Cybersecurity and Privacy in Smart Cities for Citizen Welfare

2022 ◽  
pp. 197-221
Author(s):  
Bernardo J. R. Figueiredo ◽  
Rogério Luís de C. Costa ◽  
Leonel Santos ◽  
Carlos Rabadão
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Security Breaches ◽  
Central Interest ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Reducing Energy

In smart cities, technologies and systems of various types, from manual sensors to data collection devices, cooperate to improve citizens' wellbeing. They take advantage of information technologies and the internet of things (IoT) to increase citizens' welfare through the implementation of services with distinct objectives, like reducing energy consumption and improving transport routes and health services. Due to their functionalities and characteristics, IoT devices work interconnectedly and collect large amounts of data. In this context, cybersecurity and privacy arise as topics of central interest, as security breaches can lead to personal data exposure and service interruptions and malfunctions, thus directly affecting citizens' welfare and the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. This chapter discusses how cybersecurity risks affect smart cities' operations and citizens' welfare. It presents some current cybersecurity techniques and how to apply them in the smart city context. It also reviews some open issues and future directions.

scholarly journals Enabling Technologies for Urban Smart Mobility: Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2143
Author(s):  
Sara Paiva ◽  
Mohd Abdul Ahad ◽  
Gautami Tripathi ◽  
Noushaba Feroz ◽  
Gabriella Casalino
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Enabling Technologies ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Smart Mobility

The increasing population across the globe makes it essential to link smart and sustainable city planning with the logistics of transporting people and goods, which will significantly contribute to how societies will face mobility in the coming years. The concept of smart mobility emerged with the popularity of smart cities and is aligned with the sustainable development goals defined by the United Nations. A reduction in traffic congestion and new route optimizations with reduced ecological footprint are some of the essential factors of smart mobility; however, other aspects must also be taken into account, such as the promotion of active mobility and inclusive mobility, encouraging the use of other types of environmentally friendly fuels and engagement with citizens. The Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Blockchain and Big Data technology will serve as the main entry points and fundamental pillars to promote the rise of new innovative solutions that will change the current paradigm for cities and their citizens. Mobility-as-a-service, traffic flow optimization, the optimization of logistics and autonomous vehicles are some of the services and applications that will encompass several changes in the coming years with the transition of existing cities into smart cities. This paper provides an extensive review of the current trends and solutions presented in the scope of smart mobility and enabling technologies that support it. An overview of how smart mobility fits into smart cities is provided by characterizing its main attributes and the key benefits of using smart mobility in a smart city ecosystem. Further, this paper highlights other various opportunities and challenges related to smart mobility. Lastly, the major services and applications that are expected to arise in the coming years within smart mobility are explored with the prospective future trends and scope.

scholarly journals A survey on approaches to the protection of personal data gathered by IoT devices

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Tranter
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Ideal Solution ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Personal Lives ◽  
Is Security ◽  
The World ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Security is always at the forefront of developing technologies. One can seldom go a week without hearing of a new data breach or hacking attempt from various groups around the world, often taking advantage of a simple flaw in a system’s architecture. The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of these developing technologies which may be at risk of such attacks. IoT devices are becoming more and more prevalent in everyday life. From keeping track of an individual’s health, to suggesting meals from items available in an individual’s fridge, these technologies are taking a much larger role in the personal lives of their users. With this in mind, how is security being considered in the development of these technologies? Are these devices that monitor individual’s personal lives just additional vectors for potential data theft? Throughout this survey, various approaches to the development of security systems concerning IoT devices in the home will be discussed, compared, and contrasted in the hope of providing an ideal solution to the problems this technology may produce.

scholarly journals A survey on approaches to the protection of personal data gathered by IoT devices

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Tranter
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Ideal Solution ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Personal Lives ◽  
Is Security ◽  
The World ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Security is always at the forefront of developing technologies. One can seldom go a week without hearing of a new data breach or hacking attempt from various groups around the world, often taking advantage of a simple flaw in a system’s architecture. The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of these developing technologies which may be at risk of such attacks. IoT devices are becoming more and more prevalent in everyday life. From keeping track of an individual’s health, to suggesting meals from items available in an individual’s fridge, these technologies are taking a much larger role in the personal lives of their users. With this in mind, how is security being considered in the development of these technologies? Are these devices that monitor individual’s personal lives just additional vectors for potential data theft? Throughout this survey, various approaches to the development of security systems concerning IoT devices in the home will be discussed, compared, and contrasted in the hope of providing an ideal solution to the problems this technology may produce.

