Legislators' Plague

2022 ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
José Ferraz-Caetano ◽  
Bruno D. A. Pinheiro

This chapter brings important novel insights and perspectives to the urging contemporary debate on public hygienist policies. The authors intend to explore how an episode of history of science can be used to explore the struggles of universal pandemic responses. The focus will be on the inception of science-based legislation, created to deal with public health emergencies, and their communication and social acceptance. They argue if any of the symptoms of science misinformation and a weak science foundation of legislative action identified in the 2020 coronavirus pandemic can be identified in an early 20th-century outbreak of bubonic plague in Portugal. They present a national legislative policy timeline towards the pandemic effort in the form of consolidated legislative responses to fight Porto's emerging pandemic in 1899. They also provide future studies on science-based policy with newfound material, aiding the characterization of the communication and eventual harmonization of concerted responses in preempting the spread of pandemics.

Author(s):  
Tita Chico

Abstract Abstract The titles reviewed in this chapter concern science and medicine studies. They represent work drawn from a variety of contexts and disciplinary perspectives, including science and technology, the history of science, literary studies, critical race theory, public health, the philosophy of science, law, ethnography, anthropology, architecture, and geology. The chapter has five sections: 1. Histories and Historicity; 2. Epistemology and Dissemination; 3. Institutions and Praxis; 4. Bodies and Subjectivities; and 5. Conversations (Journals).


ENDOXA ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Kurt Plischke ◽  
Alfons Labisch

Contemporary philosophy of science sets the origins of the predominantattributes of the term “gene” in the year 1900 when Gregor Mendel’s work was rediscovered. Yet it was the speculative biology of the second half of the 19th century that opened up the epistemic sphere for a new conception of heredity: heredity as the transmission of particulate, hereditable material units with a tendency for self-preservation. The then young discipline of biology dissociated its terminology from the preconceptions of natural philosophy. In the early 20th century, the postulated hereditary particles were associated with the chromosome and, at least in the 1940s, with nucleic acid: which was being stable and, at the same time, mutable, as well as capable of self-reproduction, self-selectivity, and memory. DNA epitomizes the perfect biological principle. But the most recent conception of the gene is not free from anthropomorphisms.


2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saulo de Freitas Araujo

Recent transformations in the history of science and the philosophy of science have led historians of psychology to raise questions about the future development of their historiography. Although there is a dominant tendency among them to view their discipline as related to the social turn in the history of science, there is no consensus over how to approach the history of psychology methodologically. The aim of this article is to address the issue of the future of the historiography of psychology by proposing an alternative but complementary path for the field, which I call a philosophical history of psychology. In order to achieve this goal, I will first present and discuss the emergence of the social turn in the history of psychology, showing some of its problems. I will then introduce the contemporary debate about the integration of the history of science and the philosophy of science as an alternative model for the history of psychology. Finally, I will propose general guidelines for a philosophical history of psychology, discussing some of its possible advantages and limitations.


2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
N. I. Briko

The article presents an analysis of theoretical generalizations in epidemiologists at all stages of its development and development. It is shown that the components that make up the content of the subject of epidemiology have evolved in the understanding of their essence, in particular, causality, the mechanism of development and epidemiological manifestations. Representations and terminology about the content and essence of the subject have changed: from the epidemic, to the epidemic process, and, finally, to the population level of organization of pathology and human health (morbidity and public health). The greatest scientific discussions and intellectual struggle of opinions passed through the whole history of science. The concepts that prevailed in the ancient world, the Middle Ages, in the 20th century and theoretical generalizations in epidemiology of the modern period are presented. Problems were revealed and directions for further research in the field of theory and practice of epidemiology were suggested.


Author(s):  
Paula Faustino ◽  
Pedro Callapez ◽  
Ana Rola ◽  
Elsa Gomes

Resumo Neste estudo foi feita uma caracterização de modelos sobre a Tectónica de Placas, de acordo com a sua tipologia e função, presentes em manuais de Geologia, do ensino secundário e do 1.o ciclo do ensino superior, utilizados em Portugal. Os resultados indicam que, quanto à tipologia, os manuais apresentam poucos elementos sobre História da Ciência. No entanto, a diversidade de modelos presente nos manuais, relativamente à sua função, deve facilitar o ensino e aprendizagem da Tectónica de Placas, numa perspetiva holística e construtivista, contribuindo significativamente para a melhoria do nível de literacia científica do aluno. Palavras-chave: Modelos de ensino; Tipologia e função; Ensino secundário e superior.Abstract This study deals with the characterization of Plate Tectonics models according to their typology and function, from school textbooks of Geology used in secondary and higher education in Portugal. The results of a typological analysis suggest that all these textbooks contain few elements about History of Science. However, when their function is concerned, the diversity of models should facilitate the teaching and learning of Plate Tectonics in a holistic and constructivist perspective, being a significant contribute to improve the scientific literacy of the student. Keywords: Teaching models; Typology and function; Secondary and higher education.


Author(s):  
Letícia Do Prado ◽  
Daniele Fernanda Rodrigues

ResumoNeste trabalho, apresentamos uma caracterização da produção acadêmico científica vinculada aos periódicos Química Nova e Química Nova na Escola sobre os temas “história da ciência” e “mulheres na ciência” associados ao ensino de química ou de ciências de forma geral. O objetivo principal do trabalho é analisar a frequência e o tipo de abordagem que se tem feito sobre a participação feminina na história da química/ciências. Para isso, partimos das publicações dos últimos dez anos destes periódicos, reconhecidos no Brasil por sua ampla divulgação na área de Química e Ensino de Química. Foram identificados 30 trabalhos publicados sobre essa temática, destes apenas três mencionavam a história de uma cientista mulher. Podemos afirmar, portanto, que de forma geral a história da ciência ainda é pouco utilizada como metodologia de ensino e que a participação feminina é ainda muito menos comum em suas publicações. Esse cenário necessita de maior atenção dos pesquisadores, para que o trabalho das cientistas seja igualmente divulgado servindo de exemplo e inspiração para as mulheres do público geral e para as alunas de ciências. Evidencia-se, por fim a intrínseca necessidade de aliar os fatores sociais, históricos e culturais à compreensão da natureza da ciência, do trabalho científico e de seu ensino.Palavras-chave: História da Ciência; História da Química; Mulheres na Química.AbstractIn this work, we showed a characterization of the scientific academic production linked to the journals Química Nova and Química Nova na Escola about the “history of science” and “women in science”. The main objective of this work is to present the frequency and type of approach that has been taken on the participation of women in the history of chemistry from the publications of the last ten years of these journals, recognized in Brazil for their wide dissemination in the area of Chemistry and Education of Chemistry. Thirty papers published on this subject were identified, of which only three mentioned the history of a female scientist. We can therefore conclude that in general the history of science is still little used as a teaching methodology and that female participation is still much less common in its publications. This scenario needs more attention from researchers, so that the work of scientists is equally publicized as an example and inspiration for women of the general public and science students. Finally, there is an intrinsic need to combine social, historical and cultural factors with an understanding of the nature of science, scientific work and its teaching.Keywords: History of Science; History of Chemistry; Women in Chemistry.


Author(s):  
Melissa Clark

Abstract While states normally controlling public health emergencies, this article discusses the current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention regulations to determine whether the federal agency has the authority to stop ill U.S. citizens from traveling abroad in the event of a public health emergency. The article compares state, federal, and international laws. It also provides an in-depth history of federal quarantine and health recommendations and compares that prior history with the current COVID-19 pandemic.


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