robustly predict psychotic-like experience severity, even relative to other established predictors, and that ASD youth with psychotic-like experiences would have a characteristic neurocognitive profile. In a sample of 9,130 youth aged 9–11, we fit regression models that included parent-reported ASD, family history of psychosis, lifetime trauma, executive function, processing speed, working memory, age, sex, race, ethnicity, and income-to-needs ratio as predictors of Prodromal Questionnaire – Brief Child (PQ-BC) score. We assessed cognitive profiles using analysis of variance on NIH Toolbox measures. ASD increased PQ-BC distress scores by 2.46 points (95% CI 1.32 – 3.60), an effect at least as large as those of family history of psychosis (1.05 points, 95% CI 0.56 – 1.53), Latinx ethnicity (0.99 points, 95% CI 0.52 – 1.45) and black race (0.89 points, 95% CI 0.30 – 1.48). We did not identify a unique cognitive profile for ASD youth with psychotic-like experiences. Our finding that ASD predicts psychotic-like symptoms in youth is consistent with previous literature, and adds new information in suggesting that ASD is a strong predictor of psychotic-like experiences even when compared to other established SCZ risk factors.

scholarly journals Development and validation of the suicidal behaviours questionnaire - autism spectrum conditions in a community sample of autistic, possibly autistic and non-autistic adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Cassidy ◽  
Louise Bradley ◽  
Heather Cogger-Ward ◽  
Jacqui Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Measurement Properties ◽  
Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Autistic Adults ◽  
Development And Validation

Abstract Background Autistic people and those with high autistic traits are at high risk of experiencing suicidality. Yet, there are no suicidality assessment tools developed or validated for these groups. Methods A widely used and validated suicidality assessment tool developed for the general population (SBQ-R), was adapted using feedback from autistic adults, to create the Suicidal Behaviours Questionnaire—Autism Spectrum Conditions (SBQ-ASC). The adapted tool was refined through nine interviews, and an online survey with 251 autistic adults, to establish clarity and relevance of the items. Subsequently, 308 autistic, 113 possibly autistic, and 268 non-autistic adults completed the adapted tool online, alongside self-report measures of autistic traits (AQ), camouflaging autistic traits (CAT-Q), depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (ASA-A), thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness (INQ-15), lifetime non-suicidal self-injury, and the original version of the suicidality assessment tool (SBQ-R). Analyses explored the appropriateness and measurement properties of the adapted tool between the groups. Results There was evidence in support of content validity, structural validity, internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity, test–retest validity, sensitivity and specificity (for distinguishing those with or without lifetime experience of suicide attempt), and hypothesis testing of the adapted tool (SBQ-ASC) in each group. The structure of the SBQ-ASC was equivalent between autistic and possibly autistic adults, regardless of gender, or use of visual aids to help quantify abstract rating scales. Limitations The samples involved in the development and validation of the adapted tool were largely female, and largely diagnosed as autistic in adulthood, which limits the generalisability of results to the wider autistic population. The SBQ-ASC has been developed for use in research and is not recommended to assess risk of future suicide attempts and/or self-harm. The SBQ-ASC has been designed with and for autistic and possibly autistic adults, and is not appropriate to compare to non-autistic adults given measurement differences between these groups. Conclusions The SBQ-ASC is a brief self-report suicidality assessment tool, developed and validated with and for autistic adults, without co-occurring intellectual disability. The SBQ-ASC is appropriate for use in research to identify suicidal thoughts and behaviours in autistic and possibly autistic people, and model associations with risk and protective factors.

scholarly journals The Adaptation of Academic Skills Assessment Tool for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
D.S. Pereverzeva ◽  
S.A. Tyushkevich ◽  
E.I. Braginets
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Academic Assessment ◽  
Adaptation Procedure ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
The Individual

Development delays in autism spectrum disorders include communication and social interaction deficit, stereotype behavior, cognitive and emotional development challenges. It makes necessary to adapt the academic assessment tools, taking into account the needs of students with ASD. The article is devoted to the description of the procedure of International Performance Indicators in Primary Schools (iPIPS) modification for academic assessment in ASD students enrolled in special education programs of types 8.1 and 8.2 (divided based on intelletual performance level). Presented iPIPS description, detailed analysis of developmental profile in ASD, which can influence the assessment results given. The article discusses adaptation procedure and recommendations for professionals which can be applied depending on the individual characteristics of the student.

scholarly journals The mouse model of fragile X syndrome exhibits deficits in contagious itch behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Gonzales-Rojas ◽  
Amtul-Noor Rana ◽  
Peter Mason ◽  
Christopher Renfro ◽  
Vallabhi Annaluru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Fragile X Syndrome ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Fragile X ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

Abstract Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) imitate observed behavior less than age-matched and typically developing peers, resulting in deterred learning ability and social interaction. However, this deficit lacks preclinical assessment tools. A previous study has shown that mice exhibit contagious itch behavior while viewing a scratching demonstrator mouse, as opposed to an ambulating demonstrator mouse, but whether autism mouse models imitate observed scratching behavior remains unknown. Here, we investigated contagious itch behavior in the mouse model of fragile X syndrome (FXS), a common form of inherited intellectual disabilities with a high risk for ASDs. We found that the mouse model of FXS shows deficits in contagious itch behavior. Our findings can be used as a new preclinical assessment tool for measuring imitative deficits in the study of neurodevelopmental disorders including FXS.

A librarian’s role in media effects health literacy

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill R. Kavanaugh ◽  
Kristelle Lavallee ◽  
Rima Rudd
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Patient Education ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Embedded Librarian

Purpose This paper aims to assess a pediatric media health effects’ toolkit from a health literacy perspective. A secondary aim is to highlight the collaborative role of an embedded librarian. Design/methodology/approach The authors assessed ten items from the toolkit in several formats (text, survey and video) using the following health literacy assessment tools: the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook, the Suitability Assessment of Materials, the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printed Materials and the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Audio/Visual Materials. Findings Both the toolkit’s readability scores and understandability scores provided a deeper understanding of where improvements to the toolkit need to be made. The review process also highlighted issues with the assessment tools themselves that prevent them from providing a complete analysis of each materials’ readability and suitability. Research limitations/implications This initial assessment of the toolkit will serve as the backbone for additional formative research, revisions and pilot tests, which will be conducted for the toolkit to become a viable, available and usable tool for pediatricians and health-care providers. The insight gleaned from this study serves as an example, for other institutions across fields, of the importance of having professionals, such as librarians, become well-versed in health literacy and offer guidance and insight for the development of health-focused patient materials. Originality/value This project provides further insight into the evolving role of the embedded librarian. As gatekeepers of information with the responsibility of vetting sources, informing the creation of content, and developing resources, the integration of health literacy knowledge is imperative for librarians to further the work of their institutions and aid in the progression of their field.

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