scholarly journals Application of IoT in Healthcare: Keys to Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2330
Author(s):  
Ángeles Verdejo Espinosa ◽  
José Luis Lopez Ruiz ◽  
Francisco Mata Mata ◽  
Macarena Espinilla Estevez
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Internet Of Things

We live in complex times in the health, social, political, and energy spheres, and we must be aware of and implement new trends in intelligent social health systems powered by the Internet of Things (IoT). Sustainable development, energy efficiency, and public health are interrelated parameters that can transform a system or an environment for the benefit of people and the planet. The integration of sensors and smart devices should promote energy efficiency and ensure that sustainable development goals are met. This work is carried out according to a mixed approach, with a literature review and an analysis of the impact of the Sustainable Development Goals on the applications of the Internet of Things and smart systems. In the analysis of results, the following questions are answered about these systems and applications: (a) Are IoT applications key to the improvement of people’s health and the environment? (b) Are there research and case studies implemented in cities or territories that demonstrate the effectiveness of IoT applications and their benefits to public health? (c) What sustainable development indicators and objectives can be assessed in the applications and projects analyzed?

scholarly journals A Lightweight Two-Layer Blockchain Mechanism for Reliable Crossing-Domain Communication in Smart Cities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangyu Xu ◽  
Jianfei Peng
Keyword(s):  
Block Structure ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Consensus Protocol ◽  
Reliable Communication ◽  
Collusion Attack ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
Reliable Communications ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Cloud Servers ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The smart city is an emerging notion that is leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) technique to achieve more comfortable, smart and controllable cities. The communications crossing domains between smart cities is indispensable to enhance collaborations. However, crossing-domain communications are more vulnerable since there are in different domains. Moreover, there are huge different devices with different computation capabilities, from sensors to the cloud servers. In this paper, we propose a lightweight two-layer blockchain mechanism for reliable crossing-domain communication in smart cities. Our mechanism provides a reliable communication mechanism for data sharing and communication between smart cities. We defined a two-layer blockchain structure for the communications inner and between smart cities to achieve reliable communications. We present a new block structure for the lightweight IoT devices. Moreover, we present a reputation-based multi-weight consensus protocol in order to achieve efficient communication while resistant to the nodes collusion attack for the proposed blockchain system. We also conduct a secure analysis to demonstrate the security of the proposed scheme. Finally, performance evaluation shows that our scheme is efficient and practical.

scholarly journals Evaluation of an IoT Application-Scoped Access Control Model over a Publish/Subscribe Architecture Based on FIWARE

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 4341
Author(s):  
Alejandro Pozo ◽  
Álvaro Alonso ◽  
Joaquín Salvachúa
Keyword(s):  
Access Control ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Service Model ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Household Tasks ◽  
Security Breaches ◽  
Hypertext Transfer Protocol ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) brings plenty of opportunities to enhance society’s activities, from improving a factory’s production chain to facilitating people’s household tasks. However, it has also brought new security breaches, compromising privacy and authenticity. IoT devices are vulnerable to being accessed from the Internet; they lack sufficient resources to face cyber-attack threats. Keeping a balance between access control and the devices’ resource consumption has become one of the highest priorities of IoT research. In this paper, we evaluate an access control architecture based on the IAACaaS (IoT application-Scoped Access Control as a Service) model with the aim of protecting IoT devices that communicate using the Publish/Subscribe pattern. IAACaaS is based on the OAuth 2.0 authorization framework, which externalizes the identity and access control infrastructure of applications. In our evaluation, we implement the model using FIWARE Generic Enablers and deploy them for a smart buildings use case with a wireless communication. Then, we compare the performance of two different approaches in the data-sharing between sensors and the Publish/Subscribe broker, using Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) protocols. We conclude that the integration of Publish/Subscribe IoT deployments with IAACaaS adds an extra layer of security and access control without compromising the system’s performance.

scholarly journals Federation of Internet of Things Testbeds for the Realization of a Semantically-Enabled Multi-Domain Data Marketplace

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Sánchez ◽  
Jorge Lanza ◽  
Juan Santana ◽  
Rachit Agarwal ◽  
Pierre Raverdy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Smart Building ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Application Service ◽  
Crowd Sensing ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The One ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) concept has attracted a lot of attention from the research and innovation community for a number of years already. One of the key drivers for this hype towards the IoT is its applicability to a plethora of different application domains. However, infrastructures enabling experimental assessment of IoT solutions are scarce. Being able to test and assess the behavior and the performance of any piece of technology (i.e., protocol, algorithm, application, service, etc.) under real-world circumstances is of utmost importance to increase the acceptance and reduce the time to market of these innovative developments. This paper describes the federation of eleven IoT deployments from heterogeneous application domains (e.g., smart cities, maritime, smart building, crowd-sensing, smart grid, etc.) with over 10,000 IoT devices overall which produce hundreds of thousands of observations per day. The paper summarizes the resources that are made available through a cloud-based platform. The main contributions from this paper are twofold. In the one hand, the insightful summary of the federated data resources are relevant to the experimenters that might be seeking for an experimental infrastructure to assess their innovations. On the other hand, the identification of the challenges met during the testbed integration process, as well as the mitigation strategies that have been implemented to face them, are of interest for testbed providers that can be considering to join the federation.

Streamlining IoT system development with open standards

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 215-226
Author(s):  
Ege Korkan ◽  
Sebastian Kaebisch ◽  
Sebastian Steinhorst
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Smart Home ◽  
World Wide ◽  
System Development ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Time To Market ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

AbstractThe Internet of Things (IoT) is bringing Internet connectivity to a wide range of devices which results in an increasing number of products for smart home, industry 4.0 and/or smart cities. Even though IoT has the ambition to reach an increasing amount of devices and be scalable across different domains, lack of interoperability inhibits this scope to be attained. Recent standardization efforts by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) are addressing the interoperability problem by the means of Thing Description (TD) that allows humans and machines to understand the capabilities and communication interfaces of IoT devices. In this paper, we show a more systematic and streamlined development of IoT devices and systems that relies on the TD standard. We introduce three different complementary methods that can be applied independently in the different stages of the development, or as a framework to streamline the development of IoT devices and systems. As a result of using the TD standard, interoperability between IoT devices of various stakeholders is ensured from early stages and the time to market is reduced.

scholarly journals Detecting security attacks in cyber-physical systems: a comparison of Mule and WSO2 intelligent IoT architectures

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e787
Author(s):  
José Roldán-Gómez ◽  
Juan Boubeta-Puig ◽  
Gabriela Pachacama-Castillo ◽  
Guadalupe Ortiz ◽  
Jose Luis Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Security Attacks ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Time Detection ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm keeps growing, and many different IoT devices, such as smartphones and smart appliances, are extensively used in smart industries and smart cities. The benefits of this paradigm are obvious, but these IoT environments have brought with them new challenges, such as detecting and combating cybersecurity attacks against cyber-physical systems. This paper addresses the real-time detection of security attacks in these IoT systems through the combined used of Machine Learning (ML) techniques and Complex Event Processing (CEP). In this regard, in the past we proposed an intelligent architecture that integrates ML with CEP, and which permits the definition of event patterns for the real-time detection of not only specific IoT security attacks, but also novel attacks that have not previously been defined. Our current concern, and the main objective of this paper, is to ensure that the architecture is not necessarily linked to specific vendor technologies and that it can be implemented with other vendor technologies while maintaining its correct functionality. We also set out to evaluate and compare the performance and benefits of alternative implementations. This is why the proposed architecture has been implemented by using technologies from different vendors: firstly, the Mule Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) together with the Esper CEP engine; and secondly, the WSO2 ESB with the Siddhi CEP engine. Both implementations have been tested in terms of performance and stress, and they are compared and discussed in this paper. The results obtained demonstrate that both implementations are suitable and effective, but also that there are notable differences between them: the Mule-based architecture is faster when the architecture makes use of two message broker topics and compares different types of events, while the WSO2-based one is faster when there is a single topic and one event type, and the system has a heavy workload.

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